• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.977-986
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• 2021

This study was processed to improve educational efficiency of the specialized fishing education program, which is conducted for safety of fishermen and protection of marine resources by analyzing the problems. The research method was carried out as a case study, which is one of the qualitative research methods. Participants selected recipient and related experts for the education. As a result three problems and six improvement plans are deduced; renewal of educational system, improvement upon quality of education, and systemization of training expert instructor were the problems, followed by improvements which are increase in instruction time, expansion of budget, diversification of education program, enlargement on practical training, systemized instructor training, and specialized education according to region. These results will play a key role in enhancing the educational efficiency of specialized fishing education and suppressing social problems caused by the expansion of the fishing industry.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.695-701
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• 2022

Homeostatic regulation of meristematic stem cells accomplished by maintaining a balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is critical for proper plant growth and development. The quiescent center (QC) regulates root apical meristem homeostasis by maintaining stem cell fate during plant root development. Cell cycle checkpoints, such as anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome/cell cycle switch 52 A2 (APC/C^CCS52A2), strictly control the low proliferation rate of QC cells. Although APC/C^CCS52A2 plays a critical role in maintaining QC cell division, the molecular mechanism that regulates its activity remains largely unknown. Here, we identified SCF^FBS1, a ubiquitin E3 ligase, as a key regulator of QC cell division through the direct proteolysis of CCS52A2. FBS1 activity is positively associated with QC cell division and CCS52A2 proteolysis. FBS1 overexpression or ccs52a2-1 knockout consistently resulted in abnormal root development, characterized by root growth inhibition and low mitotic activity in the meristematic zone. Loss-of-function mutation of FBS1, on the other hand, resulted in low QC cell division, extremely low WOX5 expression, and rapid root growth. The 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of CCS52A2 was facilitated by its direct interaction with FBS1. The FBS1 genetically interacted with APC/C^CCS52A2-ERF115-PSKR1 signaling module for QC division. Thus, our findings establish SCF^FBS1-mediated CCS52A2 proteolysis as the molecular mechanism for controlling QC cell division in plants.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.15-23
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• 2011

This study examined the effects educational service elements have on the satisfaction of educational service; it also analyzed how such satisfaction influenced educational institutions' registration renewal and word-of-mouth communications about the schools. The key factors of educational services included the following four components: physical environment, education programs, instructors, and tuition fee. An investigation into how the factors of educational services in private educational institutions may affect consumer satisfaction was an additional goal of this study. Based on the cause-and-effect analysis of the above constructs, the degree of influence that each of the attributes and the component factors have on consumers' educational service selection, as well as the consumers' satisfaction, were explored. An empirical analysis was conducted on students who were taking classes in cram schools; the analysis was also conducted on the students' parents. The results indicated that the hypotheses regarding the elements of educational service, educational program, and the instructor factor were supported. Furthermore, a hypothesis concerning the effects educational service satisfaction has on re-registration and word of mouth was supported, as well. Upon aggregating the above study results, it was concluded that when determining the effects of satisfaction on educational service, the educational program, and the instructor factor played a crucial role, while physical surroundings and tuition did not. When addressing the influence of the educational services factors on educational services satisfaction, education programs and instructors had a positive effect, whereas physical environment and tuition fee had no statistically significant impact. According to the influence of educational services satisfaction on registration renewal and word-of-mouth effects, educational services satisfaction was found to be a positive influential factor for both. In addition, it was found that satisfaction of educational service had a positive effect on renewing enrollment and forming word-of-mouth recommendations. Although the research seems simple, some theoretical implications can be drawn, as follows: First, one interpretation of the findings that the programs' and instructors' factors had a positive effect on educational services satisfaction but the physical environment and tuition fee factors did not have a significant effect suggests that the greatest influence factors in educational services are educational programs and instructors. Second, increased educational services satisfaction may result in consumer behavior changing, resulting in more registration renewals and more favorable word-of-mouth comments. Third, increased educational services satisfaction may result in enhancing consumer responses, resulting in more registration renewals and more favorable word-of-mouth opinions. Further research directions should include developing an integrated model that will allow for variation over time, before and after purchases, in relation to consumers' choices of educational services.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.132-145
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• 2020

By coming of the 4th industrial revolution era, HD map have became a key infrastructure for determining precise location of autonomous driving in areas of futuristic cars, logistics and robots. Autonomous vehicles have became more dependent on HD map to determine the exact location of objects detected by various sensors such as LiDAR, GNSS, Radar, and stereo cameras as well as self-location decisions. By actualizing autonomous driving and C-ITS technologies, the demand for precise information on HD map have increased. And also the demand for the creation of new information based on the convergence of various changes and real-time information have increased. In this study, domestic and international HD map standards and related environments have analyzed. Based on this, usability has researched which comparison with standard HD map established by various institutions. Additionally, usability of standard HD map have studied for applying actual autonomous vehicles by reworking HD map. By the result of study, standard HD map have well established to use by various institutions. If further research about layer classification and definition by institutions will carried out based on this study, it has expected that and efficient establishment and renewal of HD map will take place.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.149-169
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• 2009

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(IPPC) has become an idealistic environmental prevention concept in developed countries and corresponds with principles of Industrial Ecology. The concept of emissions regulatory integration is a key factor for an integrated environmental management system. While most EU member countries have a cross-media regulatory system, Korea has a media-specific regulatory system which was found to have significant environmental management problems. The purpose of this study is to integrate the emissions regulatory system by resolving difficulties through procedural, organizational, and substantive analysis of integration. To this end, the following research was performed: The first task was to determine the target of the integrated emissions regulatory system. In connection with this, the "IPPC directive" of the EU and the "PPCA 2000" schedule 1 of the UK, as well as environmental laws in Korea were compared and analyzed. The second was to design a regulatory system model. This model was divided into three groups after considerations were made regarding the time it would take for the pre-application,application, and permission stages. Lastly, on the basis of this research, a revised bill for an integrated emissions regulatory system was suggested. Nevertheless, substantive analysis of integration focused on BAT requires supplementation in order to make the integrated emissions regulation system operate normally as an environmental management policy and regulation method. To this end, the specific characteristics of Korean society, culture, and law should be actively considered.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.763-772
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• 2019

Periodontitis is characterized by the loss of periodontal tissues, especially alveolar bone. Common therapies cannot satisfactorily recover lost alveolar bone. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) possess the capacity of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation and are likely to recover lost alveolar bone. In addition, periodontitis is accompanied by hypoxia, and hypoxia-inducible $factor-1{\alpha}$ ($HIF-1{\alpha}$) is a master transcription factor in the response to hypoxia. Thus, we aimed to ascertain how hypoxia affects runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), a key osteogenic marker, in the osteogenesis of PDLSCs. In this study, we found that hypoxia enhanced the protein expression of $HIF-1{\alpha}$, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and RUNX2 ex vivo and in situ. VEGF is a target gene of $HIF-1{\alpha}$, and the increased expression of VEGF and RUNX2 proteins was enhanced by cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$, $100{\mu}mol/L$), an agonist of $HIF-1{\alpha}$, and suppressed by 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1, $10{\mu}mol/L$), an antagonist of $HIF-1{\alpha}$. In addition, VEGF could regulate the expression of RUNX2, as RUNX2 expression was enhanced by human VEGF ($hVEGF_{165}$) and suppressed by VEGF siRNA. In addition, knocking down VEGF could decrease the expression of osteogenesis-related genes, i.e., RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and type I collagen (COL1), and hypoxia could enhance the expression of ALP, COL1, and osteocalcin (OCN) in the early stage of osteogenesis of PDLSCs. Taken together, our results showed that hypoxia could mediate the expression of RUNX2 in PDLSCs via $HIF-1{\alpha}$-induced VEGF and play a positive role in the early stage of osteogenesis of PDLSCs.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.85-94
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• 2018

This study aims to investigate how easy pedestrians get around within/through the "Apartment Complexes (AC), " a common style of high-rise multi-family housing in Korea. Over the past six decades, the AC has been the most conventional way to provide standardized housing efficiently to address the problems of the shortage of housing and the substandard housing, due to the explosion of urban population with the rapid industrialization. The AC is a huge chunk of homeogenous multi-family housing, mostly condos with decent infrastructure, including parks, pedestrian passages, schools, ect. Both in the new town development and urban renewal programs have utilized the advantages of the AC. Since the design principals of AC tend to adopt the "protective design" to prevent cars and pedestrians coming outside from passing it, it has been criticised for dissecting the continuity of socioeconomic context in neighborhoods. The neo-traditional planning urbanists, including Jane Jacobs, emphasize that smaller blocks and grid road newtworks are the key in improving social, cultural, and economic vitality of the neighborhoods, because these design concepts allow more pedestrians and different types of people to be mixed in a neighborhood. In this study, we first adopted objective measures for pedestrian accessibility and pedestrian efficiency. These measures were used to calculate the lengths of shortest paths from residential buildings to the edges of AC. We tested the difference in shortest paths between the current pedestrian networks of AC and hypothetical grid networks on the AC, and the relative difference is considered as the pedestrian efficiency, using the network analysis function of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Python programming. We found from the randomly selected 30 ACs that the existing non-grid road networks in ACs are worse than the hypothesized grid networks, in terms of pedestrian efficiency. In average, pedestrians in AC with the conventional road networks have to walk than 25%, 26%, and 27% longer than the networks of $125{\times}45m$, $100{\times}45m$, and $75{\times}45m$, respectively. With the t-test analysis, we found the pedestrian efficiency of AC with the conventional network is lower than grid-networks. Many new urbanists stress, easiness of walking is one of the most import elements for community building and social bonds. With the findings from the objective measures of pedestrian accessibility and efficiency, the AC would have limitations to attract people outside into the AC itself, which would increase dis-connectivity with adjacent areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.469-476
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• 2021

The framework plan for the development of an integrated underground space map was established of preventing ground subsidence. The mapping process is expected to be completed to the level of nationwide municipal government standards by end of this year. To facilitate the utilization of the integrated underground space map, paper-based drawings for specialized organizations in underground safety impact assessment have been provided since September 2018, and services for local government officials have been provided in the underground information utilization system since May 2019. However, the map is utilized based on the information at the time of the initial development of the map, without any updates, thereby resulting in a lack of accuracy and latest information. This has led to a decrease in the utilization and reliability of the information. Therefore, in this study, for the underground structures(subway, underground shopping mall, underground passage, underground roadway, underground parking lot, utility tunnel), which are the key components of the integrated underground space map, a standard format for the submission of completed drawings is designed in accordance with Article 42 (2) of the Special Act on Underground Safety Management, which aims at laying the foundation for establishing the updated system of the integrated underground space map. In addition, through the verification of the automatically updated underground structure data based on the standard format, the reliability of the data can be assured. This format is expected to contribute to the improved utilization of the integrated underground space map in the future.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.267-277
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• 2020

The present research evaluates the public engagement approach in various project stages. Hong Kong had long been criticized as top-down and executive-led jurisdiction by overlooking the importance of cultural heritage and public concerns on public projects. It was suggested to the government to engage public and provide sufficient public consultation. Thereby, the government announced a series of revitalization and conversion measures in Policy Address in 2008. To carry out the measures, there were voices, because of diverse and sometimes conflicting interests, over the effect of revitalization project. On the other hand, studies reveal that there are benefits of revitalization and enhancement of public engagement approach. In pursuit of the subject, the present research aims at studying the Central Market as a case study pilot project. In October 2009, the Policy Address announced that the Central Market be revitalized. Tasked to implement the project, Urban Renewal Authority (URA) continued to adopt the people-oriented approach as the guiding principle in its core business and in heritage preservation and revitalization so as to create a sustainable development. Between government and the public, URA acts as a bridge for communication. As between URA and the public, URA conducted public consultation, set up an ad-hoc committee in January 2016 to be in charge of the project and will continuously inform the government and public with the updates and project progress. The main objectives of the present research are to assess the advantages and challenges in different stages of public engagement approach, to evaluate the engagement system, to give a comprehensive view for participation of stakeholders, and to find out effective strategies to enhance civil engagement. Research was achieved through interviews to key persons in the project, questionnaire that was distributed to community and experts in the field. Case Study of the Central Market was studied and investigated using different sources, such as newspapers, journals, etc, to evaluate the degree of public engagement in the project. Both detailed qualitative methodological approaches of interview, questionnaire, and case study, act as a synergy to demonstrate the research objectives and provide the comprehensive perceptions on the revitalization project. The results show that public participants in revitalized project have generated considerable value enhancements to social-cultural, environmental, political and economic aspect. This study provides valuable insights that the public participation can make positive contribution to sustainability in the city. The findings indicate that no any single system is flawless therefore seeking both public opinions and professional advices are also important as a comprehensive approach to achieve higher sustainability of the building.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.24-37
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• 2012

In this study, Community Garden of various national and international practices trends to an advanced research, the concept of community garden participated with a group operation out of initiative to produce safety food while securing space for the community, ensuring the area that has gone through a new form of active secure urban green space plan, urban renewal movement was defined as the mean. Furthermore, for the purpose of improving the poor welfare environment by attempting to experimentally make a community garden of a disabled welfare house rooftop and how to target its planning and construction process, partnership involvement, business processes have been investigated, such as cost sharing. The whole process including a budget for development of this case was conducted by the Busan Green Trust. Standard Chartered (SC) First Bank's 50% fund share by community chest, participation of volunteers, support of Busan City and Saba-gu, outside of that, sharing parts or trial to participate by diverse partnership of enterprise, public corporation and laboratory, these are the key in developing community garden's model. Established community garden places resulted food production to users of welfare center for the disabled, participating urban agricultural experience program, horticultural therapy, complex community chapter and cultural center. Furthermore, we could find the meaning of rooftop community garden in the point that it is a low cost garden by applying movable and unmovable planters. This study is profitable for improving urban environment, ensuring community chapter and urban green areas, regenerating a city to develop experimental community garden model by using a welfare house rooftop.