• 대기
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.541-554
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• 2014

Historical, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios from HadGEM2-AO are dynamically downscaled over the northeast East Asia with WRFV3.4. The horizontal resolution of the produced data is 12.5 km and the periods of integration are 1979~2010 for historical and 2019~2100 for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. We analyze the time series, climatology, EOF and extreme climate in terms of 2 m-temperature and precipitation during 30-year for the Historical (1981~2010) and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (2071~2100) scenarios. According to the result, the temperature of the northeast Asia centered at the Korean Peninsula increase 2.9 and $4.6^{\circ}C$ in the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, by the end of the 21st century. The temperature increases with latitude and the increase is larger in winter rather than in summer. The annual mean precipitation is expected to increase by about $0.3mm\;day^{-1}$ in RCP4.5 scenario and $0.5mm\;day^{-1}$ in RCP8.5 scenario. The EOF analysis is also performed for both temperature and precipitation. For temperature, the EOF $1^{st}$ modes of all scenarios in summer and winter show that temperature increase with latitude. The $2^{nd}$ mode of EOF of each scenario shows the natural variability, exclusive of the global warming. The summer precipitation over the Korean Peninsula projected increases in EOF $1^{st}$ modes of all scenarios. For extreme climate, the increment of the number of days with daily maximum temperature above $30^{\circ}C$ per year ($DAY_{TX30}$) is 25.3 and 49.7 days in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively over the Korean Peninsula. The number of days with daily precipitation above $20mm\;day^{-1}$ per year ($DAY_{PR20}$) also increases 3.1 and 3.5 days in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively.

• 대기
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.693-706
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• 2015

A shift of first fowering date (FFD) of spring blossoms (cherry, peach and pear) over the northest Asia under global warming is investiaged using dynamically downscaled daily temperature data with 12.5 km resolution. For the study, we obatained gridded daily data with Historical (1981~2010), and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) (2021~2100) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios which were produced by WRFv3.4 in conjunction with HadGEM2-AO. A change on FFDs in 21st century is estimated by applying daily outputs of WRFv3.4 to DTS phonological model. Prior to projection on future climate, the performances of both WRFv3.4 and DTS models are evaluated using spatial distribution of climatology and SCR diagram (Normalized standard deviation-Pattern correlation coefficient-Root mean square difference). According to the result, WRFv3.4 and DTS models well simulated a feature of the terrain following characteristics and a general pattern of observation with a marigin of $1.4^{\circ}C$ and 5~6 days. The analysis reveals a projected advance in FFDs of cherry, peach and pear over the northeast Asia by 2100 of 15.4 days (9.4 days). 16.9 days (10.4 days) and 15.2 days (9.5 days), respectively, compared to the Historical simulation due to a increasing early spring (Februrary to April) temperature of about $4.9^{\circ}C$ ($2.9^{\circ}C$) under the RCP 8.5 (RCP 4.5) scenarios. This indicates that the current flowering of the cherry, peach and pear over analysis area in middle or end of April is expected to start blooming in early or middle of April, at the end of this century. The present study shows the dynamically downscaled daily data with high-resolution is helpeful in offering various useful information to end-users as well as in understanding regional climate change.

• 대기
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.611-622
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• 2015

Heavy rainfall ($>30mm\;hr^{-1}$) over the Korean Peninsula is examined in order to understand thermo-dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere, using radiosonde observational data from seven upper-air observation stations during the last 17 years (1997~2013). A total of 82 heavy rainfall cases during the summer season (June-August) were selected for this study. The average values of thermo-dynamic indices of heavy rainfall events are Total Precipitable Water (TPW) = 60 mm, Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) = $850J\;kg^{-1}$, Convective Inhibition (CIN) = $15J\;kg^{-1}$, Storm Relative Helicity (SRH) = $160m^2s^{-2}$, and 0~3 km bulk wind shear = $5s^{-1}$. About 34% of the cases were associated with a Changma front; this pattern is more significant than other synoptic pressure patterns such as troughs (22%), migratory cyclones (15%), edges of high-pressure (12%), typhoons (11%), and low-pressure originating from Changma fronts (6%). The spatial distribution of thermo-dynamic conditions (CAPE and SRH) is similar to the range of thunderstorms over the United States, but extreme conditions (supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes) did not appear in the Korean Peninsula. Synoptic conditions, vertical buoyancy (CAPE, CIN), and wind parameters (SRH, shear) are shown to discriminate among the environments of the three types. The first type occurred with high CAPE and low wind shear by the edge of the high pressure pattern, but Second type is related to Changma front and typhoon, exhibiting low CAPE and high wind shear. The last type exhibited characteristics intermediate between the first and second types, such as moderate CAPE and wind shear near the migratory cyclone and trough.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제63권
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• pp.159-184
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• 2014

Climate change is one of the biggest dangers facing all living creatures in the earth. It has been understood that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity is the cause of climate change. Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) on 9 May, 1992, which entered into force on 21 March 1994. The European Commission first adopted a Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars in 1995. On 19 December 2007, the European Commission proposed "Proposal for Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars to reduce CO2 emissions", which was adopted on 23 April 2009 as "Regulation (EC) No 443/2009". Prior to submitting the Proposal, the European Commission performed impact assessment and prepared impact assessment report which was reviewed by the Impact Assessment Board. The objective of this Regulation is to set emission performance standards for new passenger cars registered in the Community, which forms part of the Community's integrated approach to reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles while ensuring the proper functioning of the internal market. In the event that a manufacturer fails to meet its target, it will be required to pay an excess emissions premium in respect of each calendar year from 2012 onwards. On 11 March 2014, Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 was adopted. Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amends Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to implement the modalities of meeting the 95g CO2/km target for new passenger cars to be reached in 2020. As industry benefits from indications of the regulatory regime that would apply beyond 2020, the Regulation includes a further review to take place by, at the latest, 31 December 2014.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.178-187
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• 2012

Purpose: In Korea, the nation's medical expenses were 12 billion won in 2010. The medical costs for individuals can also be overwhelming. If a patient has sustained severe trauma, his/her insurance company responsible may pay only part of the medical bills. In Korean, there are diverse types of medical insurance, such as health insurance, automobile insurance, and industrial accident compensation insurance. And each insurance system has a different type of payment system. Our study will be essential for establishing the optimal medical expense payment system. Methods: From January to December 2011, we retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 161 patients who were admitted to our hospital's emergency room after having undergone severe trauma. Of those 161 patients, 125 were retrospectively reviewed. Written permission was obtained from all of the patients. We analysed the demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, data of the trauma, type of the patient's insurance, and the entire bill when the patient was discharged. Results: Seventy-one patients had health insurance, 48 automobile insurance, and six industrial accident compensation insurance. High-deductible insurance included health insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance, with the deductibles up to 20.6% and 19.1%, respectively. We attempted to analyze the cause of the high deductible rate. In patients with health insurance, medicines, primarily sedatives, pain killers, antibiotics, and fluids. comprised a large proportion. On the other hand, industrial accident compensation insurance deducted for a high-grade hospital room charge. Conclusion: We found that medical expenses were diverse according to the type of insurance. In particular, health insurance forced patients to pay too much of the medical expenses. Therefore, in Korea we should try to identify the insurance problems and improve the wage system.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.275-292
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• 2003

In terms of Yin and Yang theory, Dam represents excessive Yang and deficient Yin, and Bangkwang means excessive Yin and deficient Yang. In terms of Ki and Hyung, Dam is vigorous Ki and flabby Hyung, and Bangwang is strong Hyung and weak Ki. In terms of the balance of Ki and Blood, Dam is more Ki and less Blood and Bangkwang is the opposite. In terms of meridians concerned, Dam belongs to Joksoyangdam meridian(足少陽膽經) and Bangkwang belongs to Joktayangbangwang meridian(足太膀胱經), Mr. Jeesan saw that the person having vigorous Ki and flabby Hyung tends to be dynamic and the person having strong Hyung and weak Ki tends to be static and designated both as Dam and Bangkwang, respectively, Meridians are the route of Ki and Blood in the body and since their titles are thought to imply basic oriental medical theories, they are better choices to be comprehensive and systematic than other terms. In the 12 meridians, the 6 foot meridians are more important than the other hand meridians because human beings adapt themselves to the earth. Among the 6 foot meridians, the 3 Yang foot meridians are more representative of the body since they cover more of the body. Joksoyangdam meridian(足少陽膽經) is related to more Ki and less Blood and thus is a relevant term to describe Dam. Likewise Joktaeyangbangkwang meridian(足太膀胱經) is related to more Blood and less Ki and thus can correspond to the term 'Bangkwang'. In addition, the Dam organ and Dam meridians meet the condition of excessive Yang and deficient Yin, vigorous Ki and flabby Hyung, more Ki and less Blood, on the other hand, the BangKwang organ and Bangkwang meridians meet the condition of excessive Yin and deficient Yang, strong Hyung and weak Ki, more Blood and less Ki. Thus the terms of Dam and Bangkwang satisfy the basic concepts Mr. Jeesan established.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회 논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 최근 활발하게 보급되고 있는 고해상도 영상과 GIS 기술을 활용하여 광역적 자연재해 피해 조사를 위한 피해조사시스템을 개발하였다. 연구 대상지역은 2008년 7월 집중호우로 인해 큰 피해가 발생한 경상북도 봉화군으로 선정하였으며, 시스템 시범적용을 위해 대상지역 중 가장 피해가 큰 춘양면 약 $60km^2$을 중심으로 GIS DB를 구축하였다. GIS DB는 춘양면 일대의 피해 전, 후 항공사진 및 위성 영상과 1:5,000 수치지형도, 1:1,300 연속지적도를 편집 가공하였다. 피해조사시스템은 VB.NET 2005와 공간 연산을 위해 ArcObject 컴포넌트를 이용하여 개발하였으며, MS-SQL을 사용하여 정보전송 및 동기화를 위한 방안을 마련하였다. 세부 프로세스는 피해 전, 후 항공 위성영상을 비교하여 피해지역을 파악하고, 제반 DB와 중첩분석을 통해 해당 피해항목의 피해규모와 피해추정액을 자동으로 산출되도록 하였다. 고해상도 영상기반의 자연재해 피해조사시스템은 광역적 피해지역에 대하여 객관적이고 정확한 피해정보를 소수의 전문 인력을 통해 신속하게 산출할 수 있으며, 이에 따른 복구예산의 조기편성 및 응급대응책 마련에 효율적이다. 또한 피해정보의 손쉬운 관리와 전산화된 데이터를 통해 피해예방계획 수립에 있어서도 활용 가능 할 것이라 생각되며, 궁극적으로 IT 기반의 유비쿼터스 방재시스템 개발에 효율적으로 활용 가능할 것이라 사료된다. 추후 더욱 효율적인 시스템 운영을 위해서 산출된 피해정보의 전자재해대장 연계를 통한 지속적인 방재 DB 구축 방안 마련이 필요하다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제12권
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• pp.69-74
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• 1969

본(本) 실험(實驗)에 사용(使用)한 공시균(供試菌)인 방선균류(放線菌類)의 K-17균주(菌株)가 생성(生咸)하는 이성화(異性化) 효소(酵素)가 작용시(作用時) 효소학적(酵素學的) 성질(性質) 몇 가지와, Xylose를 첨가(添加)하지 않은 배지상(培地上)에서 얻은 Enzyme Activity 가 낮은 생균체(生菌體)를 Xylose 용액(溶液)에 처리(處理)하므로써 Enzyme Activity가 높은 생균체(生菌體)를 얻을 수 있었다. 이들의 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 1. 효소작용시(酵素作用時) $2{\times}10^{-3}M$이상(以上)의 농도(濃度)의 Citrate, Oxalate, Cysteine에는 저해작용(沮害作用)이 있었으며, 특(特)히 $4{\times}10^{-4}M$이상(以上)의 농도(濃度)의 EDTA에서는 강(强)한 저해작용(沮害作用)을 나타내었다. 3. 본(本) 균주(菌株)가 생성(生成)하는 Enzyme은 Glucose와 마찬가지로 Xylose를 이성화(異性化)하여 상당(相當)하는 Ketose를 생성(生成)하였다. 3. 본(本) Glucose Isomerizing Enzyme의 Glucose에 대(對)한 km 치(値)는 $7.2{\times}10^{-1}M$ 이다. 4. Xylose의 처리시간(處理時間)은 15시간(時間) 이상(以上)이면 적당(適當)하고 5. 처리시(處理時) 최적(最適) pH는 중성부근(中性部近)이며 6. Xylose의 농도(濃度)는 0.5% 이상(以上)이면 농도(濃度)에는 아무 영향(影響)이 없으며, 절대호기성에서 처리(處理)하는 것이 가장 좋다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 국내 교통산업 서비스 지수를 산정하고 산정된 지수의 활용 가능성을 모색하는 것이다. 교통사업 서비스지수는 도로, 철도, 항공, 해운부문 등 국내의 여객 및 화물운송 서비스 활동수준을 나타내는 월별 지표로서, 개별 여객수송 및 화물운송 실적자료를 이용하여 산정되었다. 구체적으로 1995년 1월${\sim}$2004년 12월까지의 도로, 철도, 항공, 해운부문의 여객수송실적(인-km)과 화물운송실적(톤) 자료들이 이용되었다 국내 개별 교통산업 부문의 여객 및 화물 운송수입 자료들을 활용하여 개별 수송실적지수들의 가중치 자료를 산출하였으며, 개별 교통산업 서비스 지수(여객지수, 화물지수 및 종합지수)는 라스파이레스 지수와 파쉐 지수에서 일반적으로 발생하는 대체편의를 줄일 수 있는 피셔이상지수를 이용하여 산정되었다. 그 결과, 여객지수보다는 화물지수와 종합지수가 경제현황을 보다 잘 설명하는 것으로 분석되었고, 종합지수를 기준으로 할 때 교통산업 서비스 지수는 국내 경기순환주기에 비해 정점에서는 약18개월, 저점에서는 약3개월 후행하는 것으로 분석되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 교통산업 서비스 지수의 공식적인 산정과 활용을 위해서는 신뢰성 있고 시의성 있는 시계열 자료의 구축이 필수적이며, 다양한 지수 산정 방법론의 개발도 요구된다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2003

본 논문은 자동차 충돌사고시 승객보호장구인 에어백과 안전벨트가 운전자 안전에 미치는 영향을 컴퓨터 모의충돌실험을 통해 연구하였다. 에어백 전개특성은 실제 에어백 전개 단품실험을 통해, 모의충돌실험차량의 감속도 특성은 실제 차량충돌실험 결과자료를 기초로 자동차 충돌해석 전문프로그램인 LS-DYNA를 이용하여 도출하였고, 에어백과 안전벨트가 운전자 안전에 미치는 영향은 승객거동해석 전문프로그램인 MADYMO를 이용하여 연구하였다. 연구결과. 충돌 후 운전자 머리에 작용하는 1차 접촉 가속도에 대한 저감효과는 에어백을 장착하고 안전벨트도 착용한 A상황이 가장 높고, 다음으로 B상황, C상황, D상황 순이다. 안전벨트가 운전자 머리보호에 미치는 효과는 에어백을 장착한 경우, 안전벨트를 착용한 경우가 안전벨트를 착용하지 않은 경우에 비해 최소 12.2%, 최대 32.5% 증대되고. 에어백을 장착하지 않은 경우는 안전벨트를 착용한 경우가 안전벨트를 착용하지 않은 경우에 비해 최소 14.2%, 최대 28.0% 운전자 머리보호 효과가 증대된다. 에어백이 운전자 머리보호에 미치는 효과는 안전벨트를 착용한 경우, 에어백을 장착한 경우가 에어백을 장착하지 않은 경우에 비해 최소 45.0%, 최대 59.8% 증대되고, 안전벨트를 착용하지 않은 경우에는 에어백을 장착한 경우가 에어백을 장착하지 않은 경우에 비해 최소 39.4%, 최대 66.5% 운전자 머리 보호효과가 증대된다. 특히, 에어백을 장착하고 안전벨트를 착용한 경우가 에어백을 장착하지 않고 안전벨트도 착용하지 않은 경우에 비해 최소 52.9%, 최대 70.5% 운전자 머리를 부상으로부터 보호하는 효과가 증대된다. 따라서. 충돌 후 운전자의 인명피해를 최소화하고 안전을 극대화하기 위해서는 차량에 에어백을 장착함과 동시에 안전벨트를 반드시 착용한 후 운행해야한다. 그러나, 충돌속도가 60Km/h 이상이면 에어백을 장착하고 안전벨트를 착용하였더라도 안전장구로써 기능이 저하되어 운전자 머리를 부상으로부터 보호할 수 없으므로 안전장구가 운전자 안전을 지켜주는 최선의 방법이 아니라 보조장구라는 것을 반드시 인식하여야 할 것이다.