• 유통과학연구
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims at exploring and understanding the effect of four independent variables related to dairy retail marketing and distribution (deep freezers, promotions, company support and distributor-retailer relationship) and one moderating variable Covid-19 lockdown on sales of dairy product during the Covid 19 pandemic situation. Research design and methodology: Personal interviews and door-to-door surveys and promotional tools were designed to publicise and collect data from the retailers. The sale data before, during and after promotion activity were all recorded and evaluated to draw an inferential conclusion. Factor analysis and multiple regression methods were adopted to analyses the data collected. Results: The research shows that four out of the five factors studied was found having significant impact on dairy retail sales. The highest impact on sales was contributed by promotions, secondly by the deep freezer impact followed by distributor-retailer relationship during the study period and lastly but not the least due to influence of Covid-19 lockdown. Conclusions: The study contributes to the body of knowledge in cold chain distribution process through utilization of right mix of tools and tactics for effective marketing and distribution of dairy products in developing countries especially during a pandemic situation.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.42-53
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• 1999

Two dimensional flame temperature and KL value distribution from the luminous flame containing soot in a DI diesel engine were measured by the tow-color method using tow different wavelengths of the flame image. The combustion chamber of a DI diesel engine was visualized by elongating the piston and cylinder and the flame in the combustion chamber was photographed on a nega-color film using a high speed camera. In this study, color CCD camera was used to digitize the three color density of the film exposed to the flame and standard lamp . The accuracy of the measuring method depends on the calibration line of film made from a high temperature standard tungsten lamp. The formation and oxidization of soot in the diesel engine were studied by observing measured time history of KL factor and flame temperature . Also , effects of various shapes of combustion chamber and fuel injection on flame temperature. Also, effects of various shapes of combustion chamber and fuel injection on flame temperature and KL value distribution were examined.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회B
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• pp.3073-3078
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• 2008

In this study to find out the amount of soot, LII method, which utilizes a laser, was used in laminar diffusion flame and based upon the temperature and soot measured from the turbulent Diesel diffusion flame in the constant-volume chamber using the two-color method. Through these experiments, we could know that the LII signal is generally proportional to the soot amount in a laminar diffusion flame. And we could acquire the temperature and soot using the two-color method in a turbulent Diesel diffusion flame effectively. In addition to, this experiment revealed that the KL factor was high on parts of the chamber where the temperature dropped. On the other hand, the KL factor was low where the temperature increased rapidly. Also, it was possible to measure the highest temperature of a turbulent Diesel diffusion flame is approximately 2300K.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.3007-3014
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• 1996

The instantaneous flame temperature and soot formation and oxidation in a D.I. diesel engine are measured using a two-color method. The proposed method based on the continuous spectral radiation from the soot particles in the flame is applicable to industrial diesel engines without major modifications of their main characteristics. Measurements are performed at one location inside the combustion chamber of a D.I. diesel engine. Effects of different engine speeds and loads on flame temperature and KL factor which is an index of soot concentration were examined. Little temperature change were observed with increasing rpm, while increased with loads. The higher the flame temperature is, the lower the KL factor is.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 1997

The instantaneous flame temperature and soot formation and oxidation in a D. I. diesel engine are measured by using a two-color method. The proposed method based on the continuous spectral radiation from the soot particles in flames is applicable to industrial diesel engines without major modifications of their main characteristics. Measurements are performed at one location inside the combustion chamber of a D.I. diesel engine. Effects of different engine speeds and loads on flame temperature and KL factor which is an index of soot concentrations were examined. A little temperature change were observed with increasing engine speed, while increased with loads. The higher the flame temperature is, the lower the KL factor is.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 교량의 노면조도 및 교량과 차량 사이의 상호작용을 고려한 수치해석방법을 사용하여 도로교설계기준에 규정된 표준트럭 하중인 KL-510에 의한 강판형교의 동적응답을 연구하였다. 대상교량은 건설부에서 제정한 "도로교 상부구조 표준도"에 수록되어 있는 지간이 20m, 30m와 40m인 단순 강판형교를 사용하고. "보통의 도로"에 대하여 생성시킨 10개의 노면조도를 사용하였다. 차량은 5축 트랙터-트레일러인 표준트럭하중 KL-510을 3차원 차량으로 모델링하고, 교량은 주형을 보요소로, 콘크리트 바닥판은 쉘요소로, 주형과 콘크리트 바닥판 사이는 Rigid Link를 사용하여 3차원으로 모델링하였다. 이와 같은 노면조도 및 차량을 사용하여 강판형교의 충격계수와 DLA를 구하고 각국의 설계기준과 비교 검토하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.467-477
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• 2017

현행 국내 교량 설계기준의 활하중 모형인 KL-510의 하중 효과를 실측된 통행자료로부터 통계적으로 추정한 트럭의 연행효과 및 국내외 관련 설계기준이 하중모형과 비교한다. 과적단속 전후에 고속도로에서 측정된 트럭의 중량 자료를 이용하여 설계기준의 활하중 모형 결정과 동일한 과정을 따라서 트럭 중량을 산정하여 그 하중효과를 KL-510과 비교하였다. KL-510은 운행제한중량을 초과하는 트럭을 일부 포함하는 자료로부터 추정한 트럭의 연행에 의한 하중효과와 매우 부합하는 결과를 보였다. KL-510은 미국 AASHTO LRFD의 활하중 모형과 일관성 있는 결과를 주며, 기존 하중 모형인 DB-24보다 하중효과의 비율이 균일하였다. 이 연구의 결과로 가상의 하중 모형인 KL-510에 해당하는 실제 트럭의 조합을 구성하였으며, 향후 공용중인 교량의 평가와 허가차량의 하중계수 보정에 적용할 수 있다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2000

We cloned and characterized a very late expression factor 1 gene, vlf-1, which regulates the level of very late gene transcripts, from Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) K1 strain. The 1,140 bp vlf-1 has an open reading frame of 379 amino acid and a MW of 44 kDa. The vlf-1 nucleotide sequence of BmNPV-Kl showed high homology with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and BmNPV T3 strain so far known, and its deduced amino acid residues were identical to those of BmNPV T3. The location of vlf-1 in the BmNPV-Kl genome was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and its expression patterns at the transcriptional level were confirmed by Northern hybridization analysis.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2004년도 제29회 KOSCI SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.124-129
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• 2004

The ratio pyrometry has been investigated experimentally for the measurement of soot particle temperatures in a diffusion flame. A tungsten lamp calibration system was constructed and used in order to calibrate the ratio pyrometry and two-color pyrometry using a KL-factor method. Once the ratio pyrometry is properly calibrated, temperatures measured using a ratio pyrometry were virtually identical to those obtained from a KL-factor method. The effect of soot volume fraction on temperature measurement was almost negligible, and therefore, the ratio pyrometry could provide the useful temperature information of sooting flames. The potential application of a ratio pyrometry to a 2-D temperature measurement without sacrificing the accuracy was demonstrated.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 1998

The local instantaneous flame temperature and soot concentration in a D. I. diesel engine were measured using a two-color method. The proposed method based on the continuous spectra! radiation from the soot particles in the flame is applicable to industrial Diesel engines without major modifications of their main characteristics because of simplicity and relative ease of application. Measurements were performed at two locations inside the combustion chamber of a D. I. diesel engine. Effects of different engine speeds and loads, fuel injection timings, combustion chamber shapes on flame temperature and KL factor, which is qualitatively proportional to soot concentrations, were examined. Flame temperature change were observed with increasing engine speed and load. The higher the flame temperature is, the lower the KL factor is.