• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2004

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo. Human ES cells have the capacity to differentiate into various types of cells in the body. Human ES cells are indefinite source of cells for cell therapy in various degenerative disorders including neuronal disorders. Directed differentiation of human ES cells is a prerequisite for their clinical application. The objective of this study is to develop the culture condition for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells. Neural precursor cells were derived from human ES cells in a stepwise culture condition. Neural precursor cells in the form of neural rosette structures developed into neurospheres when cultured in suspension. Suspension culture of neurospheres has been maintained over 4 months. Expressions of nestin, soxl, sox2, pax3 and pax6 transcripts were upregulated during differentiation into neural precursor cells by RT-PCR analysis. In contrast, expression of oct4 was dramatically downregulated in neural precursor cells. Immunocytochemical analyses of neural precursor cells demonstrated expression of nestin and SOX1. When induced to differentiate on an adhesive substrate, neuro-spheres were able to differentiate into three lineages of neural systems, including neurons, astrocytes and oligo-dendrocytes. Transcripts of sox1 and pax6 were downregulated during differentiation of neural precursor cells into neurons. In contrast, expression of map2ab was elevated in the differentiated cells, relative to those in neural precursor cells. Neurons derived from neural precursor cells expressed NCAM, Tuj1, MAP2ab, NeuN and NF200 in immunocytochemical analyses. Presence of astrocytes was confirmed by expression of GFAP immuno-cytochemically. Oligodendrocytes were also observed by positive immuno-reactivities against oligodendrocyte marker O1. Results of this study demonstrate that a stepwise culture condition is developed for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.252-258
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• 1998

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of deletion of P, Ca, Zn, Mg, Fe, K, Mn, or Se from mineral premix in the diets containing $40\%$ fish meal on growth performance of juvenile Korean rockfish. Three replicate groups of the fish initially averaging 5.4 g were fed the experimental diets deleted one ot each mineral (P, Ca, Zn, Mg, Fe, K, Mn, Se or all) in the mineral premix for 9 weeks. A basal diet with fish meal ($40\%$), meat meal ($9\%$), soybean meal ($5\%$), corngluten meal ($3\%$), and leather meal ($3\%$) as protein sources were included. Weight gain in fish fed diets deleted Ca, Zn, K, or Se was lower than that of control diet ( P<0.05). Daily feed intake, condition factor, hepatosomatic index and liver chemical composition were not affected by dietary mineral premixes (P>0.05). Apparent skeletal deformities were not observed in the diets deleted each mineral, The data obtained in this study indicate that each of the Ca, Zn, K, or Se should be added in the diet contained $40\%$ fish meal for normal growth of Korean rockfish.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2015

Aronia (Black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa) belonging to the Rosaceae family, is native to eastern North America. Aronia contain high levels of flavonoids, mostly anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, which are known as condensed tannins. The dominant proanthocyanidins in aronia are (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin. The concentration of proanthocyanidins in aronia is higher than in other berries, however due to the astringent taste it is not desirable for consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of aronia on the reduction in tannins by yeast isolated from regional Jeotgal. We isolated strains of yeast with high ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity from Jeotgal, with the MTY2 strains exhibiting a reduction in final tannin concentration according to thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. MTY2 was confirmed as Kazachstania servazzii using an 18S rDNA sequence and named as K. servazzii MTY2. K. servazzii MTY2 showed most significant growth when K. servazzii MTY2 was cultured in a solution of 10% (w/v) glucose, 3% (w/v) tryptone and 0.1% (w/v) sodium chloride. According to the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the (+) - catechin peak is present, but (-) - epicatechin peak was reduced at culture condition added with 10% glucose in medium.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.247-252
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• 1998

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome(NMS) is an acute, potentially fatal, idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medication. Early recognition and intensive care are crucial. An important issue is whether NMS will recur after initial recovery and subsequent use of neuroleptic medication. The authors presented with a male adolescent who had suffered a bipolar disorder manic episode and been taking clozapine after recovering from MNS. He had been admitted into a psychiatric ward once before and similarly diagnosed. On the second admission, he showed muscle rigidity, autonomic instability, mild fever, severe diaphoresis, and altered mental status on the fourth hospital day following a haloperidol injection. He was diagnosed with NMS, according to the clinical signs and laboratory data. After the use of antipsychotics was discontinued, he was moved to intensive care unit and given dantrolene. His condition began to improve about 48 hours after the onset of NMS. Due to manic behavior, he returned to the psychiatric ward. On the 21 st hospital day, clozapine was administered to counter the manic symptoms. The final dose was 350mg and showed good remission signs without further recurrence of NMS.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.244-252
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• 2006

The aims of this study were to determine if flowable composites can be used as pit and fissure sealants without bonding agents. Three flowable composites(Filtek Flow, Tetric Flow, Charmfil Flow) and a filled sealant (Ultraseal XT plus) were used. The pattern of resin tag formation in the four sealant materials were compared using SEM. For the microleakage assessment, 54 extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups containing 18 premolars each. In each group, a conventional filled sealant and one of the three flowable composites were applied to occlusal fissures. The teeth were thermocycled(1200 cycles between $5^{\circ}{\pm}2^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ with a dwell time of 30 seconds) and immersed in a 1% methylene blue solution for 48 hours. Each tooth was sectioned and examined to determine the extent of dye penetration. Three flowable composites and a filed sealant showed a similar resin tag formation pattern. The three flowable composites showed significantly more microleakage in each group than the filled sealant. The level of microleakage was similar in the three flowable composites. Flowable composites are not recommended as pit and fissure sealants because more microleakage can occur even when occlural fissures are mechanically widened.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.103-123
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• 2016

This study is a comparison of the flora and case studies distributed in Gulup-do Ongjingun, Incheon. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 282 taxa including 81 families, 201 genera, 252 species, 3 subspecies, 22 varieties and 5 forms. The Raunkiaer life forms are analyzed in hemicryptophytes were 66 taxa (23.4%) in dormancy form, non-clonal growth ($R_5$) were 160 taxa (56.7%) in propagation form of radicoid form, having no special modification for dissemination ($D_4$) were 197 taxa (48.6%) in propagation form of disseminule form, erect form (e) were 117 taxa (41.5%) in growth form. The halophytes were 23 taxa including Salsola collina, Asparagus oligoclonos and so on. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Pyrrosia hastata (VU), Senecio nemorensis (VU) and so on. The Korean endemic plants were 5 taxa including Hepatica insularis, Lespedeza maritima and so on. In the specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa, a degree I were 23 taxa (Dictamnus dasycarpus, Vitex rotundifolia and so on), 6 taxa of a degree II (Morus cathayana, Euphorbia esula and so on), 8 taxa of a degree III (Pyrrosia hastata, Rhodotypos scandens and so on), Senecio nemorensis of a degree V and degree IV were not found. The naturalized plants were 17 taxa including Robinia pseudoacacia, Bromus tectorumand so on. Of those Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a invasive alien plants. Naturalization rate (NR) was 6.0% of all 282 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 5.3% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. Gulup-do and adjacent Baega-do were locally investigated field work and it summarizes the results of a total of 41 islands literature in Ongjin-gun and Ganghwa-gun, Incheon including uninhabited islands, Baengnyeong-do, Daecheong-do and so on. The average number of species were each analyzed in about 89 taxa, rare plants are about 2 taxa, endemic plants are about 1 taxa, naturalized plants are about 4 taxa. This study was the comparison of the flora and literature distribution case that the Gulup-do maintain the naturalness and continuously conducted to explore the future conservation measures the adjacent islands.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.245-252
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• 2006

A bacterial strain, identified as Staphylococcus aureus JJ-11, producing collagenase was isolated out of 40 persons having skin troubles. S. aureus JJ-11 produced collagenase optimally in the media containing 1.5%(w/v) gelatin, 1%(w/v) yeast extract, 0.4%(w/v) $K_2HPO_4$, 0.005%(w/v) $NiSO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$ at $37^{\circ}C$ for 18 hrs. The collagenase produced by Staphylococcus aureus JJ-11 was purified at 6.66-folds purity through application of chromatography with Amberlite IRA-900 and Sephacryl S-300 HR columns. The molecular weight of the partially purified enzyme was estimated to be 62 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The protein exhibited optimum enzymatic activity at pH 7.0, and showed a stable activity at pH 4-8. The optimum temperature for collagenase was at $37^{\circ}C$, and activity was maintained upto $40^{\circ}C$. The enzyme activity was slightly elevated in the presence of divalents such as, $Fe^{2+},\;Co^{2+}\;and\;Ba^{2+}$ However, the activity was inhibited in the presence of $Sr^{2+}\;or\;Hg^{2+}$. The inhibition of activity by O-phenanthroline and EDTA suggested that the enzyme may contain metal which is required for activity. The enzyme showed the highest activity when insoluble collagen (type I) was, used as a substrate.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.237-252
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was done to investigate clinical frequency and correlation among the indicators of dampness-phlegm pattern identification settled by tentative Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke. Methods : The subjects were 147 hospitalized patients with stroke, and a list of registry was made for each of them. Among the five types of pattern identification, fire-heat, dampness-phlegm, blood-stasis and deficiency of Qi and of Yin, those that have shown a high frequency in dampness-phlegm type were categorized as the dampness-phlegm pattern group. Frequency of dampness-phlegm indicators was compared with those from the non-dampness-phlegm pattern group. Correlations among dampness-phlegm indicators were also studied. Results : 1. Dampness-phlegm pattern group included 26 patients out of 147. 2. Among the indicators of dampness-phlegm pattern. those, in order of highest frequency, were 'tiredness or sluggishness', 'white Coated tongue' and 'sputum'. 3. In comparing dampness-phlegm pattern group with non-dampness-phlegml group, the indicators such as 'lightheadedness', 'nigrescence', 'sputum', 'dermatic dysaesthesia' showed significantly high frequency. 4. Among the indicators, 'sputum' and 'tiredness or sluggishness', 'sputum' and 'yellow coated tongue', and 'white coated tongue' and 'yellow coated tongue' showed significant correlation. 5. In investigation of the correlation of scale in symptoms, various results such as positive correlation and negative correlation were obtained. Conclusion : In this study, more sensitive indicators of dampness-phlegm pattern identification were found. Based on these results, it is suggested that a more practical Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs of Stroke would be established through continuous clinical studies by giving weight on each specific type of pattern identification.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.252-256
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• 2010

Breathlessness is a frequent and distressing symptom in terminal cancer patients. Refractory breathlessness is defined as a state that does not respond to conventional disease-specific therapy with an exclusion of reversible underlying causes, and the main classes of symptomatic drug treatments include opioids and benzodiazepines. Korean Family Medicine Palliative Medicine Research Group discussed two terminal cancer patients in whom severe breathlessness with different causes were treated with inhalation of nebulized furosemide, which is an emerging option of palliative treatment. It still remains unclear how it becomes effective or how much it is effective, therefore, its routine use seems to be somewhat early. Nevertherless, if a patient with intractable breathlessness does not have a marked obstructive airway lesion, its use should be considered. Based on the discussion in the seminar, we want to share our experience of the application of inhaled furosemide with other palliative care practitioners and strongly recommend further research on this topic in the future.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.252-260
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• 2012

The wetlands have eco-sociological values because their functions have proven to be useful to human society. Many countries are working to conserve and protect the wetland ecosystems. However, many wetlands have disappeared or have been fragmented due to a natural and/or anthropogenic disturbance. These isolated wetlands appear to work best in the landscape, as a spatially distributed system. We have analyzed the spatial-social distribution patterns of wetlands in Gyeongsangnam-do Province (GNP). We examined the frequency distribution of wetland sizes, the distances to the nearest wetlands, the shapes of the wetlands, land-use patterns, land owners, and official land values were confirmed as social characteristics for each wetland. A total of 146 wetlands (3,598.85 ha), including 76 riverine wetlands (1,955.60 ha), 49 palustrine wetlands (1,282.28 ha) and 21 mountain wetlands (1,282.28 ha) were identified in GNP. Most wetlands left for use to drainage were small (<2 ha) and located in agricultural areas. However, small and isolated wetlands were clustered, according to the location, indicating that these wetlands can be connected to each other using the linear riverine wetlands and water channels in agricultural areas. This is extremely valuable in maintaining the biodiversity, such that any loss of small wetlands will cause a direct reduction in the connectedness among populations of the remaining species. Due to most wetlands belonging to the nation or businesses, being classified as reservoirs (water storage areas), and consequently, degradation of wetlands will progress due to grand-scale engineering works. Therefore, wetland policy and ecologically sensitive laws and policies should be developed in order to promote the wise-use for wetlands.