• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.447-452
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• 2012

Among the various elements affecting a customer's evaluation of automobile quality, buzz, squeak and rattle (BSR) are considered to be major factors. In most vehicle manufacturers, the BSR problems are solved by find-fix method with the vehicle road test, mainly due to various excitation sources, complex generation mechanism and subjective response. The aim of this paper is to develop the integrated experimental method to systematically tackle the BSR problems in early stage of the vehicle development cycle by resolving these difficulties. To achieve this aim, the developed experimental method ought to include the following requirements: to find and fix the BSR problem for modules instead of a full vehicle in order to tackle the problem in the early stage of the vehicle development cycle; to develop the exciter system including the zig and road-input-signal reproducing algorithm; to automatically localize the source region of BSR; to develop sound quality index that can be used to assess the subjective responses to BSR. Also, the BSR sound quality indexes based on the Zwicker's sound quality parameters using a multiple regression analysis. The four sound metrics from Zwicker's sound quality parameter are computed for the signals recorded for eight BSR noise source regions localized by using the acoustic-field visualized results. Then, the jury test of BSR noise are performed for participants. On a basis of the computed sound metrics and jury test result, sound quality index is developed to represent the harsh of BSR noise. It is expected that the developed BSR detection system and sound quality indexes can be used to reduce the automotive interior BSR noise in terms of subjective levels as well as objective levels.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.536-545
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• 2016

Household refrigerator radiates noise of which the pattern is dependent on the operating condition of its parts, such as compressor, flow fans, etc. Thus the refrigerator noise has a variety of frequency characteristics. Therefore, it is required to consider the noise characteristics for evaluating the noise quality and eventually developing the sound quality index of the refrigerator noise. In this study, five units of household refrigerator were selected to measure their noises that were used to generate sound sources for jury test of the study. The measured noises of five refrigerators were divided into ten kinds of sound source by considering operating condition and frequency characteristics. Additionally, the ten sources were each edited to have the same SPL of 30 dBA. Totally twenty kinds of sound sources (10-original SPL, 10-edited SPL 30 dBA) were evaluated by twenty-two subjects, and compared with their sound quality metrics. It was found that only the loudness of the metrics was meaningfully correlated with the subjective evaluation. The rests, sharpness, roughness and fluctuation strength, were not related. The conclusion of this study is that a new sophisticated index is necessary to be developed to qualitatively evaluate the household refrigerator noise.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.165-187
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• 2011

This paper investigates on the legal doctrine of "voluntary, knowing, and intelligent" (VKI Doctrine). The main points that were discussed include the history of the VKI doctrine and the US courts' attitudes toward the doctrine. It was also discussed how the VKI doctrine influenced the protection of consumer who agreed to arbitrate with businesses. The US courts' attitudes have shown to be split in application of the VKI doctrine to disputes in the enforceability of arbitration agreement between the consumers and the businesses. In order for the arbitration agreement to be invalidated, the state legislature cannot enact law that are directly targeted toward the validity of arbitration agreement. Rather the contract law in each of the state should be applied to the evaluation of the validity of an arbitration agreement. As the more and more consumers become familiar with the arbitration, the need for the VKI doctrine to protect the individual consumers in arbitration is expected to be diminished in future disputes.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.17 no.4 s.121
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• pp.298-309
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• 2007

There are various sounds in the car as much as cars have many mechanical parts. These sounds make various psychological development. The international competition in car markets has continuously required the research about the sound quality of a car. The domestic car makers have also invested a lot of money for the research and development of sound quality. Car axle plays an important role in a vehicle and its NVH development is also important. By this time, NVH development of car axle is mainly based on the reduction of sound pressure level (dBA), which cannot gives, the satisfaction to the customers in view of the sound quality of a vehicle. Therefore, in this paper, a sound quality index evaluating the sound quality of axle noise based on human sensibility is developed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.401-405
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• 2003

Sound quality is becoming a major concern in optical disc drives (ODD). In order to improve the sound quality of slim type ODDs, we changed lead screw pitch and firmware algorithm in the seek mode. To evaluate the sound quality, the PCM (Paired Comparison Method) was adopted and the result was compared with the time-averaged loudness spectrum. Sound signals were also recorded and modified by increasing or decreasing selected frequency bands to verify their sensitivities to the sound quality. As a result of jury test, preferred frequency bands are associated with the time-averaged loudness spectrum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.513-518
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• 2013

The purpose of vehicle horn sound is for warning to pedestrians. In the past, the main development factor is to match the regulation level. But nowadays perceived quality is more important than level itself. In this study, we measure variety horn sound and evaluate its signals through the jury evaluation aimed at making horn sound quality index. Each contribution of the noise path for sound quality is identified and the target values and methods for implementing the luxurious horn sound are suggested. Finally, we developed, horn component and improve horn mounting condition for luxurious horn sound.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11b
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• pp.186-189
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• 2005

Since human listening is very sensitive to sound, a subjective index of a sound quality is required. Therefore, in the analysis for each situation, the sound evaluation is composed with sound quality factor. Many researchers spends their effort to make a more reliable and more accurate of sound in term of sound quality index for various system noise. In this study a reliable index is constructed and analyzed using correlation analysis, regression analysis and weighting factor for each sound quality factor. We have made the sound quality index that agrees with more than human subjective sensitivity which apply to various sound quality metrics. Also we applied a 'grade' metric to jury for sound evaluation, analyzed relation between sound duality index and sound quality grade. Then we will judge the sound quality level according to the sound quality grade scheme.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.525-530
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• 2013

With the increasing the importance of emotional quality of vehicle, the sound quality of systems with electric motor components has become increasingly important. Electric motors are used for windows, seats, sun roof, mirrors, steering columns, windshield wiper, climate control blowers, etc. In this paper, a study was conducted to identify sound quality factors that contribute to customer's satisfaction and preference of the window lift system. Jury test for subjective evaluation was carried out and sound quality index was developed. Averaged sound pressure level and sharpness were significant factors when glass moves down. Also, maximum loudness at stop section and averaged loudness were significant factor when glass moves up. Noise source identification was carried out for the reduced the loudness and sharpness during glass transferred section and impulsive noise at stop section, Using the source identification result, several improvement points were applied. And finally, the degree of sound quality improvement was judged using sound quality index.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.43
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• pp.177-204
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• 2015

The Korean Criminal Code ${\S}10$ (1) provides that "The act of a person who, because of mental disorder, is unable to make discriminations or to control one's will, shall not be punished". Therefore, it'll not be able to be given criminal punishment if a mentally defective person is determined to lack the criminal liability. The problem about judging the criminal liability for the mentally defective person exists in areas where the criminal law intersects with psychiatry. Although the supreme court ultimately judges whether the criminal liability by mental defectiveness exists or not, the judgment of mental defectiveness, which is biological element, needs psychiatric knowledge and it is no wonder to rely on this. In particular, a change is required in the procedure and contents of mental examination for a mentally defective person as implementation of the Civil Participation in Criminal Jury Trial. It is needed the improvement of procedure to submit more accurate mental examination and the result of it in order that jurors are able to understand the result of mental examination and make an decision. This is because jurors consisting of ordinary citizens take part in trial. For guaranteeing the precise result of mental examination in the criminal justice procedure, it is necessary to establish the pool of manpower consisting of psychiatrists or psychologists who have completed the specific educational programs about the criminal justice and legal psychiatry, and it is desired to carry out the psychiatric test with selecting appraisers who belong to a pool of manpower. Furthermore, it is required to draw up and submit the written appraisal of mental examination which is easy to be known because of considering the nonprofessional of jurors consisting of ordinary citizens in the Civil Participation in Criminal Jury Trial. In order to gain a fair verdict of the jury about whether mental defectiveness exists or not, it is recommended the prompt submission of the written appraisal of mental examination, the presentation of the written appraisal of mental examination summarizing the important contents, and making out the written appraisal of mental examination for jurors to understand it easily.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.853-860
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• 2012

This paper identifies a cause of pick up noise in a laser printer and a relationship between pick up noise and major components related to pick up noise. A pick up sound is affected by many components such as spring force, spring constant, and friction coefficient. Objective evaluation for the pick up sound is difficult because of back ground sound such as operating sound. Especially, a sound between a friction pad and a paper in the process of printing has become an essential issue in an aspect of quality evaluation. However the existing criteria for determining the above sound have solely relied on human's subjective judgments; which highlights the requirement to objectify these criteria. In this paper, the standard of existing pick up noise is established by finding the tonality, which is a psychoacoustic parameter, of noticeable limit sound level. Based on the findings of the method, the study has found factors which cause pick up noise and suggests the substitution of following components of printers such as spring constants, spring force, and the quality of friction pads. As a result, it is confirmed that the proposed pick up noise index has usefulness to classify whether existence of pick up noise with an objective evaluation and not to occur the noise based on design optimized combination of laser printer components.