• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2005

Nitric Oxide (NO), derived from L-arginine, is produced by two types (constitutive and inducible) of nitric oxide synthase (NOS: cNOS and iNOS). The NO produced in large amounts by the iNOS is known to be responsible for the vasodilation and hypotension observed in septic shock, cancer metastasis and inflammation. The inhibitors of iNOS, thus, may be useful candidates for the treatment of inflammatory diseases accompanied by the overproduction of NO. We prepared alcoholic extracts of herbal drugs which have been used for the treatment of inflammation in oriental medicine. We have screened the inhibitory activity of NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages after the treatment of these extracts. Among 82 kinds of extracts of herbal drugs, 35 extracts showed the potent inhibitory activity of NO production above 50% at the concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibitory activities of NO production were also evaluated for several solvent fractions at two different concentrations. Especially, hexane and EtOAc fractions of Alpinia officinarum, Angelica gigas, Ostericum koreanum, Saussurea lappa, Torilis japonica, and hexane fractions of Agrimonia pilosa, Machilus thunbergii, Hydrangea serrata, Magnolia obovata, Prunella vulgaris, Tussilago farfara, and EtOAC fractions of Perilla frutescence showed a significant activity at 10 and/or $25\;{\mu}g/mL$. In Western blot analysis, the hexane fractions ($5\;{\mu}g/mL$) of Magnolia obovata and Saussurea lappa, and EtOAc fractions ($20\;{\mu}g/mL$) of Hydrangea Serrata, Perilla frutescence and Torilis japonica inhibited the expression of iNOS protein in LPS-activated macrophages. These plants may be promising candidates for the study of the activity-guided purification of active compounds and might be useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and endotoxemia accompanying overproduction of NO.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.6
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• pp.89-107
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to investigate the recognition and the needs and problems of in-service education for school nurse, and to suggest the desirable guidelines, for supples the basic data of in-service education for school nurse to upgraded the quality as school nurse's professional specialist. The subjects of this study were 376 school nurses who were working in Jollanamdo. The research instruments used in this study was 'Needs of In-service Education questionnaire'. 305 collected Data were analyzed with the frequency analysis, $x^2$-test. The conclusions were as follows; First of all, the most important motives for the school nurses to participate in-service education are the enhancement of their specialties on teaching profession, self-realizations as educators, and improvement of health teaching skill. However, the motives to obtain the skill for school management or to obtain a high rank qualification and promotion are quite low. School nurses are generally satisfied with duration, time, place of in-service education, But they are not satisfied with contents of in-service education, professional specialist and understanding of real educational situation of the instructors. On the urgent problem of school nurses, promotion of health teaching skill was highest in the rank, and establishment of firm educational philosophy and a sense of teaching profession, proceed to university and graduate school ranked next, respectively. Second, the need of a school nurses on in-service education direction ranked the application of teachers' character and need, practicable and concrete educational programs, planning of school health development, reinforcement of health education, expansion of practical knowledge and on reflection thought, respectively. The need of a school nurses on in-service education contents(major part) ranked health education, health promoting program of student, knowledge and practice of practical medicine and oriental medicine, consultation process, health education of advanced country, respectively. The need of in-service education supervisory organization, the need for a cities provinces educational office was highest in the rank. The need of in-service education type, duty training ranked high, and abroad training, qualification training, general training ranked next. the need for specialist for lecturer of in-serve education ranked among the highest, along with school nurses and university professor. The need of school nurses on education method(duplication answer), need for conference and discussion teaching was highest in the rank. The need on evaluation method, evaluation through a examination ranked the highest. On the needs of in-service education times, need for vacation during the winter and summer was the highest. As for the duration, 31 to 60 hours in duration of in-service education was need most, and most school nurses need cities and provinces in-service training institute as the location of in-service education. On the organization size, need for 21 to 30 people was the highest, where as need for 41 people was relatively low. Lastly, on the problem of in-service education for school nurses, lack of opportunity of in-service education for school nurses was highest in the rank, and improperness of in-service education contents and method, lack of incentive ranked next, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.82-85
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• 2006

The fruits of Cornus kousa Burg. were extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned with EtOAc, n-BuOH and $H_2O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, three sterols were isolated through the repeated silica gel and ODS column chromatographies. According to the results of physico-chemical data including NMR, MS and IR, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined as ${\beta}-sitosterol$ (1), $stigmast-4-en-6{\beta}-ol-3-one$ (2) and daucosterol (3). They were the first to be isolated from Cornus kousa Burg.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.316-320
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• 2007

Three phytotoxic compounds were isolated from the culture broth of Chaetomium sp. through silica gel column chromatography and HPLC (RP-18). Their chemical structures were elucidated as chaetoglobosin F, chaetoglobosin C and chaetoglobosin E on the basis of instrumental analyses such as $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$, and HMQC. They inhibited the root growth of barnyard grass with the $IC_{50}$ values of 66, 65, and $67{\mu}g/ml$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2014

Serpins are a group of proteins involved in the regulation of serine and other type of proteases, and have been identified in many kinds of organisms from invertebrates to vertebrates. Serpins are known to regulate the proteolytic cascades of the innate immune pathways in addition to their roles in blood coagulation, angiogenesis, fibrinolysis, inflammation and tumor suppression. In this study, we have isolated two partial serpin gene fragments from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Nesiohelix samarangae. Dotplot analysis indicates that they are of two different types, Ns-serpin type 1 and Ns-serpin type 2. Ns-serpin type 1 has 819 bp coding region (272 amino acids), whereas Ns-serpin type 2 has 555 bp coding region (185 amino acids). Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the identified serpins have high similarities to their counterparts in the California see slug, Aplysia californica. Yet, the precise biological and immunological roles of these Ns-serpins remain to be further investigated using RNA interference and other molecular techniques.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.380-386
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• 2020

The study was conducted for the safety evaluation of 320 pesticide residues in 768 Lentinula edodes fruit body samples and 143 L. edodes media samples, which are distributed nationwide in South Korea. The monitoring method was the second of the multi-residue methods in the Korean Food Code. GC-ECD, GC-NPD, and GC-MSD were used as evaluation equipment for analysis. Single-analysis of the target pesticides was performed for mepiquat chloride. Through the analysis of collected L. edodes samples, pesticide residues were detected in total seven cases, including four L. edodes fruit body samples and three L. edodes media samples. The detected pesticide residues were carbendazim, diflubenzuron, fluopyram, and dinotefuran. In this study, carbendazim was detected in three L. edodes fruit body samples and one L. edodes media sample. The detected amount of carbendazim was 0.056, 0.17, 0.043, and 0.09 mg/kg, respectively. The amount of carbendazim in the collected L. edodes samples was detected below the MRLs (maximum residue level). The detected amounts of fluopyram and dinotefuran were 0.068 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg, respectively. Two pesticide residues were detected in the medium in one case. Mepiquat chloride was not detected in this study. These results suggested that residual pesticides were detected in a small number of collected L. edodes. However, the PLS for unregistered pesticides MRL was 0.01 ppm; therefore, we have to conduct research on preparing safety standards for mushrooms, including L. edodes.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between sitting and standing balance in acute stroke patients and gait outcome, and to determine appropriate test times. The subjects of this study were 20 hemiplegic patients who had been hospitalized in Sangji University Oriental Medical Hospital from August 26, 1997 through November 3, 1997. Twenty patients with cerebral infarcts had sitting and standing balance assessed on the 5th day and 10th day of stroke onset. Gait outcome was assessed 5 weeks later using the MMAS (Modified Motor Assessment Scale) score. The data were analyzed by the Spearman's Rho test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results were as follows: 1) Correlation coefficients between sitting balance on the 5th day and 10th day after their stroke and gait outcome 5 weeks after their stroke were $r_s$=0.89 and $r_s$=0.83, respectively. All of the sitting balance data significantly correlated with gait outcome (p<0.05). 2) Correlation coefficients between standing balance on the 5th day and 10th day after their stroke and gait outcome 5 weeks after their stroke were $r_s$=0.82 and $r_s$=0.87, respectively. All of the standing balance data significant1y correlated with gait outcome (p<0.05). 3) The difference between sitting balance scores on the 5th day and 10th day after stroke onset were statistically significant (p<0.05). But the difference between standing balance scores on the 5th day and 10th day after stroke onset were not statistically significant (p>0.05). In conclusion, sitting and standing balance tests on the 5th day and 10th day after their stroke appear to be predictive of gait outcome. Also, the result of this study can provide reference for appropriate test times as an assessment of sitting and standing balance in stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.283-293
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• 2018

This study was performed to analysis of chemical constituent in Polygonum multiflorum root (PMR) by different dry methods (hot-air dry, shade dry, and freeze dry). The results are summarized as followings; major free sugar were detected fructose, glucose, and sucrose in dried PMR based on various dry methods. The highest content of free sugars was found in freeze dried PMR. The four organic acids were detected in dried PMR by HPLC analysis. The content of oxalic acid in shade dried PMR was higher than the dried PMR by different dry methods. The content of total amino acid and essential amino acids were high in the orders of freeze drying > shade drying > hot-air drying. The potassium and magnesium levels of freeze dried PMR was significantly higher than the other drying method of PMR. Whereas the calcium and sodium levels were higher in hot-air dried PMR. The major fatty acids were determined the linoleic acid in PMR by different dry methods.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.349-357
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• 2015

Objectives: The 2007 Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body found the highest blood mercury levels nationwide among residents in Seoksan-ri, Goro-myeon, Gunwi-gun, Gyeonsangbuk-do. With the aim to reduce the blood mercury levels of residents in this region, we conducted this study to identify the association between mercury exposure levels and shark meat consumption. Methods: This survey was conducted with 118 participants in Seoksan-ri before the Chuseok festival and 113 residents were added afterwards. Information on participants was collected via questionnaires. Total mercury concentrations in biological samples were measured using a mercury analyzer with the gold-amalgam collection method. Results: To identify this, we conducted mercury exposure level analysis before and after the Chuseok festival and found that blood and urinary mercury levels after Chuseok (GM of $6.9{\mu}g/L$ in blood and $1.68{\mu}g/g$_cr in urine) were higher than those before (GM of $5.29{\mu}g/L$ in blood and $1.44{\mu}g/g$_cr in urine). This area maintains a custom of using shark meat as one of the ancestral rite foods, and the performance of such rites and shark meat consumption have been identified as main sources of mercury exposure. Other than this, smoking, dental amalgam treatment and residential period in the area also contributed to an increase in mercury exposure levels. On the other hand, recent consumption of oriental medicine and vaccination did not have a significant influence on mercury levels. Conclusion: The results were attributed to the local custom of consuming shark meat with high mercury concentrations during rituals taking place during the festival and ancestral rites. Given that the blood mercury levels in 23.2% of the residents exceeded the HBM II values recommended by the German Commission on Human Biological Monitoring, it is suggested that further appropriate actions and follow-up measures be taken to reduce the mercury exposure levels of the residents that exceeded the reference values.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.560-568
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• 2012

Four dimensional response surface methodology was used to monitor the extraction conditions and predict the optimum extraction conditions on physicochemical properties of Liriope platyphylla. Maximum yield of total soluble solid was 66.02% into range of 35.06~65.70%, and maximum extraction conditions were 16.86 mL/g in ratio of solvent to sample, $99.55^{\circ}C$ in extraction temperature and 3.20 hr in extraction time. Maximum extraction conditions of total phenolics were 18.78 mL/g, $97.09^{\circ}C$ and 3.71 hr. Maximum content of crude saponin was 6.51% into range of 2.22~6.21 %, and maximum extraction conditions were 21.33 mL/g, $95.49^{\circ}C$ and 3.00 hr. Maximum content of reducing sugar was 6.75% into range of 2.43~6.51%, and maximum extraction conditions were 22.93 mL/g, $89.64^{\circ}C$ and 3.75 hr. Electron donating ability was maximized in 16.74 mL/g, $99.63^{\circ}C$ and 3.16 hr. The range of optimum conditions gained by the superimposed four dimensional response surfaces on total soluble solid, crude saponin and reducing sugar of Liriope platyphylla was 15~23 mL/g, 92~$100^{\circ}C$ and 2.4~5.0 hr. And total soluble solid, total phenolics, crude saponin, reducing sugar, browning color intensity and electron donating ability at the given conditions(20 mL/g, $100^{\circ}C$, 3 hr) within the range of optimum conditions were 65.75%, 1.30 mg/g, 6.33%, 5.93%, 0.11 and 10.52%, respectively.