• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.71-84
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• 2013

Purpose: The South African government is determined in alleviating poverty while encouraging job creation and protecting the disposable incomes of poor households. This article looks at the challenges that are facing the South African Social Security system and argues that the provision of income security is amongst the most practical expressions of a nation's cohesion and values. Research Design, Data and Methodology: There are seven proposals in the Social Security and Retirement Reform and these proposals are based on the following two principal objectives of the government, that is, to ensure a basic standard of living and to prevent destitution in old age or in circumstances of unemployment or incapacity partly or wholly through redistributive measures, and to encourage savings to provide for the replacement of income on retirement, disablement or death through long-term insurance arrangements. Results: This article evaluates these seven proposals, state old age pension, wage subsidy, mandatory participation in a national social security system for all, mandatory participation in private occupational or individual retirement funds, Voluntary additional contributions to occupational or individual retirement funds, reform of the governance and regulation of the retirement funding industry and reform of the tax system. Conclusion: This article concludes that the population size of South Africa has increased significantly to 51, 8 million in 2011 and therefore the time is right for bold new steps in improving income security of the poor and strengthening the fabric of social solidarity that binds all South Africans together.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2015

This study holds various implications and usefulness toward nurses as well as hospitals in that the study empirically found out the relations among hospitals' ethical climates, employee engagement (job engagement and organizational engagement) and intention to quit. The study shows that nurses' awareness of principles of responsibilities and benevolent ethical climates impact on enhancing organizational engagement and lowering intention to quit. Internally, employees are encouraged to make decisions accompanying fairness and responsibility and thus, shared values will be created between hospitals and nurses, while it will contribute to create a good image of the hospital to the public. However, it is also revealed that climates deficient in ethics, such as a climate of selfishness, have strong negative influences on workplace attitude of nurses. Therefore, recognizing importance and effectiveness of ethical climates, hospitals should underscore personal ethics of managers and nurses, and should go further to exert strategic efforts on the organizational level to create ethical hospital climates where nurses can naturally take ethical actions.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.231-236
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• 2014

In this study, the changes in collection efficiencies due to the time changes of activated carbons were ascertained, and in order to identify the magnitude of adsorption, the before-use and after-use iodine adsorption values were analyzed. In addition, as a result of examining the characteristics of continuous process and non-continuous process and as a result of investigating whether the emission standards would be maintained, the continuous process and printing facilities were seen as not being able to maintain the emission standards. Also were found, in the case of non-continuous process,-taking into consideration the special nature of the job -for 4${\o}$ palletized charcoal, a collection efficiency near 50% was shown even after 96 hours. Also, when the inlet concentration was about 300ppm, it is thought that the emission standards would be maintained if the activated carbons are replaced within at least 96 hours in the case of 4${\o}$ palletized charcoal and the use was deemed pointless in the case of carbon. The results of this study are expected to provide assistance in selecting replacement periods for activated carbons and in selecting absorbents at the project sites, and are expected to be of significant help in the selection of precipitators that can collect total hydrocarbons for compliance of the emission standards.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 1985

Some properties of six kinds of waxy starches isolated from Olchal and Hankang(both of waxy rice), Chalborie (waxy barley), Yullmoo (waxy Job' tears), Chajoe (waxy foxtail millet), Chalsusu (waxy great millet) and Chalocsusu(waxy corn) were investigated. The average diameters of their starch granules were $4.2{\sim}19.0$ microns. X-ray diffraction study showed that these starches had A pattern. Blue values of iodine complexes of these waxy starches were $0.02{\sim}0.08$. The number of glucose units per segment of amylopectin molecule were $21{\sim}23$. Their raising powers were $180{\sim}280$.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.220-230
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate consumer preferred formats of nutrition labels: the type of nutritional information provided on the labels. A survey was conducted on 222 housewives between the age of 20 and 65 in Daejeon city in 1998, using an interview questionnaire showing illustrated nutritional label formats. Among twelve nutrients and caloric values listed on the nutrition labels, the housewives ranked their interest in the items in the following order of calorie (58.56%), calcium (56.76%), cholesterol (54.05%), protein (39.19%) and vitamin C (36.04%). The majority of the subjects (69.37%) checked labels when they bought milk or dairy products, whereas only 8.11% looked at labels when they bought Ramyon or noodles. Most of the subjects (90.99%) preferred products with labels with nutritional information as compared with products without labels. this was especially so true of the younger individuals and of pc-ople who checked food labels more frequently. The subjects preferred labeling which described the nutrient content per Package (55.41%), sewing size (32.88%) and food weight of 1009 (11.71%) as a standard nit. Generally, they prefer-red a simplified list to a detailed list of the number of nutrients, a figure graph to bar graph in nutrition claim, vertical bar graph to horizontal bar graph showing the nutritional content of foods and a web-type graphic format to a radiation-format when describing the item's percentage of the Korean RDA's nutrient content. The subjects who checked labels frequently especially preferred detailed list, while housewives with job or with unhealthy family members preferred a simplified list and graphic, rather than a numerical display. From this result, it is suggested that providing consumers with more nutrients information in a more easily understood graphic format would encourage the consumers to check nutritional labels. Therefore this should be considered when developing the regulations far nutrition labeling or when educating the Public about nutrition. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(2) : 220∼230, 2003)

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.257-264
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• 2019

Recently, deep neural network based approaches have shown a good performance for various fields of natural language processing. A huge amount of training data is essential for building a deep neural network model. However, collecting a large size of training data is a costly and time-consuming job. A data augmentation is one of the solutions to this problem. The data augmentation of text data is more difficult than that of image data because texts consist of tokens with discrete values. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are widely used for image generation. In this work, we generate sentimental texts by using one of the GANs, CS-GAN model that has a discriminator as well as a classifier. We evaluate the usefulness of generated sentimental texts according to various measurements. CS-GAN model not only can generate texts with more diversity but also can improve the performance of its classifier.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.339-352
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• 2019

Rockmass parameters are used in the design of engineering structures built in rock and soil. One of the most important of these parameters is the rockmass Emass (Emass). Determination of the Emass of rockmass is a long, hard and expensive job. Therefore, empirical formulas developed by different researchers are used. These formulas use the elastic modulus of the material as a parameter. This value is a constant value in the design. However, engineering structures remain under different loads depending on many factors, such as topography, geometry of the structure, rock / soil properties. Time is other important parameter for rock/soil structure. With the start of the excavation, the loads that the structure is exposed to will change and remain constant at one level. In the new proposed method, the use of different Emass calculated from empirical formulas using the different material elastic modulus, which has different values under different loads as time dependent, was investigated in rock/soil structures during design. The performance of the stability analysis using different deformation modules was questioned by numerical modeling method. For this query, a sub-routine which can be integrated into the numerical modeling software has been developed. The integrated sub-routine contains the formula for the Emass, which is calculated from the material elasticity modules under time dependent and different constant loads in the laboratory. As a result of investigations conducted in 12 different field studies, the new proposed method is very sensitive.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2019

Background: Evidence on associations between occupational diesel exhaust and gasoline exposure and colorectal cancer is limited. We aimed to assess the effect of workplace exposure to diesel exhaust and gasoline on the risk of colorectal cancer. Methods: This case-control study included 181,709 colon cancer and 109,227 rectal cancer cases diagnosed between 1961 and 2005 in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Cases and controls were identified from the Nordic Occupational Cancer Study cohort and matched for country, birth year, and sex. Diesel exhaust and gasoline exposure values were assigned by country-specific job-exposure matrices. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using conditional logistic regression models. The results were adjusted for physical strain at work and occupational exposure to benzene, formaldehyde, ionizing radiation, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chromium, and wood dust. Results: Diesel exhaust exposure was associated with a small increase in the risk of rectal cancer (odds ratio - 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.08). Gasoline exposure was not associated with colorectal cancer risk. Conclusion: This study showed a small risk increase for rectal cancer after workplace diesel exhaust exposure. However, this finding could be due to chance, given the limitations of the study.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.261-283
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• 2019

The times when students are university age is a time or period of great transition and individual growth from adolescence to adulthood. Students are still semidependent upon their parents both economically and psychologically. However, it is also a time for growing self-determination and responsibility, such as studying on their own, finding effective approaches for job searches, and realizing or becoming aware of their future places in society. Therefore, as with middle and high school students, it can be a very confusing time, especially with an individual's self-identity. If students are able to read pertinent subject matter books, talk with people and expand their scope of recognition, they should be able to better grasp traditional values and current society viewpoints maturity levels and confidence will be greatly enhanced. In this study, I propose introducing and implementing the necessary methods for the organization and management of university student reading clubs, focusing specifically on case studies with the whole country library and information science to aid students in this critical time in their young lives.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.531-540
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• 2019

Existing dozer productivity computation models use different input variables, formulas, productivity correction factors, and experimental data source. This paper presents a method that characterizes the productivity outputs obtained by the PLS model and the Caterpillar model that are accepted as industry standards. The method identifies the input variables to be collected from the site, the performance charts to be referenced, and the formulas and implements them in a single computational tool. This study verifies that the PLS model may replace the manual computational process of Caterpillar model by eliminating reliance on graphics manipulation. Replacing the Caterpillar model with the PLS model and implementing the process as a function contributes to assess the productivity of a dozer timely by encouraging to utilize real-time information collected directly from the site. This study allows researchers and practitioners to effectively deal with the values of productivity correction factors collected from the job site and to control the productivity. The practicality and effectiveness of the method have been validated by applying to a project case.