• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.543-549
• /
• 2000

The pathogenicity of Br abortus RB51 strains, producted by commercial vaccine companies in Republic of Korea and USA, were evaluated in mouse and guinea pig. BALB/c and ICR mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with RB51 vaccines or virulent field strain and the existence of RB51 including its ratio of spleen to weights and persistence in spleens were examined. Groups of guinea pigs on day 55-58 of received subcutaneously with various RB51 vaccines, RB51 field isolates (Daehungjin) or virulent field isolates(Sangju) to compare the histopathogenicity in uterus. All the mice received RB51 vaccines or RB51 field isolates survived for 10 days, but the groups of mice received virulent field isolates died 5 from 11 (45.5%) in case of BALB/c mice and 12 from 12 (100%) in ICR mice, respectively. The number of RB51 in the groups of mice given with vaccine strains and RB51 field isolates were declined rapidly were in spleens between 12 and 20 days after inoculation. In contrast the mice given with the virulent field isolates rose in number of bacteria up to 20 days after inoculation. In the groups of mice infected with virulent field isolates, the ratio of spleen weights to body weight were significantly higher than those in control or in the groups inoculated with RB51 strain, including RB51 field isolates, at 12 and 20 days after inoculation. At ten days after inoculation, placentas of both the pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pigs were conducted for histopathological examination. Although any abnormal lesions were not observed in non-pregnant guinea pigs, all the strains caused the inflammation of the placenta, implying pathogenecity of RB51 in pregnant guinea pigs.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 2013

In this study, the nutrient concentration changes along the hydrologic flow path of a free water surface flow constructed wetland (CW) treating agricultural stream runoff was investigated. Dry sampling was performed from April 2009 to November 2011 at five locations representing each treatment units of the CW. Grab water samples were analyzed for nitrogen forms such as total nitrogen (TN), total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate, and ammonium; and phosphorus forms including total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate. Findings revealed that the physical properties such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH affected the TP retention in the CW. High nutrient reduction was observed after passing the first sedimentation zone indicating the importance of settling process in the retention of nutrients. However, it was until the 85% of the length of the CW where nutrient retention was greatest indicating the deposition of nutrients at the alternating shallow and deep marshes. TN and TP concentration seemed to increase at the final sedimentation zone (FSZ) suggesting a possible nutrient source in this segment of the CW. It was therefore recommended to reduce or possibly remove the FSZ in the CW for an optimum performance, smaller spatial allocation and lesser construction expenses for similar systems.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.1157-1167
• /
• 2010

This paper details a method for establishing a wind energy map having($1Km{\times}1Km$) resolution. The map is essential for measurement and efficiency-testing of wind energy resources and wind site analysis. To this end, a statistical wind field model is estimated that covers 345,682 regions obtained by $1Km{\times}1Km$ lattices made over South Korea. The paper derives various characteristics of a regional wind energy resource under the statistical wind field model and estimates them to construct the wind energy map. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, based on TMY(typical meteorological year) wind data of 76 weather station areas, shows that a Log-normal model is adequate for the statistical wind field model. The model is estimated by using the wind speed data of 345,682 regions provided by the National Institute of Meteorological Research(NIMR). Various wind energy statistics are studied under the Log-normal wind field model. As an application, the wind energy density(W$/m^2$) map of South Korea is constructed with a resolution of $1Km{\times}1Km$ and its utility for the wind site analysis is discussed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.129-135
• /
• 2011

This report documents a case in which the administration of an herbal product, an extract of the lacquer tree, Rhus verniciflua Stokes, as sequential and concurrent treatment with chemotherapy was associated with a long term survival and good quality of life in a patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). A 51-year-old Korean female was referred to the $M{\cdot}{\mu}$ Integrative Cancer Center, East-West Neo Medical centrer, Kyung Hee University for stage IV, metastatic NSCLC. She was treated with aRVS alone for 19 months and then received 1st line paclitaxel/carboplatin combined with aRVS, 2nd line gefitinib, and 3rd line pemetrexed. The number of cycles of pemetrexed administered was seventeen. aRVS was restarted as the 13th pemetrexed was administered. Pemetrexed with aRVS is currently ongoing. This patient has been alive for 41 months, and has been keeping a good performance status so far. We suggest aRVS as sequential and concurrent treatment with chemotherapy is an effective alternative treatment strategy.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
• /
• no.1
• /
• pp.145-168
• /
• 2003

Im 18. Jahrhundert stritt man urn allgemeing$\"{u}$ltige Kriterien f$\"{u}$r die Kunstkritik, welche ebenda aufzubl$\"{u}$hen begann. Im Zentrum dieser Auseinandersetzung, die uns als "Laokoon-streit" bekannt ist, befanden sich Johann Joachim Winckelmann einerseits und ein franz$\"{o}$sischer Bildhauer Etienne-Maurice Falconet(1716-1791) andererseits. Die beiden waren von ganz unterschiedlichen Kunstideen $\"{u}$berzeugt. Obwohl sie niemals zusammentraf, fielen sie in eine heftige schriftliche Diskussion. Wie bekannt, vertrat Winckelmann den aufkommenden Klassizismus. Er setzte die griechische Kunst auf die h$\"{o}$chste Rangstufe auf und bezeichnet sie als Tr$\"{a}$ger der sogenannten "edlen Einfalt und stillen Gr$\"{o}{\beta}$e, die sonst in der Natur verborgen bleibe. Nach Winckelmann sollte der K$\"{u}$nstler die griechischen Vorbilder wie Apollo von Belvedere und Laokoon nachahmen, um das wesentlich Sch$\"{o}$ne zu erlernen. Falconet $\"{u}$bte eine scharfe Kritik gegen die Meinung Winckelmanns und die Diletantismus in der Kunstkritik aus. Selbst als Theoretiker warf er vor, dass die Klassizisten um ihr dogmatisch struktuiertes Lehrgeb$\"{a}$ude willen alle andere Eigenschaften der Kunst sowie Kunstwerke $\"{u}$bersahen und ihre Apotheose der klassischen Kunst auf die Entwicklung der Kunst eher als Hindernis wirkte. Im besonderen Hinblick auf den Ausdruck der menschlichen Leidenschaft distanzierte Falconet sich von der Lehrmeinung des Klassizismus, n$\"{a}$mlich Zur$\"{u}$ckhaltung derselben Leidenschaft wegen der idealen Sch$\"{o}$nheit. Vor dem Laokoon teilten Falconet und die Klassizisten ihre Meinung un$\"{u}$berbr$\"{u}$ckbar voneinander. F$\"{u}$r diese war der Laokoon die Repr$\"{a}$sentation des erhabenen Menschen, der leidet, ohne seinen Affekt zu enth$\"{u}$llen. Im Gegensatz sah Falconet in demselben Werk einen erlungenen Ausdruck des menschlichen Gef$\"{u}$hls. Sein Deb$\"{u}$twerk ist also die Visualisierung seiner Kunstauffassung. Unter Einfluss Pierre Pugets sowie seines Lehrers Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne bem$\"{u}$ht er sich darum, den Ausdruck der menschlichen Leidenschaft durch kunsttechnische Leistung und wissenschaftliche Forschung zu erstarken. Daraus ergab sich die expressive Ausdrucksform des Affekts. In diesem Fall verband sich Falconet mit der Tradition des barocken Kunstwollens, aber er ging einen Schritt weiter, indem er die Ausdrucksweise noch realistischer und lebendiger zu machen vermag. Faconet war vielleicht der einzige K$\"{u}$nstler, der Vorteile det barocken Kunst ausnut zen konnte, ohne dabei die klassische und realistische Formensprache zu verlieren. Dutch sein Werk und seine theoretischen Schriften er$\"{o}$ffnete er neue Prinzipien sowohl f$\"{u}$r die Kunstpraxis als auch f$\"{u}$r die Kunstkritik, deren wesentliche Sinn jedoch erst in der Romantik anerkannt wurde.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.54-68
• /
• 2014

In order to analyze the land surface properties in Seoul and its surrounding metropolitan area, several indices and land surface temperature were calculated by the Landsat satellites (e.g., Landsat 5, Landsat 7, and Landsat 8). The Landsat data came from only in the fall season with Landsat 5 on October 21, 1985, Landsat 7 on September 29, 2003, and Landsat 8 on September 16, 2013. The land surface properties used are the indices that represented Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Modified Normalized Difference Wetness Index (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Wetness Index (NDWI), Tasseled cap Brightness, Tasseled cap Greenness, Tasseled cap Wetness Index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the land surface temperature of the area in and around Seoul. Most indices distinguish very well between urban, rural, mountain, building, river and road. In particular, most of the urbanization is represented in the new city (e.g., Ilsan) around Seoul. According to NDVI, NDBI and land surface temperature, urban expansion is displayed in the surrounding area of Seoul. The land surface temperature and surface elevation have a strong relationship with the distribution and structure of the vegetation/built-up indices such as NDVI and NDBI. While the NDVI is positively correlated with the land surface temperature and is also negatively correlated with the surface elevation, the NDBI have just the opposite correlations, respectively. The NDVI and NDBI index is closely associated with the characteristics of the metropolitan area. Landsat 8 and Landsat 5 have very strong correlations (more than -0.6) but Landsat 7 has a weak one (lower than -0.5).

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.137-152
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the disposition of adolescents in their ornament wearing pattern associate with their life style and clothing behavior. The subject of this study consists of 345 middle and high school girls living in Chung-Nam Province and Taejon Metropolitan City. SPSS/PC+ program was utilized to calculated frequency(N), mean value(M) and standard deviation(SD) for statistical analysis. Differences among the populations were examined through f test, ANOVA. The results of this study reveals that the ornaments wearing patterns are significantly different according to their life style and clothing behavior as follows: 1. Correlation between the wear of ornaments and the life style: School girls who pursue the modernistic life style prefer the fashionable ornaments (e.g. sunglasses) and they are always in contact with the latest information. On the contrary, school girls who pursue the practical life style emphasize on the practical use when they purchase the ornaments, e.g. umbrella. School girls having romantic or passive nature have a preference for the brand name and brand image of the ornaments and they in general would like to buy ornaments such as the bracelets. 2. Correlation between the wear of ornaments and the clothing behavior: School girls having sympathetic nature and being deeply interested in clothing put a stress on the latest fashion of the ornaments. They usually want to buy fashionable ornaments such as the cellular phone, beeper and sunglasses. Subjects who estimate themselves by their garments are sensitive to the price of the ornaments while aesthetes emphasize the brand image of the ornaments. Chaste school girls put their emphasis on the quality of the ornaments and they most want to have functional hair bands. Following suggestions can be made based on the discussions above: It is necessary for us to have correct understanding about the correlation between the ornaments and clothing of school girls in order to lead them to have appropriate clothing behavior. Furthermore, it is required to construct a bridge linking a course of study to rational habits guidance which will provide us more appropriate tools for clothing behavior guidance.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.53 no.5
• /
• pp.648-652
• /
• 2010

Purpose: A brain abscess is a serious disease of the central nerve system. We conducted this study to summarize the clinical manifestations and outcomes of brain abscesses. Methods: A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients diagnosed with brain abscesses from November 1994 to June 2009 was performed at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Results: Twenty-five patients were included in this study. On average, 1.67 cases per year were identified and the median age was 4.3 years. The common presenting clinical manifestations were fever (18/25, 72%), seizure (12/25, 48%), altered mental status (11/25, 44%), and signs of increased intracranial pressure (9/25, 36%). A total of 14 (56%) patients had underlying illnesses, with congenital heart disease (8/25, 32%) as the most common cause. Predisposing factors were identified in 15 patients (60%). The common predisposing factors were otogenic infection (3/25, 12%) and penetrating head trauma (3/25, 12%). Causative organisms were identified in 64% of patients (16/25). The causative agents were $S$ $intermedius$ (n=3), $S$ $aureus$ (n=3), $S$ $pneumoniae$ (n=1), Group B streptococcus (n=2), $E.$ $coli$ (n=1), $P.$ $aeruginosa$ (n=1), and suspected fungal infection (n=5). Seven patients received medical treatment only while the other 18 patients also required surgical intervention. The overall fatality rate was 16% and 20% of patients had neurologic sequelae. There was no statistical association between outcomes and the factors studied. Conclusion: Although uncommon, a brain abscess is a serious disease. A high level of suspicion is very important for early diagnosis and to prevent serious consequences.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.171-183
• /
• 2016

Land Surface Temperature (LST) retrieved from Landsat 8 measured from 2013 to 2014 and it is corrected by surface temperature observed from ground. LST maps are retrieved from Landsat 8 calculate using the linear regression function between raw Landsat 8 LST and ground surface temperature. Seasonal and annual LST maps developed an average LST from season to annual, respectively. While the higher LSTs distribute on the industrial and commercial area in urban, lower LSTs locate in surrounding rural, sea, river and high altitude mountain area over Seoul and surrounding area. In order to correct the LST, linear regression function calculate between Landsat 8 LST and ground surface temperature observed 3 Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) synoptic stations (Seoul(ID: 108), Incheon(ID: 112) and Suwon(ID: 119)) on the Seoul and surrounding area. The slopes of regression function are 0.78 with all data and 0.88 with clear sky except 5 cloudy pixel data. And the original Landsat 8 LST have a correlation coefficient with 0.88 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) with $5.33^{\circ}C$. After LST correction, the LST have correlation coefficient with 0.98 and RMSE with $2.34^{\circ}C$ and the slope of regression equation improve the 0.95. Seasonal and annual LST maps represent from urban to rural area and from commercial to industrial region clearly. As a result, the Landsat 8 LST is more similar to the real state when corrected by surface temperature observed ground.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2012

The diurnal variation in pollen vertical distributions in the atmosphere was observed by a surface-based lidar remote sensing technique. Aerosol extinction coefficient and depolarization ratio at 532 nm were obtained from lidar measurements in spring ($4^{th}$ May - $2^{nd}$ June) 2009 at Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST) located in Gwangju, Korea ($35.15^{\circ}E$, $126.53^{\circ}N$). Unusual variations of depolarization ratio were observed for six days from $4^{th}$ to $9^{th}$ May. Depolarization ratios varied from 0.08 to 0.14 were detected at the low altitude in the morning. The altitude with those high depolarization ratios was increased up to 1.5 - 2.0 km at the time interval between 12:00 and 14:00 LT and then decreased. The temporal variations in high values of depolarization ratios from lidar measurements show good agreement in patterns with the sampled pollen concentrations measured using the Burkard trap sampler. This study demonstrates that the pollen distribution data obtained by lidar measurements can be a useful tool for investigating spatial and temporal characteristic of pollen particles.