• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.278-283
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• 1993

Gimhae series has a high content of jarosite mineral which is evoluted in soils from sediments rich in sulfur. Chemical compositions of jarosite mineral and soil samples were analyzed with water and various extraction solutions to evaluate the pedogenetic processes of the soil. The pH of jarosite mineral and $Bg_3$ horizon are below 4.0 and not much changed after incubation of dry samples rich in jarosite. The pedogentic formation of jarosite was identified through the chemical analysis indicating that cations and anion of K, Na, Al and S are present in abandance in $Bg_2$ and $Bg_3$ horizons.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.204-214
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the chemical changes and formation of sulfur minerals following reduction and subsequent oxidation of the acid sulfate soils derived from the fluvio-marine plains in Gimhae area. Changes in pH, Eh and water soluble $SO_4$, Fe, Al, K, na and Ca were determined in the soil under the reduced and oxidized conditions. These chemical properties were related to the formation of the pyrite and jarosite, the major sulfur minerals in the acid sulfate soils. On incubation, suspension pH tended to increase with decreaseing Eh in the reduction periods. Jarosite formation was favored by maintaining continuous low pH(below 4.0) and high Eh(above 400mV) during the oxidation periods, however, the conditions were not favorable for the soils with $Ca(OH)_2$. Water soluble K increased by reduction but decreased by oxidation, while the jarosite of the soil with $Ca(OH)_2$ was dissolved even under the oxidation conditon, resulting in rapid increase of water soluble K. The water soluble Ca decreased rapidly, indicating that gypsum was formed with $Ca(OH)_2$ during the oxidation periods. The formation of jarosite was favored by the oxidation condition, and hindered by the reduction condition. But the formation of pyrite was favored by reduction and hindered by oxidation. When the troll was treated with $Ca(OH)_2$, Jarosite was dissolved in both oxidized and reduced conditions.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 2021

The SO₄ in the jarosite structure can be substituted by other oxyanions, and therefore, the transition of jarosite to goethite plays a very important role in controlling the behavior of oxyanions. In this study, the phase change according to the species of the oxyanion in jarosite and the related behavior of the oxyanion was studied by mineralogical and geochemical methods when jarosite, which is coprecipitated with various oxynions, undergoes a phase change by a reductive dissolution. Jarosite substituted by five oxyanions by 5 mol% was used in this study. The mineral phase change induced by reductive dissolution using ammonium oxalate was investigated, and the order of phase transition rate of jarosite to goethite was MoO₄-jarosite ≥ SeO₄-jarosite ≥ CrO₄-jarosite > pure jarosite > SeO₃-jarosite > AsO₄-jarosite, showing that the transition rates vary depending on the substituted oxyanion. The resultant concentration of the leached Fe was slightly different depending on the type of oxyanion and time but did not show a noticeable difference. The concentration of each oxyanion leached according to the change of the mineral phase showed that the order of concentration of oxyanions was Mo > Se(SeO₃) > As > Se(SeO₄) > Cr in general, and showed a slight increase with time. This trend was related to the species of oxyanions rather than mineral phase change. The results of this study showed that the phase transition of jarosite to goethite was affected by the species of oxyanions, but this tendency did not affect the concentrations leached oxyanions.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.115-120
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• 2000

Oxidation of pyrite has caused a serious environmental problem such as the acidification of soil and surface water. The mineralogical change of acid sulfate weathering of hydrothermally altered andesite which contained 11.8% of pyrite and was exposed in atmosphere by lay out works for a residential area and a golf course was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electronmicroscopes. Ferrihydrite, jarosite, and an unidentified water soluble phase were observed as weathering products of the andesite. Under electronmicroscopes, showed aggregate of platy microcrystals; jarosite was platy morphology: water soluble Phase was columnar. Morphology of fresh Pyrite in the andesite changed from pyritrohedron to cubic in its frequency with increasing its particle size. The drainage water was acidic (pH 3.5) and in an equilibrium state with both ferrihydrite and jarosite.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 1997

Acid sulfate soils occur in the Gimhae plain where they have been formed from brackish alluvial sediments along the sea coast and river estuary. Acid sulfate soils suffer extremely acidity as a result of oxidation of pyrite. Total sulfur content of the soils was the highest in B horizon of Gimhae series and the lowest in A horizon of Deunggu series. The dominant fractions of sulfur in the soils were jarosite-S for Gimhae series, pyrite-S for Bongrim and Haecheog series, and organic-S for Deunggu series. The essential chemical processes of acid sulfate soils are, firstly, the formation of pyrite in waterlogged environment, and subsequently, the oxidation of this pyrite following natural or artificial drainage. Jarosite [K Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6] is a common sulfur mineral of the oxidation condition. Jarosite shows cubic particles with tetrahedral faces.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.585-592
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• 1999

This study was aimed to enhance the Fe(II) oxidation rate using immobilized cells of Thiobacillus ferroxidans. For this purpose, a medium for the minimization of jarosite formation was developed first. Secondly, cell immobilization in celite beads was carried out. And then, repeated-batch and continuous operatons of Fe(II) oxidation by using immobilization cells were performed. In a series of flask cultures, three types of media were tested: media with a much lower salt concentration than that of the 9K medium; media which contained different nitrogen sources from that of the 9K medium, that is $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$, $NH_4Cl and HNO$_3$; media which contained $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$ as nitrogen and phosphate source, but without $K_2HPO_4$ as nitrogen and phosphate source in the 9K medium. As a result, the M16 medium which contained 3 g/L of $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$ as nitrogen and phosphate source was found to be the optimal one. It sustained good cell growth allowing no jarosite formation. In the repeated-batch operations, the rate of Fe(II) oxidation gradually increased to reach a maximum value as the batch was repeated. As a result of repeated-batch operations. a maximum Fe(II) oxidation rate was 2.33 g/L . h. In the continuous operations, the iron oxidation rate could be increased to 2.14 g/L .h at a dilution rate of 0.25 $h^{-1}$ which is greater than the maximum specific growth rate (0.12 $h^{-1}$) of the bacteria.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.183-199
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• 2008

This study is focused on characterization of the physio-chemical and mineralogical properties, investigation of their vertical changes in the tailing profile of the Guryoung mining area, classification of the profile into distinct zones, and condition conceptual model of physio-chemical conditions and phases-water relationships controlling the element behaviors in the tailings. The upper part of the groundwater is characterized by the high contents of $Fe_2O_3$ and $SO_3$ for whole rock analysis, low pH, and the occurrence of jarosite, schwertmannite and Fe-oxyhydroxide as the secondary mineral phases. The tailing profile can be divided into the covering soil, jarosite zone, Fe-sulfate zone, Fe-oxyhydroxide and gypsum-bearing pyrite zone, calcite-bearing pyrite zone, soil zone, and weathered zone on the based of the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics. The profile can be sampled into the oxidized zone and the carbonate-rich primary zone with the dramatic changes in pH and the secondary mineral phases. The conceptual model proposed for the tailing profile can be summarized that the oxidation of pyrite is the most important reaction controlling the changes in pH, the dissolution of the primary silicates and carbonates, the precipitation of secondary mineral phases, acid-neutralizing, and heavy metal behaviors through the profile.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.301-306
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• 2010

The chemical formula of magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) is $FeO{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$, t magnetite being composed of divalent ferrous ion and trivalent ferric ion. In this study, the influence of the coexistence of ferrous and ferric ion on the formation of iron oxide was investigated. The effect of the co-precipitation parameters (equivalent ratio and reaction temperature) on the formation of iron oxide was investigated using ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate and ammonia. The equivalent ratio was varied from 0.1 to 3.0 and the reaction temperature was varied from 25 to 75. The concentration of the three starting solutions was 0.01mole. Jarosite was formed when equivalent ratios were 0.1-0.25 and jarosite, goethite, magnetite were formed when equivalent ratios were 0.25-0.6. Single-phase magnetite was formed when the equivalent ratio was above 0.65. The crystallite size and median particle size of the magnetite decreased when the equivalent ratio was increased from 0.65 to 3.0. However, the crystallite size and median particle size of the magnetite increased when the reaction temperature was increased from $25^{\circ}C$ to $75^{\circ}C$. When ferric and ferrous sulfates were used together, the synthetic conditions to get single phase magnetite became simpler than when ferrous sulfate was used alone because of the co-existence of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ in the solution.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.168-178
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• 1994

Acid sulfate soils occur extensively in Gimhae area where they have been formed from the brackish alluvial sediments along the sea coast and river estuary. The strong acid environment enhances silicate weathering and thus affects the soil clay minerals. The minerals were identified through chemical, X-ray diffraction and thermal methods. The ratio of $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ in the clay fractions ranged from 3.14 to 3.77, indicating that the distribution of the clay minerals were 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 minerals. Cation exchange capacity in the clay fractions was low due to high contents of 1 : 1 minerals and hydroxy interlayered vermiculite(HIV). The B and C horizon rich in jarosite have large amounts of yellow streaks which reflect high content of $Fe_2O_3$ and $K_2O$. Vermiculite and illite were quantified from thermogravimetry(TG), kaolin minerals from both TG and differential thermal analysis(DTA), and HIV from X-ray diffraction analysis. The dominant clay minerals were kaolin minerals, vermiculite, illite and HIV. HIV considered to be formed, especially, in acid soil environments. The minor minerals were quarts, feldspar, jarosite, pyrite, hematite and goethite. Kaolin minerals were the most abundant clay minerals throughout the acid sulfate soil. Kaolin minerals, however, increased towards the top of horizons throughout the soils and HIV decreased towards the top of horizons in the soil of Gimhae series and Haecheog series. Alteration of HIV to kaolin minerals during weathering of low pH condition in deep soil horizons may explain the high quantities of kaolin minerals and the relatively low quantities of HIV in the soil at top horizons.

• Clean Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2000

In this study, generation process and properties of inorganic industrial waste which can be used in cement industry were investigated. The scheme of recycling to use the selected waste as raw materials, mineralizer and flux, admixture and raw materials for special cement was decided and then various experiments were carried out. The experimental results were as follows ; In the use of industrial waste as raw materials, ferrous materials could be substituted by Cu-slag, Zn-slag, electric arc furnace or convertor furnace slag etc., and a siliceous material could be substituted by sand from cast-iron industry. By-products from sugar or fertilizer industry, which has $CaF_2$ as the main component, and jarosite from Zn refinery enabled clinker phases to be formed at lower temperature by $100{\sim}150^{\circ}C$. Adding Cu slag and STS sludge in proper proportion to cement improved properties of cement. Fly ash and limestone powder as admixture had the same effect on cement. As a raw material for special cement, aluminium waste sludge could be used in making ultra early strength cement, which had the compressive strength of $300kg/cm^2$ within 2hours. And two different ashes from municipal incinerator could be raw materials of the cement which was mainly composed of $C_3S$ and $C_{11}A_7{\cdot}CaCl_2$ as clinker phases.