• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.11 no.8
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2013

Purpose - This study aims to strengthen the economic cooperation between Korea and Japan by studying the pattern of trade between them and identifying drawbacks. Thus, it aims to enable trade expansion by analyzing the factors that affect trade and identifying ways to improve them. If economic cooperation is improved, transport and communication costs, as well as the transaction cost of economic exchanges, can be minimized. Research design, data, methodology - The trade intensity index developed by the Japanese economist Yamazawa under his trade intensity theory was used to analyze the trade decision factor of Korea and Japan. Trade structure and decision factors were analyzed for the target period of 2000 to 2012, and the period ranging from 2000 to 2005 was compared with the period ranging from 2005 to 2012. This paper is an analysis of the resultant time series. The data were collected from Korea Traders Association, Korea Customs Office, and UN Comtrade (2000, 2005, 2012) and whole table indexes were calculated by the author. Trade related index was used to analyze the comparative advantage based on time-series analysis statistics data (2000. 2005, 2012) through an analysis of the trade intensity index (TII), revealed comparative advantage index (RCA), and trade specialization index (TSI). Results - The trade intensity index of the industries of Japan and Korea is 1.814 in 2000. The export ratio of Japan against China was slightly higher at 2.128. TII is indicated to be 1.600 in both 2005 and 2012, which means export ratio of Japan against China is considerably maintained in 2005; however, export ratio of Japan against China is diminishing gradually as its index is 1.600 in 2012. Second, as per the trade specialization index of the ship industry in Japan and China, TSI is indicated to be -0.818 in 2000, -0.308 in 2005, and -0.847 in 2012. Generally, it is still closer to -1 and especially, we can see it is more closer to -1 in 2012. Third, as per the revealed comparative advantage index of the ship industry in Japan and China, the RCA index in 2012 is 0.007, which is quite far from 1 as compared to the value in 2000 and 2005. Hence, the Japanese ship industry has a significant comparative disadvantage against the Chinese ship industry. Conclusions - Both countries invest most of their capital in the shipping industry. It is the shipping industry that receives the most capital investment in the two countries is invested and governmental policy funds are needed. As both countries have large shipping industries, this research project is very valuable. Japan and China are compared because they are Korea's neighbors. Also, Korea is strategically located in Northeast Asia and has a history of foreign intrusion from several countries. Therefore, the purpose of this research study is to understand the trade structures of both countries and intensify the economic cooperation between Japan and China.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.195-209
• /
• 2018

In this study, the characteristics of various raw hairs used for traditional Korean brushes were examined; further, the characteristics and deterioration patterns of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese brushes were compared, with a quantitative evaluation to assess the brush performance. The tensile strength was generally found to be higher with a greater fiber thickness. Among the hairs examined, the back and flank hair of goat was more damaged than that in other parts, and the tensile strength was low. Higher elasticity of the brush made with hair of high cysteine content was measured. Owing to deterioration by use of the brushes, artificial drying brushes had a higher yellowness index and lower tensile strength than natural drying brushes. Further, it was confirmed that brushes with good absorbency exhibited good consistency, but not good elasticity. Thus, the performance of the brush can be influenced by the kind of material used and the brush usage pattern. In addition, it is possible to identify the material science characteristics of brushes which have been produced only by experience; therefore, the results of this study could provide basic data for manufacturing brushes employed in conservation treatment, in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.356-381
• /
• 2001

This study has three objectives. One of them is to debate on the incompatible Neo-Malthusianism and Comucopianism, which give us a comparative gauge for analysis of the population elements in Korea and Japan. The other is to investigate how a variety of population elements are related to specific regions, Korea and Japan. And the last is to compare and analyze the residential preference pattems and the degree of care for the future life for the aged over 50 ages. Various elements in population show that Japan is of type superior to Korea, and that the gap between two countries is getting narrow every year. Wiber's migration expectancy is much higher in Kwangiu-si and Chollanam-do than in Hiroshima-ken. Burial customs in funeral ceremony has been vanished in Japan, but only 30 percents in Korea is crematory. This burial customs being much stiff existent in Korea, the effect of the population decrease caused by the death is reduced. A case study through questionnaire on the residential preference patterns for the aged over 50 years old shows that Japanese than Korean are more dependent on their sons and daughters, and ‘loneliness of solitary life’is the first reason in both countries. The degree of care for the future life is also remarkably higher in Japanese than in Korean. These are related in various ways to their ages, scholarships and local areas(si or gun). A general cognition in which the shortage of labour forces comes into existence in aged society is of misconception, because it comes from taking labour forces away from the aged, not from being old society. Even a minute population change is worth notice since the inertia law is also applied to the population phenomenon. Malthusinism hold fairly good even now, and the notion is very important in which population, resources and environmental problems are no longer personal or a regional matters, but the global family's issues.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.52-62
• /
• 2004

This research is basic research about 「the afforestation project of the Shilla Dynasty's capital forest」 which is controlled by the research institute of forest and environment of Kyungbuk province. The results of the investigation about target places and selection of major species of trees is as follows. 1. In the Shilla Dynasty's times, the peach tree was the indicator of unusual changes in weather, and was also the symbol of unsurpassed beauty. Peach trees were so prevalent that people called the forest peach-hill or peach-forest. Therefore, the main tree of Shilla Dynasty's capital forest would have to be a peach tree. 2. From several records, pine and bamboo were planted or grown together. The pattern of planting trees like this case is also historic, so should be utilized positively. 3. In order to afforest the capital forest, the bamboos have to be planted on Nam-mountain in Kyung-ju, and maple trees have to be planted on Kumgang mountain. 4. There were many big trees during the Shilla Dynasty, and the name of one of the Six Main Villages was 'Big Tree Village'. Therefore, big and long-lived trees have to be planted also. 5. The willow tree has to be considered for afforesting the capital forest even though the willow trees are misunderstood to cause allergies. They are traditional landscape architecture trees. In the traditional literature, the willow tree stands for good news. 6. Japanese cornellian cherry(Cornus officinalis), which is related with old narrative literature in the era of King Kyungmun, has to be planted for the forest, and has to be considered to be an educational tree. 7. Korean Rhododendron, which is related with Madam Suro's story, has to be planted in stone gardens.8. Lotus, Korean pulsatilla, Boxwood, Bombycis Mulberry, and Japanese Apricot have been recorded just one time, but these are also important plants which have to be reflected on afforestation of capital forest project. 9. The forests of Shilla on the old records exist in 17 places. The afforestation project has to be undertaken at these places. 10. The people of Shilla deified the forest and trees, which were the places where ancestral rites had been performed. For example, Gyerim, Sinyurim, and Wanggasu were the sacred forests of the capital forest.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.129-157
• /
• 2011

This study attempts to analyze the effect of level of education on the attitudes toward immigrants or foreign workers. More specifically, we examine whether there is significant difference in the effects of the level of education and global mind on the attitude among three East Asian countries (South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan), controlling other socio-demographic factors in relation to increase in immigrants and foreign workers. Using EASS data, we employs sequential logit model to the general attitudes toward immigrant workers into the weighted sum of transition probability within each educational level. One major finding is that there is clear and significant difference in the relationship between the level of education and the attitudes toward foreign workers among three countries. In general, while Japanese and Taiwanese tend to have more open-minded attitudes toward foreign workers as they have higher level of education, Koreans are opposite case that they are little bit more hostile toward to foreign workers with higher level of education. Especially, there is strong positive effect of education on the attitude in Taiwanese case. Another finding is that while there is strong resistance against increase in migrant population in Korea and Taiwan, Japanese respondents want current level of foreign population to remain in the similar level. Our findings imply that there is no one converging pattern of relationship between the level of education and the positive attitudes toward foreign workers which can be applied to any country. Therefore, this paper suggests that unique political, social, and cultural characteristics of each country should be considered to better understand the effect of education on the attitude toward immigrants and foreign workers. Also, we conclude that systematic comparative-demographic analyses should be utilized to provide more comprehensive picture of how difference in educational level affects the attitude toward immigrants and foreign workers.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.19
• /
• pp.53-68
• /
• 2018

Hanging scrolls and handscrolls are common mounting for East Asian painting and calligraphy in which wooden Chukmok with Chukdu of various materials are attached either at the top and bottom or at each side of a work. Hanging scroll paintings or calligraphy can be hung for appreciation and rolled up for preservation. The Chukmok and Chukdu of a hanging scroll were made from different materials and were known by distinct names in Korea, China, and Japan. In Korea, the wooden Chukmok were called sanghachukhoengmok(上下軸橫木), which means horizontal wooden bars for the top and bottom axes. The wooden Chukdu were called Chukdu(軸頭), meaning the head of an axis. These Chukmok and Chukdu were made of Korean red pine, nut pine, or shiny xylosma. In China, the rod was called zhougan(軸杆) and zhoutou(軸頭), and they were made of Japanese cedar, sappan wood, or red sandalwood. In Japan, the top rod was called hassou(八双; 八裝) and the bottom jikugi(軸木), and they were made of Japanese cedar, red sandalwood, or crystal. In Korean hanging scrolls, the cross section of a Chukdu is either flat or round, and it can be either patterned or patternless. The designs include concentric circles, two circles, and three circles. Among the portraits of meritorious subjects analyzed in this study, three examples feature concentric circles on Chukdu with a flat cross section, which coincides with most of the king's instructions housed at the Jangseogak Archives. This suggests that flat Chukdu with a concentric circle pattern were used for binding most of the paintings of meritorious subjects commissioned by the royal court.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 2015

At the end of the 19th and in the early 20th centuries, Japan, Korea, and Manchuria, and areas throughout East Asia, suffered a number of cycles of growth and development, for which the railway was a very important development tool and was closely associated with national policy. East Asian affairs, especially at the time, seemed very important to the continent, and their influence on the advance of this remarkable era was especially prominent in Japan. In the midst of this period, the national railway may have evolved under national policy and railway policy and under a variety of organizations and persons of influence. In this paper, we have tried to find the similarities and differences among the three countries that built the East Asia Railway; we consider the characteristics of the East Asia Railway from the perspectives of these three countries. Comparing the characteristics of the three country's railways, first, Japan had the motives of continental expansion and modernization in its pursuit of the railway; in Korea, the railway played the role of a continental rail link; and in Manchuria there was a tendency to pursue direct domination of the railway. Second, the Japanese applied their railway model to Korea; the Korean railway may have been in operation, but it was an extension of the railway of Japan. The railway in Manchuria showed a similar pattern to that which can be found in the state of Asian domination of Europe ; Japan showed aspects of dominance over the railway because it had experience running a private railway.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.67-98
• /
• 1997

This study examines multi-level factors geographic proximities between elderly parents and their children in the United States and Japan. Despite their similar economies, the United States and Japan show a significant difference in their patterns of generational proximity. In 1993, half of US non-Hisapnic white parents aged 70 or over lived separately but within 10 miles of their nearest children and a majority of them lived far from their non-nearest children. The family geographic network for Japanese elderly parents is more hierarchial. In 1989, 74 percent of Japanese parents aged 70 and over lived with their nearest children but most of them lived far from their non-nearest children. To explain this distinctive pattern of inter- and intra-family differences in generational proximities in the two societies, this study employs a multi-level analysis which compares the relative importance of life course conditions of elderly parents and their children and economic and ecological characteristics of elderly parent's places of residence in influencing generational proximities.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.48
• /
• pp.193-222
• /
• 2017

In this study, I examined the relationship between the pattern of Tungp'o (東坡体)'s characters play, Paza(破字) and Nanji(難字), Iruiimyo(異類異名) the Chinese characters play, developed in the Edo period in Japan. I found out the following. First, Nanji and Iruiimyo's method of Chinese character transformation is like Tungp'o(東坡体)'s characters play and Paza(破字), that is to make an analysis of Chinese character. For example, to extend or shorten to character's length, and to increase or reduce the character's size. And, I also found out there is no block type characters play in Nanji and Iruiimyo. Second, I also found that the similarity of the method of Chinese character transformation between the pattern of Tungp'o(東坡体)'s characters play, Paza(破字) and Nanji(難字), Iruiimyo(異類異名). The method of to flip character (180 degrees) and to letting character lie down (90 degrees) is very similar each other. But there is no method to make incline of character (45 degrees) in Nanji and Iruiimyo. Third, I found that the method to extract part of character also exists in Chinese and Japanese characters play. And, I also found that the method to decompose characters in half from the pattern of Tungp'o(東坡体)'s characters play, but I can't find this method from Nanji and Iruiimyo. To decompose characters in half is very like the method of paja. So, we can understand that Nanji and Iruiimyo is located in the middle stage of the pattern of between Tungp'o(東坡体)'s characters play and Paza(破字).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.57-67
• /
• 1995

The study on the factorial ecology of the residential patterns is to provide one of the yardsticks for description and comparison of urban structures. Many Korean geographers have adopted this method to analyse the urban structure of Korean cities. According to these studies, one of the main factors in Korean cities in large and middle sizes is family status. The spatial pattern of family status is zonal, similar to the cases of Japanese and Western cities. The age is one of the principal indices of familyf status, hence the author chose the age composition to analyse the residential patten. This Paper is to describe the residential segreagation pattern due to age composition and recent pattern changes in the Cheongju city, and than to explain the reason for these changes. All data are derived from the Population Censuses of Korea for 1970, 1980 and 1990. Eighteen groups of age with five-year interval (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84, 85- and- over) are adopted here. Unit area for this analysis is administrative district(Dong) within Cheonaju city. District are classified into smaller groups based on the similarity of age composition, using the method of cluster analysis. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1. Population have increased remarkably in the eastern reaion neighboring CBD of Cheongju city in 1970's. And in western region from CBD new residential area have developed in 1980's. 2. Spatial pattarns showed a concentric circle type in central district and its neighbor regions and a sector type in periphery regions in 1970; a cirele type in central district and a sector typesin neighbor regions and periphery regions in 1980 and 1990. Thess residential pattern play an important role in the population composition ratio of younger aged group (l5-34) and older aged group (65-and-over). 3. Spatial change of types by age composition showed the higher ratio of groups of 0-9 and 35-49, and lower ratio of group 20-24 in 1970's. Dominent groups are ratio of 0-14, 40-49, 55-64, 7O-79, and 85- and- over in 1980's. These changes mainly appeared in central district and periphery regions. 4. The reasons for the change of age composition was the development of msnufacturing industries with the increase of population and new construction of residential areas both in the neighbor regions of cnetral district and periphery regions. These phenomena were caused by immigration of younger aged groups and increasing of residents of aged groups in these regions.