• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2022

This paper examined the history and development of Gyeongbokgung Palace's back garden based on historical materials and drawings such as Joseon Ilgi(Diaries of Joseon Dynasty), Joseon Wangjo Sillok(the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty), Doseongdaejido(the Great Map of Seoul), Bukgwoldohyeong(Drawing Plan of the Northern Palace), the Bukgung Palace Restoration Plan, Restoration Planning of Gyeongbokgung Palace and the following results were derived. First, it was confirmed that the Back Garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace was famous for its great location since the Goryeo Dynasty, and that it was named Namkyeong at that time and was a place where a shrine was built, and that castles and palaces were already built during the Goryeo Dynasty under the influence of Fengshui-Docham(風水圖讖) and Zhouli·Kaogongji(周禮考工記). Although the back garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace in the early Joseon Dynasty stayed out of the limelight as a back garden for the palace, it has a place value as a living space for the head of the state from King Gojong to the present. Second, in order to clearly identify the boundaries of back garden, through literature such as map of Doseongdo (Map of the Capital), La Coree, Gyeongmudae Area, Japanese Geography Custom Compendium, Korean Photo Album, JoseonGeonchukdoJip(The Illustration Book of Joseon Construction), Urban Planning Survey of Gyeongseong, it was confirmed that the current Blue House area outside Sinmumun Gate was built outside the precincts of Gyeongbokgung Palace. It was found that the area devastated through the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, was used as a space where public corporations were combined through the process of reconstruction during the King Gojong period. In Japanese colonial era, the place value as a back garden of the primary palace was damaged, as the palace buildings of the back garden was relocated or destroyed, but after liberation, it was used as the presidential residence and restored the place value of the ruler. Third, in the back garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace, spatial changes proceeded through the Japanese Invasion and Japanese colonial era. The place with the greatest geographical change was Gyeongnongjae area, where the residence of the Japanese Government-General of Korea was built, and there were frequent changes in the use of the land. On the other hand, the current Gyeongmudae area, the forests next to the small garden, and the forests of Baekak were preserved in the form of traditional forests. To clarify this, 1:1200 floor plan of inner Gyeongmudae residence and satellite images were overlapped based on Sinmumun Gate, and as a result, it was confirmed that the water path originating from Baekak still exists today and the forest area did not change. Fourth, in the areas where the traditional forest landscape was inherited, the functional changes in the topography were little, and major old-age colonies are maintained. The old trees identified in this area were indicator tree species with historical value. Representatively, Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki, located in Nokjiwon Garden, is presumed to have been preserved as one of Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki planted next to Yongmundang, and has a historicality that has been used as a photo zone at dinners for heads of state and important guests. Lastly, in order to continuously preserve and manage the value of Gyeongbokgung Palace in Blue House, it is urgent to clarify the space value through excavation of historical materials in Japanese colonial era and establish a hierarchy of garden archaeology by era. In addition, the basis for preserving the historical landscape from the Joseon Dynasty to the modern era from Gyeongbokgung Palace should not damage the area of the old giant trees, which has been perpetuated since the past, and a follow-up study is needed to investigate all the forests in Blue House.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.19
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• pp.99-112
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• 2006

Koreans began to undertake the conservation of their art and architectural artifacts approximately fifty years ago after modern concept of conservation were introduced by japanese during the Japanese Colonial Period(1910-1945). But still the modern concept of conservation is not clear to many Korean conservators because they have been concerned about conservation techniques to recover the original from of the remains be destroyed. Also, Korean conservation practice has neglected the philosophical issues and ethics of conservation. So, in this article, I described various terms referring to 'conservation' which have been used in western countries, Japan, China, and Korea, and compared their similarities and differences to have more clear idea on the modern concept of conservation. In the next chapter, I summarized several theoretical issues which had been discussed among western conservators over the centuries. Specially, I described closely the modern issues and ethics which have been presented in the twentieth century. As many conservation projects in Korea have resulted unsatisfactorily or been suspended altogether, because lacking a coherent theoretical dialogue on conservation and discussing an ethical issues of conservation. Therefore, I believe that more vigorous dialogue on these issues in Korea may lead conservators to consider their tasks in a more productive light, and the Korean artifacts may preserve well.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.477-494
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• 2007

This paper offers a brief overview of the historical implications of residential segregation in Busan, Korea. It first reviews the history of residence from the early 1900s to the present and the transition of residential boundary of the City of Busan. It then considers the characteristics of residential segregation and the important factors in it. The social class of pre-industrial society led the inequality of residential areas around the Eubchee. The existed Korean residential areas were separated by newly built-up residential areas in the Japanese colonial era. After the liberation from Japanese Rule and Korean War, rapid population growth made considerable slums across the City of Busan. These slums were an important factor to segregate residential areas from prosperous areas ever afterward. The socio-economic status has related to residential segregation through the formation of differential housing classes since 1990s. The historial analysis of these periods will offer an insight into how the dominant factors lead residential segregation in a specific period by promoting a more socio-economically integrated society.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.644-654
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• 2013

This study aims to examine the problems that a museum is typically understood as one of cultural facilities in Korea and this phenomenon has been caused from the continued use of the concept of a museum that the Japanese government-general made and indoctrinated. Furthermore, it aims to suggest a new development way of museums through planning the concept of a museum using the concept of contents. Chapter 2 explains a definition of the museum concept and the process of developing from a facility into an institution in modern times. Chapter 3 examines the Korean administrator's perception of a museum on the basis of the concept of a facility and this state stems from habits indoctrinated during the Japanese colonial period. Lastly, chapter 4 examines recent changes of museum concepts under the influence of globalism, post-modernism and the development of digital technology and suggests a development plan of a futuristic museum through planning the concept of a museum using the contents.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.25
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• pp.337-362
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• 2011

This study focused on difference of the nation's concept between Ko un's Baekdusan and Lee uk's Gohyangsaramdul, Pungungi. These works are epics restructure nation's history. A epic's story provides framework of recognition to social members. An individual and community accept their story and then stories construct pesonal identity and community's identity. So we can say a epic configurates national identity by story nation history and nation territory. The nation's concept is understood steadfast and very pure as like a blood relationship in Korea. This is aspects of Korean nationalism. But the Nation is modern, social and historical concept. That is different from ethnic identity. This way throws open the door to analyze nation identity. Ko un's Baekdusan narrates permanence and sacralization of the nation for emphasizing the unification of North Korea and South Korea. Baekdusan expresses the social desire of Korea in the 1980s. In comparison, Lee uk's Gohyangsaramdul representate ambivalent attitude. One is a position as a settler and the other is a new master of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. So Gohyangsaramdul narrates and remembers their motherland Chosun. But Pungungi exclude recognition of Chosun as motherland. This work's narration focuses on association with struggle of classes and anti-Japanese Movement during the Japanese colonial period. Because these events are able to unity Korean and Chines. Three works deal with same history and same background, but those show defferent recognition about the Nation. Because each society has different social desire and expect different future. The present desire and future prospect construct nation identity.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.145-156
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• 2019

This study analyses land related problems and its features which stems from a concession established by the imperialist countries from the late Joseon Dynasty to the Japanese colonial period. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, literature review related to the installation of the treaty ports and a concession was conducted and a chronological analysis was applied. As a result of the study, the East China Sea and the Japan were opened by the Western powers in prior to the East Asia region, Korea was an open harbor port led by Japan, which had experience installing an open harbor. In this circumstance there was a system that allowed foreigners to freely reside and exercise exertion rights (exercise one's extraterritoriality), which was a disadvantage to Joseon. In addition, the Japanese-style land area unit "Pyeong" was used in Japan's highly influential prefecture, and later became the basis of the unit of land used in the 1910 land survey project.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.117-128
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• 2018

The United States understood the fostering of pro-U.S. elites in "free world" countries as an important Cold War weapon. From 1954 to 1962, the U.S provided considerable assistance to Seoul National University (SNU) for its postwar rehabilitation and future development in terms of repair and construction of campus buildings, equipment and book purchases, and faculty exchanges. With the aid of this educational assistance project widely known as the Minnesota Project, SNU was reborn with an academic orientation to the U.S., separating itself from the Japanese education that was its origin. This study argues that the Minnesota Project played an important role in crafting SNU's architecture program and the exchange program's recipients as key "knowledge brokers." For individual trainees, experience in the U.S., as opposed to a backwards situation in their homeland, had allowed them to recognize the U.S. as an ideal source of knowledge. Since the Minnesota Project, SNU's Architectural Engineering Department was filled with faculty members who had trained or studied in the U.S., which became a significant distinction of SNU's architecture program in sharp contrast to its counterparts at Hanyang University and Hongik University where most of the faculty members studied in Japan during the Japanese colonial period. As many graduates of SNU had been appointed as faculty members in newly-founded architecture programs in South Korea, a hierarchical diffusion path had emerged in architectural education that led from SNU to other school's architecture programs, with the U.S. at the apex. The legacy of the Minnesota Project extended over the next few decades, in which studying architecture in the U.S. was recognized as a shortcut to success in the field.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.415-428
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to better understand nursing education in the early years of the Japanese colonial rule. Methods: We compared the 1918 Textbook on Nursing with the first Textbook on Nursing and to the original text, Grade A Textbook on Nursing, by the Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) using the historical research method. The background of its publication and its use in nursing education were exploring, too. Results: After Korea's annexation by Japan, the nursing textbook by the JRCS was appointed as the standard textbook in nursing education by the Government-General in Korea (GGK). Missionary nurse got the permission for the nursing textbook by JRCS and the Textbook on Nursing was published in 1918 using Korean and Chinese characters in combination. This book, an adaptation of the original text, explained the responsibilities and roles of nurses to guide them in serving patients as well as assisting in treatment or directly performing emergency medical treatment when necessary, with a focus on the treatment of the war wounded. It would have been partially used in actual nursing education among the missionary community. Conclusion: Textbook on Nursing in 1918 was published not only for the nursing students of missionary nursing schools but also for other nursing trainees of diverse hospitals, nurses and missionary volunteers and to help them to acquire the licenses. It reflects the enforcement on nursing education by GGK and the reality and resistance in terms of the content of education of nursing in Korea during that period.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.535-561
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• 2003

The Kyodong Island on the Yellow Sea has experienced dramatic transformations in the process of massive reclamations of tidal flats. Consisting originally of detached several islets, Kyodong became an integrated island country with the establishment of sea dikes across the salt marshes. The coastal plaines passed through four distinct stages of development. During the nascent period from the Early States to the Koryo Dynasty, strategic considerations led up to the establishment of causeways and garrison farms as well as private land plots. The relocation of regional headquarters of the navy into the island made the reclamation of tidal flats a systematic project during the period of Chosun Korea. The implantation of a large-scale estate by Japanese capitalists was the most characteristic feature of this region's geography during the colonial period. Present-day Kyodong displays various agrarian landscapes of standardized land plots, reinforced sea dikes, and automated agricultural machinery. Throughout the periods irrigation systems have sustained the panoramic transformation of the agricultural geographies of the Kyodong Island. The local people afflicted by a chronic deficiency of water came up with ingenuous irrigation systems such as springs, paddy reservoirs, reservoirs, tanks, artesian wells, and pump stations.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.163-174
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between social change and ritual change and to reveal the differences between Confucian funeral rites and modern rituals based on that relationship. In addition, we attempted to examine the process of change in rituals over time in connection with changes in institutions. The periodization of funeral rites was analyzed by dividing them into the pre-modern 'Confucian funeral rites', the 'modern funeral rites' during the Japanese colonial period, and the 'modern funeral rites' based on ritual capital with the implementation of the Healthy Family Rituals Standards in 1999. In addition, the understanding of the rites of the times must be understood through the process of moving from pre-modern to modern funeral rites and modern funeral rites, escaping the logical contradiction of succession of tradition through division of time. This study is meaningful in considering that Koreans' perception of death continues to reflect the times from the perspective of change and continuation of rituals.