• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2000

Staphylococcus aureus infections are often life-threatening. Relatively little is known about the host response to these infections, in particular, the implication of apoptosis induced by this microorganism. In this study, we have shown that S. aureus was cytotoxic to J774A.1 cell, a murine macrophage cell line. The cell death mediated by S. aureus occurred through apoptosis, as shown by increase in the proportion of fragmented host cell DNA. Although phagocytosis and NO production had important role in the induction of apoptosis, the contact between bacteria and host cells was not essential for this pathway. A certain bacterial product could also induce typical caspase-dependent apoptosis of J774A.1 cell. It is expected that new interpretation may be possible to host-parasite relationship based on these results.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.606-618
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• 2000

Dental pulp infection is most commonly caused by extensive dental caries, and some bacterial species invade root canals; bacterial components and products are thought to be associated with the pathogenesis of periapical periodontitis. A principle driving force behind pulpal disease response appears to lie in the host immune system's to bacteria and their products. We examined the production of interleukin $1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) from human peripheral mononuclear cells, lymphocytes and monocytes stimulated by heat-killed Acitnobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 29523), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and Prevotella intermedia (ATCC 25611), and also by their sonicated bacterial extracts (SBE), respectively. The effects of three strains of heat-killed bacteria and their SBEs on the morphology of cultured blood cell lines HL-60 (KCLB 10240) and J774A.1 (KCLB 40067) were observed under the inverted microscope. Ultrastructural changes of J774A.1 exposed to heat-killed P. intermedia and its SBE were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Production of IL-$1{\beta}$ was reduced in human peripheral mononuclear cells after stimulation by sonic bacterial extracts of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia. Heat-killed and sonic extract of P. gingivalis inhibited the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ in peripheral mononuclear cells. Production of TNF-${\alpha}$ was inhibited in peripheral monocytes after stimulation by sonic extracts of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia. HL-60 and J 774A.1 cells showed granular degeneration after treatment with heat-killed and sonic extracts of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia Chromatin margination and shrinkage were observed in 774A.1 treated with heat-killed P. intermedia. Cell wall structure and organelles were destroyed and vacuoles were formed in cytoplasm in J774A.1 treated with P. intermedia sonic extract. These results suggest that A actinomycetemcomitans, P gingivalis and P intermedia may have an important role in the formation and progression of pulpal diseases via both modulation of production of IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ from blood mononuclear cells and cytopathic effects.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.4 s.139
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• pp.293-299
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• 2004

The current investigation was carried out to find out the anticancer activity of the methanol extract from Buplerum falcatum against cancered ICR mouse and cancer cell lines such as J774A.1 and L1210 cells. Extract of Buplerum falcatum displayed the considerable augmentation(134%) of the survival of ICR mouse bearing Sarcoma 180 cancer. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of methanol extract of Buplerum falcatum against J774A.1 cells and L1210 cells were found to show $IC_{50}$ values of $57.3\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $54.6\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In contrast to such cytotoxicity against cancer cells, the extract exerted only meagre toxicity against normal lymphocytes. The increased generation of $O_2^-$ and the considerably increased activities of super-oxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) of both J774A.1 cells and L1210 cells in the presence of Buplerum falcatum extract implied that the observed cytotoxicities may have resulted from the detrimental effect of reactive oxygen species(ROS) evoked by Buplerum falcatum extract on the cancer cells.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.585-593
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• 1999

The water and methanol extracts of Artemisia argyi showed significant cytotoxicities against J774A.1 cells but not so much against normal leukocytes. The cytotoxicities were found to be dependent on the extract concentration and the incubation time. The concentration of water and methanol extracts inhibiting 50% of cell proliferation ($IC_{50}$) were estimated to be 44.2 mg/ml and 71.6 mg/ml, respectively. In the presence of Artemisia argyi water extract, total superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD and MnSOD) activities of media, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of J774A.1 cells increased in accordance with cytotoxicity. MnSOD was found to be the main component of enhanced total SOD activities, particulary in the mitochondrial fraction. In contrast to SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were not found in any instance of the current investigation. In addition, substantial amount of $O_2^-$ appeared to be generated in the mitochondrial fraction under the influence of Artemisia argyi. All data put together, it is postulated that Artemisia argyi extracts seem to stimulate $O_2^-$ generation in mitochondria of J774A.1 cells with concomitant increases of SODs. Since $H_2O_2$, the reaction product of SOD on $O_2^-$, is known to be readily converted to very toxic $OH{\cdot}$ in the absence of catalase and/or GPx cooperation, toxicity derived from ROS such as $O_2^-$, $H_2O_2$, and $OH{\cdot}$ may be the main cause of necrosis and/or apoptosis of J774A.1 cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.675-682
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• 2022

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) was reported to play an anti-inflammatory role, however, previous studies largely focused on the effects of KRG on priming step, the inflammation-preparing step, and the anti-inflammatory effect of KRG on triggering, the inflammation-activating step has been poorly understood. This study demonstrated anti-inflammatory role of KRG in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome activation in macrophages during triggering of inflammatory responses. Methods: Caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 macrophages were established by priming with Pam3CSK4 and triggering with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability and pyroptosis were examined by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Nitric oxide (NO)-inhibitory effect of KRG was assessed using a NO production assay. Expression and proteolytic cleavage of proteins were examined by Western blotting analysis. In vivo anti-inflammatory action of KRG was evaluated with the LPS-injected sepsis model in mice. Results: KRG reduced LPS-stimulated NO production in J774A.1 cells and suppressed pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that KRG suppressed the direct interaction between LPS and caspase-11 and inhibited proteolytic processing of both caspase-11 and gasdermin D in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Furthermore, KRG significantly ameliorated LPS-mediated lethal septic shock in mice. Conclusion: The results demonstrate a novel mechanism of KRG-mediated anti-inflammatory action that operates through targeting the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome at triggering step of macrophage-mediated inflammatory response.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.228-233
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• 2021

Bioactivity-guided fractionation by preliminary screening using interleukin-1β production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced J774A.1 cell line led to the isolation of fourteen structures including chromone, isocoumarins, flavanoids, and triterpenes from the aerial part of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. All structures were determined by measuring their spectroscopic data and comparing their spectroscopic data with the literatures. All the isolates were tested for their inhibitory activities against interleukin-1β production in LPS-induced J774A.1 cell. Of the tested compounds, (S)-(+)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(1-methylpropyl)chromone (1), agrimonolide-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), agrimonolide-6-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), and catechin (10) were found to be active. Furthermore, compound 1 suppressed the protein expressions of NLRP3 and NLRC4 in murine macrophage.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2015

Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances that can be used to treat various diseases such as infectious diseases. The present study was designed to evaluate the antileishmanial effects of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Myrtus communis against Leishmania tropica on an in vitro model. Antileishmanial effects of essential oil and methanolic extract of M. communis on promastigote forms and their cytotoxic activities against J774 cells were evaluated using MTT assay for 72 hr. In addition, their leishmanicidal activity against amastigote forms was determined in a macrophage model, for 72 hr. Findings showed that the main components of essential oil were ${\alpha}$-pinene (24.7%), 1,8-cineole (19.6%), and linalool (12.6%). Findings demonstrated that M. communis, particularly its essential oil, significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the growth rate of promastigote and amastigote forms of L. tropica based on a dose-dependent response. The $IC_{50}$ values for essential oil and methanolic extract was 8.4 and $28.9{\mu}g/ml$ against promastigotes, respectively. These values were 11.6 and $40.8{\mu}g/ml$ against amastigote forms, respectively. Glucantime as control drug also revealed $IC_{50}$ values of 88.3 and $44.6{\mu}g/ml$ for promastigotes and amastigotes of L. tropica, respectively. The in vitro assay demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity in J774 cells. However, essential oil indicated a more cytotoxic effect as compared with the methanolic extract of M. communis. The findings of the present study demonstrated that M. communis might be a natural source for production of a new leishmanicidal agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.136-140
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the synergistic effects of Staphylococcus aureus extracts (membranes and walls) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in the pathogenesis of silica-induced inflammation. The synergistic induction of TNF by silica particles $(<20\;{\mu}m)$ in combination with either S. aureus extracts or LPS was examined in J774A.1 cell cultures. Media from the treated and untreated cell cultures were assayed for TNF, using the mouse WEHI 164 cell cytotoxicity assay and enzyme immunoassay. Cells exposed simultaneously to silica and $0.5\;{\mu}g/ml$ S. aureus extracts (or 0.5 ng/ml of LPS) produced a significantly higher level of TNF than those produced by the inducer alone. Our results indicate that device-associated infections (or pyrogen contamination) could enhance inflammatory responses, because of particles produced by the wear of medical implants or particulate biomaterials used for clinical purposes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1363-1370
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the average molecular weight range of chitosan hydrolysates showing maximum effect in macrophage activation. Nitrite production by continuous macrophage cell line J774A.1 was the highest at $10\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of intact chitosan. Hydrogen peroxide production by J774A.1 showed the high value of $894\;{\mu}M/mg$ macrophage protein at $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of chitosan hydrolysate fraction 5 and $1,044\;{\mu}M/mg$ macrophage protein at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of the fraction 6. Chitsan hydrolysate fraction 4, fraction 6 and intact chitosan enhanced $IL-1{\alpha}$ production, while the others did not. The production of tumor necrosis factor showed the high value at $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of chitosan hydrolysate fraction 4, $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of the fraction 5 and fraction 6, and $10\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of intact chitosan. In conclusion, fractions 4, 5 and 6 of the chitosan hydrolysatets with average molecular weight of $24,000{\sim}64,000$ calculated by HPLC analysis are the most effective in macrophage activation tested in this study.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.850-858
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• 1996

Green tea leaves 12.5 g were extracted twice with 500 ml boiling water. The green tea extract (GTE) contained 4.67 mg solid. The GTE contained polyphenols sush as 54.12% (-) epicatechin gallate, 26.21% (-) epicatechin, 10.71% epicatechin gallate, 7.09% (-) epicatechin and 1.85% catechin. The GTE inhibited the copper-catalyzed oxidation of human LDL at the concentrations of 50 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ GTE in the presence of $5\;{\mu}M$ $CuSO_{4}$. The electrophoretic mobility of the LDL oxidized in the presence of $5\;{\mu}M\;CuSO_{4}$ was higher than that of the native LDL. The GTE also inhibited LDL oxidation induced by J774, human monocyte-derived macrophages and vascular endotherial cells. The LDL modified by copper or cells was inhibited by human macrophages at a much greater rate than native LDL in the presence of GTE. The GTE was found to be a potent inhibitor of modification of LDL. GTE inhibited the uptake of cell-modified $^(125)I-labelled$ LDL by macrophages. The formation of conjugated dienes was strongly inhibited in the presence of 50 or $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ GTE.