• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제65권5호
• /
• pp.922-938
• /
• 2023

The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of sequential low and high dietary linseed oil (LO; as omega-3 enriched fatty acid; FA) before and post insemination, respectively, on different plasma variables of ewes. Fat-tailed Qezel ewes were assigned randomly to be fed a diet enriched with 3% LO (n = 30) or the saturated FA (SFA; n = 30) three weeks before insemination (Day 0). The lipogenic diet supplemented with 6% LO or SFA was fed after insemination until Day +21. The control ewes were fed an isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet with no additional FA during the study. Estrus was synchronized by inserting a vaginal sponge (Spongavet^®) for 12 days + 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG; Gonaser^®), and ewes were inseminated via laparoscopic approach 56-59 h after eCG injection. The size of ovarian structures was assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography at -21, -14, -2, 0, and +10 days. Blood samples were collected weekly to measure the plasma's different biochemical variables and FA profile. Treatment did not affect the amounts of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and non-esterified FA (p > 0.05). Conversely, concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were higher in SFA-fed ewes relative to control animals (p < 0.05). LO feeding resulted in greater amounts of n-3 FA isomers in plasma, while higher amounts of stearic acid were detected in SFA fed group 0 and +21 (p < 0.05). The number of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea also were not affected by treatment. Other reproductive variables were not affected by treatment except for the reproductive rate. It seems that LO or SFA feeding of fat-tailed ewes peri-insemination period was not superior to the isocaloric non-additional fat diet provided for the control group during the non-breeding season.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제65권4호
• /
• pp.804-817
• /
• 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of co-dried fish protein hydrolysate (CFPH) on broilers performance, intestinal microbiology, and cellular immune responses. Five hundred one-day-old (Ross 308) male broilers were allocated to four treatments with five replicates of 25 birds in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included four levels of CFPH (0% as the control, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%) in the isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets. During the experiment, body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were periodically recorded in addition to calculating average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), liveability index, and European broiler index (EBI). In addition, cellular immune responses were evaluated at 30 days of age. On day 42, ileal contents were obtained to examine the microbial population. Based on the findings, Dietary supplementation of 5 and 7.5% CFPH increased the percentage of the thigh while decreasing the relative weight of the gizzard compared to the control group. The highest relative length of jejunum was observed in birds receiving 2.5 and 5% CFPH, and its highest relative weight belonged to birds fed with 5% CFPH. The number of coliforms, enterobacters, and total gram-negative bacteria in the intestines of birds receiving CFPH was less than that of the control group. In general, the application of CFPH in broiler nutrition can decrease the level of soybean meal in diet and it can be considered as a new protein supplement in poultry production. It is suggested to study the incorporation of this new supplement in other livestock's diets.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.171-179
• /
• 2024

A study was conducted to evaluate dietary valine (Val) requirement for Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Five isonitrogenous (353 g/kg) and isocaloric (4.08 kcal/g) semi-purified diets containing graded levels of Val (2.7, 5.1, 8.7, 12.1 or 16.0 g/kg) were formulated. Quadruplicate groups of 12 shrimp (average body weight: 0.46 ± 0.00 g) were fed one of the experimental diets (2%-5% of total body weight) for 8 weeks. Maximum weight gain was observed in 8.7 g/kg Val group. However, the growth performance was reduced when Val concentration in diets were higher than 12.1 g/kg. Feed conversion ratio was significantly increased with 2.7 and 16.0 g/kg Val inclusion. Shrimp fed the diets containing 2.7 g/kg Val showed significantly lower protein efficiency ratio, whole-body crude protein and Val concentrations. Dietary inclusion of Val significantly improved the relative expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein and immune-related genes (prophenoloxidase, lysozyme and crustin) in the hepatopancreas and 8.7 g/kg Val group showed highest expression among all the groups. The dietary requirement of Val for maximum growth of juvenile P. vannamei, estimated using polynomial regression analysis on growth, was 9.54 g/kg of Val (27.2 g/kg based on protein level) and maximum growth occurred at 9.27 g/kg of Val (26.2 g/kg based on protein level) based on broken-line regression analysis.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제57권4호
• /
• pp.342-348
• /
• 2024

This study evaluated the effects of defatted and non-defatted black soldier fly meal (BSFM) as a fish meal replacement in growing red seabream. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated: 0% BSFM (D1), 5% defatted BSFM (D2), 5% non-defatted BSFM (D3), and 5% defatted + non-defatted BSFM (1:1, D4). A total of 360 growing red seabreams (mean ± SD body weight, 98.9±0.29 g) were equally distributed into 12 circular polyethylene tanks (1,000 L; 30 fish per tank; N=3 tanks per treatment). The red seabream were fed until satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, growth, feed utilization, whole-body proximate composition, blood parameters, and immune related parameters were measured. No significant differences were observed in weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, morphological parameters, plasma metabolites, plasma lysozyme, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase among the experimental groups. However, immunoglobulin M (IgM) in fish fed D2 and D3 were significantly higher than those in fish fed D1. Additionally, the fish in D2 group showed higher IgM levels than those in the other treatment groups. These results indicate that defatted and non-defatted BSFM could be utilized as a potential feed ingredient for fishmeal replacement for red seabream.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권8호
• /
• pp.1160-1171
• /
• 2013

A feeding trial was conducted in tilapia to determine the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes, and postprandial blood metabolites in response to different dietary amylose-amylopectin ratios. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing an equal starch level with different amylose-amylopectin ratios of 0.11 (diet 1), 0.24 (diet 2), 0.47 (diet 3), 0.76 (diet 4) and 0.98 (diet 5) were formulated using high-amylose corn starch (as the amylose source) and waxy rice (as the amylopectin source). Each diet was hand-fed to six tanks of 15 fish each, three times a day over a 6-wk period. After the growth trial, a postprandial blood metabolic test was carried out. Fish fed diet 2 exhibited the highest percent weight gain and feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, whereas fish fed with diet 5 showed the lowest growth and feed utilization among treatments. The digestibility for starch in fish fed diet 1 and 2 was higher than those in fish fed with other diets (p<0.05). The highest activities for protease, lipase and amylase were found in fish fed the diet 2, diet 1, and diet 1 respectively among dietary treatments, while the lowest values for these indexes were observed in fish fed the diet 3, diet 5 and diet 4, respectively. The liver glycogen concentrations in fish fed diets 4 and 5 were found higher than in fish fed other diets (p<0.05). The feeding rate, hepatosomatic index, condition factor, and plasma parmeters (glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) did not differ across treatments. In terms of postprandial blood responses, peak blood glucose and triglycerides were lower after 3 or 6 h in the fish fed with diets 3-5 than in the fish fed diet 1, but delayed peak blood total amino acid time was observed in fish fed with the diets 1 or 2. The lowest peak values for each of the three blood metabolites were observed in fish fed diet 5. The results indicate that high-dietary amylose-amylopectin ratio could compromise growth, but help in reducing the blood glucose stress on fish caused by postprandial starch load.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권11호
• /
• pp.1642-1649
• /
• 2003

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation on the growth performance, nutrients utilization and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (n=480) were equally devided into eight treatment groups and fed maize or wheat based isocaloric, isonitrogenous and isocalcium diets having two non phytate phosphorus (NPP) concentrations (0.50% and 0.30%) and two phytase levels (0 and 500 phytase units/kg diet) in a 42 days growth trial. Maize based dietary treatments were MC (NPP 0.50%, MN (NPP 0.30%), MNP (MN+500 units of phytase) and MCP (MC+500 units of phytase), whereas wheat based experimental diets were WC (NPP 0.50%), WN (NPP 0.30%), WNP (WN+500 units of phytase) and WCP (WC+500 units of phytase). The NPP levels were maintained by dicalcium phosphate. Reduction in dietary NPP depressed live weight gain and feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). Phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets significantly (p<0.05) improved the growth performances of broilers. The supplementation to low NPP diets allowed complete, safe and economic replacement of dietary inorganic P (dicalcium phosphate) to reduce feed cost per kg live weight gain of broilers. Reduction in dietary NPP did not affect retention of nutrients except phosphorus (P) but had a significant (p<0.05) depression in tibia ash and minerals (Ca, P) concentration in serum and tibia ash. Phytase supplementation at low NPP level was effective (p<0.05) in improving the retention of dry matter, Ca and P and Ca and P concentration in serum and tibia ash. However, the supplementation was not effective at high level of NPP (0.50%). There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in carcass quality among dietary treatments. The response of phytase was greater in low NPP and maize based diets as compared with high NPP and wheat based diets, respectively. The results show that phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets improved the growth performance, relative retention of nutrients (N, Ca and P) and minerals (Ca, P) status of blood and bone in broiler chickens, with a better efficacy in maize based diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.574-581
• /
• 2008

Two experiments, involving a total of 100 crossbred pigs (Hampshire$\times$Landrace$\times$Duroc) aged 5 weeks, were used to evaluate the effect of Roselle (Hibicus sabdariffa Linn.) calyx as an antioxidant and acidifier on growth performance. Experiment 1: growth performance response of pigs fed basal corn-soy diet was compared with that of pigs consuming diets that contained 4, 8 and 12% Roselle in powder form, 4 g/kg acidifier (Fra$^{(R)}$Acid Dry) or 100 mg/kg antibiotic (Aurofac$^{(R)}$). All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Twenty-four castrated male and twelve female pigs were randomly allocated into 6 treatments which comprised 3 replicates (2 male and 1 female) of 2 pigs each. The results demonstrated no beneficial weight gain and feed intake response among treatments at 7, 9 and 11 weeks of age (p>0.05). However, feed-to-gain ratios (FCR) of Roselle-fed groups were significantly different from the basal-diet group at 7 weeks of age (p<0.05). Pigs fed with 8% Roselle had the lowest FCR. Therefore, 8% was set as an appropriate level of Roselle in feed. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine antioxidant and acidifier properties. Pigs were fed similar diets to Experiment 1 except that Roselle was fed to only one treatment at the level of 8%. Sixty-four piglets, 32 castrated male and female each were randomly allocated into 4 treatments which comprised 4 replicates (2 male and 2 female) of 4 pigs each. Body weight was measured. At 7 and 9 weeks of age, four pigs from each treatment were randomly selected. The pH in their gastrointestinal tract, pepsin activity in stomach mucosa, trypsin activity in the pancreas and protein and fat digestibility in the ileum were measured to investigate acidifier properties. For antioxidant properties, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione concentration in plasma and liver were used as parameters. The results showed no significant difference in weight gain, pH or pepsin activity among all treatments at both ages (p>0.05). Nevertheless, trypsin activity and fat digestibility of the Roselle-fed group were higher than the basal-diet group at 7 weeks of age (p<0.05). Glutathione in plasma was significantly different between antibiotic-fed and basal-diet groups (p<0.05). Significant differences were found only in some parameters and between the basal-diet group and the other groups. Therefore, it cannot be precisely concluded that Roselle in powder form has clear acidifier and antioxidant properties in postweaning pigs. Further studies should be undertaken to clearly confirm both properties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권9호
• /
• pp.1296-1302
• /
• 2009

Ninety six beak-trimmed 72 week-old Lohmann Brown hens were randomly divided into four equal groups. Each group comprised 4 replicates. Isoenergetic and isonitrogenous experimental diets contained low calcium (3.5%); optimum calcium (4.2%); low Ca (3.5% Ca)+1% Clinoptilolite (CLP); low Ca (3.5% Ca)+2% CLP. Data were collected biweekly and the experiment lasted 6 weeks. Egg production, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, tibia Ca, P, ash and eggshell thickness were not affected by addition of CLP to the diets (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in egg shell strength and ash when data were analyzed individually in measurement periods ($74^{th}$, $76^{th}$ and $78^{th}$ weeks). However, according to pooled data ($74^{th}$-$78^{th}$ weeks), eggshell strength was increased (p<0.05) only by 2% CLP supplementation versus low Ca (3.5%) diet, and shell ash was significantly increased by 2% CLP supplementation compared with the other diets. The damaged egg ratio on 1% and 2% CLP diets was significantly decreased between 76-78 weeks'data when compared with the low Ca diet. However; damaged egg ratio on the 2% CLP diet was significantly decreased when pooled data (74-78) were compared with no CLP diets. The differences in marketable egg ratio paralleled damaged egg ratio. The plasma calcium level at the end of experiment was increased on the 2% CLP diet when compared with the low Ca (3.5%) diet (p<0.05). Furthermore, at the end of the experiment a marked decrease of manure moisture was observed on both CLP diets (p<0.01). In conclusion, Clinoptilolite (2%) supplementation to layer diets tends to improve eggshell quality and manure dry matter (1% and 2% CLP) after six weeks.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.77-81
• /
• 1980

집토끼를 일정한 조건 하에서 기본 식이에 식물성 식용유를 첨가하여 콜레스테롤에 어떠한 영향을 주는가를 조사하였다. 1. 체중 변화에 있어서 실험군의 평균 체중의 변화는 대조군(對照群)이 16.3g/day 이었고 들깨기름 급여군은 18.2g/day로 가장 성장률이 좋았다. 2. 간장의 무게는 대조군(對照群)이 30.35g이고 들깨 기름 및 미강유 급여군의 무게는 각각 38.25과 39.54g으로 나타났다. 3. 혈청 콜레스테롤 값은 대조군(對照群)이 71.55mg/100 ml 이었고 참깨기름 급여군은 112.0mg/100 ml로 가장 높게 나타났다. 4. 간장 콜레스테롤 값은 대조군(對照群)과 들깨 기름 급여군이 각각 255.0 mg/100 ml 이었고 콩기름 급여군이 317.5 mg/100 ml로 가장 높게 나타났다. 5. 혈청 단백질에 있어서 총(總) 단백질(蛋白質)은 큰 차이가 없었으나 alpha-1-globulin에 있어서 대조군(對照群)은 0.60%인데 콩기름 및 미강유 급여군은 각각 0.35와 0.32%로 상당히 낮게 나타났고 alpha-2-globulin에 있어서는 대조군(對照群)이 0.68%인데 미강유 급여균이 0.26%로 나타났다. 6. 혈당은 대조군(對照群)이 40.34mg/100 ml인데 들깨 기름 급여군만이 77.0mg/100ml 로서 가장 높았고 다른군은 모두 낮았다. 7. 혈청(血淸) 콜레스테롤 값과 alpha-1-globulin 및 간(刊) 콜레스테롤 값 과 gamma-globulin 사이에 정 상관성을 보였고 혈당과는 별 상관이 없게 나타났다.

• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.343-354
• /
• 1995

순환여과식 사육수조에서 잉어(Cyprinus carpio) 치어를 사육하면서, 사료 단백질원인 혈분의 첨가 함량에 따라 총 5개 실험군을 3 반복으로 무작위 배치하고 6 주 동안 사육실험을 하였다. 실험사료의 단백질원은 동물성 $20\%$, 식물성 약 $75\%$를 사용하였고, 조단백질 $40\%$, 3,640 kcal/kg을 기준으로 실험실에서 제조하였다 : 사료 1 (100 FMP, control), $100\%$ fish meal protein : 사료 2 (25 BMP), $75\%$ fish meal $protein+25\%$ blood meal protein : 사료 3 (50 BMP), $50\%$ fish meal $protein+50\%$ blood meal protein ; 사료 4 (75 BMP), $25\%$ fish meal $protein+75\%$ blood meal protein ;사료 5 (100 BMP), $100\%$ blood meal protein. 6 주간의 주사육실험 결과, 혈분 첨가량이 증가할수록 증체량과 사료효율이 증가하였다. 대조군(100 FMP)에 비해 75 BMP와 100 BMP실험군의 증체량과 사료효율이 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 3주간의 교차확인실험에서도 100 FMP 대조군보다 100 BMP 실험군에서 높은 증체량과 사료효율을 나타내었다. (P<0.05). 사료의 유인성평가실험은 100 FMP와 100 BMP사료의 유인성을 측정하기 위해 수행되었다. 유인성평가 결과, 초기에는 100 BMP 실험군의 유인성이 100 FMP 대조군보다 낮았으나 2 주만에 큰 차이가 없게 되었다. 본 실험결과, 성장기 잉어 사료의 단백질원으로서 어분단백질을 혈분단백질로 $100\%$까지 대체 가능함을 알 수 있었다.