• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.935-942
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• 2021

Involuntary movement of internal organs by respiration is a factor that greatly affects the results of radiotherapy and diagnosis. In this study, a moving phantom was fabricated to simulate the movement of an organ or a tumor according to respiration, and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan images were acquired under various respiratory simulating conditions to analyze the movement range of the tumor movement by respiration, the level of artifacts according to the size of the tumor and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Based on Windows CE 6.0 as the operating system, using electric actuator, electric actuator positioning driver, and programmable logic controller (PLC), the position and speed control module was operated normally at a moving distance of 0-5 cm and 10, 15, and 20 reciprocations. For sphere diameters of 10, 13, 17, 22, 28, and 37 mm at a delay time of 100 minutes, 80.4%, 99.5%, 107.9%, 113.1%, 128.0%, and 124.8%, respectively were measured. When the moving distance was the same, the difference according to the respiratory rate was insignificant. When the number of breaths is 20 and the moving distance is 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, and 5 cm, as the moving distance increased at the sphere diameters of 10, 13, 17, 22, 28, and 37 mm, the ability to distinguish images from smaller spheres deteriorated. When the moving distance is 5 cm compared to the still image, the maximum values of the standard intake coefficient were 18.0%, 23.7%, 29.3%, 38.4%, 49.0%, and 67.4% for sphere diameters of 10, 13, 17, 22, 28, and 37 mm, respectively.

• Korean Educational Research Journal
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 2021

The thesis tries to compare The Structure of World History with Anti-Oedipus in the textual context, and to re-compare in the educational context. I mean by the education an event which contrasts starkly with an essence. It adopts 5W1H, a general reporting form of an accident or event, as the distinctive features at twice comparisons. The purpose of the thesis is not evaluative but interpretive comparison. In the textual context, the thesis discusses, 1) as WHAT, the use of Marx from Kant vs. Nietzsche's point of view, 2) as WHO, the actual subjects of the exchanging human vs. the productive machine, 3) as WHEN/WHERE, the society of the modes of exchange vs. the modes of inscription, 4) as HOW, the revolutionay means of the simultaneous revolution of the world vs. the schizophrenic process, 5) as WHY, the ideal subjects of the associative human vs. the non-human of liberation of desire. In the educational context, the thesis discusses, 1) in the WHAT as educational way, autonomous morality vs. active power, 2) in the WHO as the affirmity of actual subjects, that of the ideal idea vs. that of real power, 3) in the WHEN/WHERE, as the in-between time-space of education, the incommensurable communicative situation of humans vs. the conflictive of machines, 4) in the HOW, as the educational method of achieving the ideal, the involuntary restoration of the already-had ideal vs. the now-have completion and break-through of the schizophrenic process, 5) in the WHY, as the aim of education, cosmopolitan vs. overman.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2021

Objectives: There was a judgment of acquittal for the manufacturer SK Chemical and the vendor Aekyung regarding humidifier disinfectant (HD) containing 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one/2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT). The rationale used in this judgement is discussed here in the light of scientific consideration. Methods: The sentencing document for the judgements was obtained from the Korea Supreme Court Service. In particular, the judgements made by the court related to the risk of HD and external and internal exposure to CMIT/MIT are discussed based on scientific evidence. Results: Rendering a determination in a criminal trial of insufficient evidence of causation, the court dismissed the prosecution's motion that humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injuries (HDLI) and asthma were associated with the utilization of these products. However, CMIT/MIT, a strong sensitizing and corrosive substance, has been reported to be associated with brain toxicity, allergic contact dermatitis, and asthma. Furthermore, the judgment did not consider total consumption amounts or the cumulative dose of CMIT/MIT in the humidifier. Lastly, there are several cases supporting the fact that exposure to water-soluble substances including CMIT/MIT can cause lower respiratory tract diseases. In addition to cases of asthma among the workers exposed to CMIT/MIT, we identified lung injury victims who were exposed to HDs exclusively containing CMIT/MIT. Conclusions: We conclude that there is sufficient evidence supporting the assertion that HDs containing CMIT/MIT cause lung injuries, including asthma, contrary to the court's judgement.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.667-692
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• 2009

The deregulation on non-standard workers is inclined to make companies increase the employment of the non-standard workers because of cost-saving effect. As non-standard work rises, so involuntary choice of it does. This trend has resulted in the decline of the non-standard workers' job satisfaction. The internalization of firm-specific skills is strong in Japanese companies. Therefore, even though cost-saving effect is high, the companies cannot assign all the jobs to non-standard workers. Hence, the companies are likely to divide the jobs into standard worker's and non-standard workers' ones. The standard workers' jobs, which focus on high firm-specific skills, has reduced, while the non-standard workers' jobs, which can be outsourced from outside the companies, has increased. As a result, the productivity of standard workers has improved, and their wage levels have increased. Since the deregulation on non-standard workers, their job satisfaction has deteriorated. On the contrary, the job satisfaction of standard workers has increased.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.412-420
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to suggest legalization of private investigation system by giving an example of Japanese detective investigation on people who have been missing for a long time. To accomplish the research purpose, this study reviewed literature and used preceding researches on Japanese detective system to complete theoretical background. This study also identified the missing people in Korea and Japan to accomplish the research purpose. Conclusion: In Japan, about 80,000 people are reported to be missing every year. Although most of them are found on that day or within a week, some of them are not found for more than a week. There even a case where the person was missing for more than 3 years. In such case, the Japanese citizens requests detectives to find the missing person instead of depending on the police. When Japanese detectives are paid by their client, they provide the security service requested by the client. Japanese detectives receive about 100,000 yen to 700,000 yen for finding missing person and they find the missing person through investigation on voluntary or involuntary missing person. Such activities of Japanese detectives point out the necessity of introducing private investigation system in Korea. Currently, most missing people are not found in Korea. Introduction of private investigation system will help in finding the missing person, reducing the excessive workload of police, and creating jobs.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2019

On December 31, 2018, an incident occurred where a doctor was attacked and killed by a patient carrying a lethal weapon in the outpatients' clinic of the psychiatric department of a tertiary general hospital. The suspect was diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder (manic depressive disorder) and has been hospitalized and cared for in the psychiatric ward of this hospital. This incident illustrates the necessity of more active cures and therapeutic intervention for mental patients with intellectual developmental disorders who require treatment considering the fact that a radical outcome has been caused by such a patient. However, on the other hand, there is also a need for an approach and analysis from the perspective of crime prevention for all medical departments. The reason for this is that even a tertiary general hospital equipped with the largest human resources, medical devices, facilities, and so forth, is susceptible to violence. As for illegal actions perpetrated against health and medical service personnel in medical institutions, such as verbal abuse, assault, injury, etc. there have neither been understanding shown for the current extent of damage in detail, nor discussions of active institutional improvement related to the seriousness of the act. It can be said that violence in the field of medical treatment is a realm requiring serious discussion and appropriate remedial actions. This is because when such incidents take place, if a patient who is supposed to get treatment from the damaged health care provider is in an urgent situation or on the waiting list of serious cases, he or she could suffer serious damage caused by deprivation of treatment opportunity, or secondary damage might be caused to the patient and/or a guardian who can hardly have an opportunity to take action. Accordingly, in this review, we would like to help create the necessary conditions for both health and medical service personnel and patients/guardians, respectively, to provide and receive medical treatment in a more secure environment. Therefore, objective assessment of the institution and issues relating to this aforementioned incident and general cases of violence occurring in medical institutions, and by suggesting legal and institutional improvements and solutions.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.635-640
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• 2018

The study conducted a Focus Group Interview (FGI) on college students to identify single-person households and Solitary Deaths of single-person households recognized by college students. This can be provided as basic data to address problems in single-person households and social problems such as future youth solitary death and will contribute to building a social safety net. This study conducted FGI to analyze data for five fourth graders majoring in social welfare. In the case of involuntary independent living, the high poverty and unemployment rate of single-person households was cited as the cause of economic instability, housing problems and emotional relationship formation. He said that he thinks about young loneliness because he has vague fears about what happens in the media and what can happen to them. As the number of young single-person households will inevitably increase in the coming months and economic difficulties are the biggest problem and the biggest cause of young solitude, institutional support is needed first, especially for housing costs.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.67-75
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• 2019

Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is an involuntary leakage of urine from the urethra when intra-abdominal pressure increases, such as from sneezing, coughing, or physical exertion. It is caused by insufficient strength of the pelvic floor and sphincter muscles, resulting from vaginal delivery, obesity, hard physical work, or aging. The pelvic floor electrical stimulator is a conservative treatment generally used to relieve the symptoms of urinary incontinence. it recommended to applied before surgery is performed. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine if the transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TCES) would be effective for the physiological symptoms and psychological satisfaction of women with SUI for an 8-weeks intervention. Methods: Easy-K is a specially designed user-friendly TCES. Five female who were diagnosed with SUI by a gynecologist but who did not require surgical intervention were included in this study. Intervention was implemented over an 8-week period. Outcome measures included vaginal ultrasonography, Levator ani muscle (LAM) contraction strength, incontinence quality of life (I-QOL), and female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaires. Results: The bladder neck position significantly decreased across assessment time. Funneling index and urethral width significantly decreased after 8 weeks of intervention (p<.05). The bladder necksymphyseal distance and posterior rhabdosphincter thickness statistically increased and the anterior rhabdosphincter thickness showed a tendency to increase. All participants demonstrated a significant increase in the LAM contraction score across three assessment times (p<.05). Although the total score of the I-QOL did not show significant improvement, it steadily increased and among I-QOL subscales, only the "avoidance" subscale showed statistical improvements (p<.05). The total score of the FSFI statistically improved and the "desire" score significantly changed (p<.05). Conclusion: The TCES is recommended for women who want to apply conservative treatments before surgery and who have suffered from SUI in aspects of sexual function and quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.139-175
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• 2013

This study analyzed differences and determinants of job satisfaction by employment type using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Data (KLIPS) (5th~13th) and obtained the following results. First, it was found that the job satisfaction of regular employees was significantly higher than that of non-regular employees and, as a result of analyzing job satisfaction by subdividing various types of employment within the non-regular employment category, 'temporary work' was found to have the highest satisfaction, while 'long-term non-regular work' had the lowest. Further, as a result of analyzing the differences in job satisfaction by the method of career choice, it was found that job satisfaction in the case of choosing a job voluntarily was higher than that in the case of choosing a job involuntarily. Second, as a result of analyzing the determinants of job satisfaction by employment type, all variables in regular employment were found to have statistically significant effects on job satisfaction, which is a dependant variable, whereas non-regular employment was found to have a limited effect only depending on the employment type. In case of the determinants of job satisfaction according to the method of career choice, they were found to have statistically significant effects on all variables except for the career variable in the group that chose employment voluntarily, whereas they were found to have significant effects on some variables only such as gender and wage, etc., in the group that chose employment involuntarily. Therefore, it is more suitable to analyze job satisfaction by subdividing it by employment type rather than dividing it into regular employment and non-regular employment, although the method of career choice (voluntary/involuntary) also needs to be considered.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.392-403
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of emotion regulation strategy on posttraumatic growth and to confirm serial multiple mediating effects of self disclosure on a traumatic experience and social support in relationship between suppression strategy of emotional expression and posttraumatic growth. A survey was conducted for adults over the age of 18. Data of 663 adults (222 men, 441 women) were analyzed. According to analysis by using SPSS Process Macro, the less suppression strategy of emotional expression was used, the higher posttraumatic growth was. Simple mediating effect of self disclosure was confirmed between suppression strategy of emotional expression and posttraumatic growth. Serial multiple mediating effects of self disclosure and social support were shown in relationship between suppression strategy of emotional expression and posttraumatic growth. It means that the more people who use less suppression of emotional expression as their emotion regulation strategy, the more they disclose on their traumatic experience, then, they will receive emotional comfort and support from the people around, finally reaching posttraumatic growth. The importance of self disclosure and social support on posttraumatic growth was verified. Counseling intervention method was suggested for involuntary clients who usually suppress emotional expression, to enhance their posttraumatic growth. Lastly, significance and limitations of this study were suggested for follow-up studies.