• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.397-408
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• 2023

Fire blight disease, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a devastating affliction in apple cultivation worldwide. Chemical pesticides have exhibited limited effectiveness in controlling the disease, and biological control options for treating fruit trees are limited. Therefore, a relatively large-scale survey is necessary to develop microbial agents for apple trees. Here we collected healthy apple trees from across the country to identify common and core bacterial taxa. We analyzed the endophytic bacterial communities in leaves and twigs and discovered that the twig bacterial communities were more conserved than those in the leaves, regardless of the origin of the sample. This finding indicates that specific endophytic taxa are consistently present in healthy apple trees and may be involved in vital functions such as disease prevention and growth. Furthermore, we compared the community metabolite pathway expression rates of these endophyte communities with those of E. amylovora infected apple trees and discovered that the endophyte communities in healthy apple trees not only had similar community structures but also similar metabolite pathway expression rates. Additionally, Pseudomonas and Methylobacterium-Methylorobrum were the dominant taxa in all healthy apple trees. Our findings provide valuable insights into the potential roles of endophytes in healthy apple trees and inform the development of strategies for enhancing apple growth and resilience. Moreover, the similarity in cluster structure and pathway analysis between healthy orchards was mutually reinforcing, demonstrating the power of microbiome analysis as a tool for identifying factors that contribute to plant health.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 1976

Atternaria sp. was isolated from soil and crude cellulases were prepared from wheat bran culture of the fungus. The activities of the crude enzyme were studied on five different subvstrates and some phsical properties were also examined, crude enzymes were purified by column chromatography on DEAE Sephadex and Sephadex, Isozymes were separated some of which were active specifically on DEAE cellulose and some were primarily active on cellulose and CM-cellulose. The optimal points of pH and temperature for the crude enzyme were varied depending on the substrates ; On cellulose they were at pH 6.0 and 40.deg.C, on CM-cellulose at pH's 4.0 and 6.0 and 60.deg.C, and on DEAW-cellulose at pH 5.0 and 50.deg.C. Two active fractions, F-1 and F-II on Na-CMC was used as substrate the Km values of crude enzyme, F-I and F-II were calculated to be $4{\times}10^{-5}$ , 1.1 * 10$^{-4}$ , and $1.25{\times}10^{-4}mN$ resepctively. The Ki value of $Cu^{++}$ for crude enzyme was$4{\times}^{-4}mN$ , while that of $Nm^{++}$ while in the same concentration of $Mn^{++}$ it reached to 91%. Some 57% activity of F-1 was inhibited in s mN $Cu^{++}$, whereas it was inhibited as much as 81% in the same concentration above the concentration of 0.3 mM with tis activity reaching up to 137% in 2 mM. On the other hand the F-11 was inhibited by the presence of M $n^{++}$ and some 67% activity was inhibited at 2mM.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제22권
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• pp.219-257
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• 1992

Among the Chinese Characters originated in Japan, some of them are very ancient in their origin and others come to exist as different forms by being used widely in forged books in Chinese. These Characters can be divided into three groups. First, the Chinese Characters whose forms are different. Most of these are 'hoiui' (회의)character, being made by imitating the forms of the original Chinese Letters. These characters do have meaning but not pronunciation. This is one distinct feature of Chinese Characters originated in Japan. Second, the Chinese Characters whose meaning has been assigned by the Japanese people. These letters can be grouped into two. One is the letters whose meanings are entirely different from original Chinese Characters, and the other is the letters whose meanings are not known although their pronunciations are known. It can be explained that the letters with different forms are made because of the ignorance of letter's existence. Or, the letters were made on purpose in ordoer to be used in different meanings. Third, the Characters with a partial modification of original Chinese Characters. Among the Characters in three groups above, pure Japanese-made Chinese Characters are those in group one and three since those in group two are Chinese Letters whose meanings (or pronunciation) only are Japanese. As a results of detailed investigation of pure Japanese-made Chinese Character in JIS X 0208-1990, the followings are discovered: 1. Pure Japanese-made Chinese Characters are 147 in numbers. 2. The Characters which were originally Chinese but now considered to be Japanese-made are 5 in numbers. Among these letters, 39 Characters are not listed in TaeHanHwaSaJon(Whose fame is well known as the authoritative dictionary of Chinese Characters), 47 Characters are not found in the dictionaries of Chinese Characters compiled in Korea. 3. 14 Characters seem to be Japanese-made Chinese Characters although it cannot be said so with accuracy because of various meanings found in several dictionaries of Chinese Characrters.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the difficulties that Korean farmers and processors currently experience with respect to the market for Korean native chicken (KNC). This study also provides suggestions by which they can overcome these difficulties. In all, sixty-nine farmers and sixty-two processors participated in our investigation, which addressed 1) the current difficulties that KNC farmers face, 2) the current importance-satisfaction measures among KNC farmers and processors, and 3) the future direction of the KNC market: farmer and processor opinions. The respondents stated that the limited number of sales stores was the most difficult market condition they faced in raising KNC, followed by feed cost, animal disease, and poor production environment. Regarding issues of importance and satisfaction, origin in raising step and slaughtering in the processing and distribution step were considered the areas most in urgent need of improvement, given farmers' and processors' high levels of dissatisfaction with these. Both the free-range farming system and the concept of animal welfare are growing in importance, given consumers' interests in these areas. As to opinions on the direction of KNC development, menu development was cited as most important, followed by public advertisement, accessibilities, business aid, and breed development. Consequently, the results show that well-organized support from both the government and related industries is needed, as chicken farmers and processors cannot resolve certain limitations inherent in the KNC industry on their own.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.159-171
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• 2009

지리적표시제는 농산물 및 그 가공품의 명성 품질 기타 특징이 본질적으로 특정 지역의 지리적 특성에 기인하는 경우 그 곳에서 생산된 특산품임을 입증하는 제도로 유럽의 국가들에서 주로 와인과 식품과 관련해 지난 30년 이상 광범위하게 활용되어 왔다. 본 연구는 농산물 및 가공품의 지리적표시제에 대한 소비자의 인식과 구매경험에 대해 조사하였다. 또한 본 연구는 지리적표시 상품에 대한 소비자의 추가 가격 지불 의사에 대한 조사도 실시하였다. 실증조사 결과, 24.0%의 응답자가 지리적표시제 상품을 구매한 경험이 있으며, 49.5%의 응답자는 구매 경험이 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 26.5%의 응답자는 지리적표시제에 대해 알지 못하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 구매 이유는 품질에 대한 신뢰, 안전, 좋은 맛의 순으로 나타났으며, 비구매 이유는 지식 및 관심 부족, 큰 차이 없는 품질의 순으로 나타났다. 지리적표시제 상품에 대한 소비자의 추가 가격 지불 의사에 대해 조사한 결과, 인삼류, 와인, 쇠고기와 같은 고가의 품목일수록 높은 가격 프리미엄을 지불할 의사가 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.384-389
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• 2002

This study was aimed to evaluate the weldability and optimize the welding conditions for flash butt welding of 780MPa grade steel applied to the automotive bumper reinforcement. And then the relationship between the welding conditions and the joint performance relating specifically to coil-joining steel would be established. The effect of welding conditions between flashing and upsetting process was elucidated. Microstructure observation of the joint indicated that the decarburized band was mainly changed with upsetting process. Width of HAZ was also related to the upsetting conditions rather than the flashing conditions. Generally maximum hardness at HAZ was correlated with $C_{eq}$ of steel and the empirical relationship was obtained to estimate the HAZ properties. Tensile elongation at the joint was usually decreased with increasing the initial clamping distance. Investigation of fracture surface after tensile and bending tests reveal that the origin of cracking at the joint was oxide inclusions composed of $SiO_2$, MnO, $Al_2$ $O_3$, and/or FeO. The amount of inclusions was dependent on the composition ratio of Mn/Si in steel. If this ratio was above 4, the amount of inclusions was low and then the resistance to cracking at the joint was enough to maintain the joint performance. It was obtained that the flashing process influenced the conditions for the energy input to establish uniform or non-uniform molten layer, while the upsetting conditions influenced the joint strength. Heat input variable during flashing process was also discussed with the joint properties.

• 복식
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.31-44
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• 2002

This study was intended to inquire into Check Pattern. The purpose of this study attempted to make a systematic investigation of the characteristic of the Check Pattern, the checker using vertical and horizontal lines which was the universal plastic element and inquire into it in terms of era, designers and combined work. By doing so, this study attempted to Investigate the phase of the Check Pattern in world fashion and further forecast the future of checker design applicable to the 21th century fashion. The result can be summarized as follows : 1. Mondrim's neo-plasticism has not only had a great influence on Op Art and Minimalism work but is deeply related to fashion and textile design. Mondrian used vertical and horizontal line ad the dualistic element. 2. The checker is estimated to have been used since the Etruian times, though uncertain. and largely divided into the Madras check and Scotland Check. Though the origin of the tartan representation of the Scotland check can not be accurately found out, it began to emerge in around the 13th century. 3. Check Pattern has began to be widely used with the development of the textile industry since 1826 and been used in every typical Sihoutto appearing in each era up to the present. And Check Pattern is used most designer in the world, who represent their own personality in their works. This study could find out that the checker is the element of Infinite applicability in the future. It is expected that the sophisticated and beautiful design using the chocker will be presented by many korean designer though the overall and systematic study of the checker.

• 복식
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.80-97
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• 2012

This study empirically examined Seo Yu-gu's views on constumes that are based on 'Boksikjigu[服飾之具]' of Seomyongji[贍用志] in Imwonkyungjeji[林園經濟志]. In 'Boksikjigu', Seo Yu-gu explained different situations and problems that were related to costumes and proposed solutions for the problems. This study examined the contents, and divide the items into caps, accessories, and clothes. The results of this study were as follows. First, Seo Yu-gu in he rited the tradition of erudition. Seo Yu-gu classified various costume items systematically, and explained in detail about the origin, history and materials of the costume items. Second, he emphasized frugality, effective use, and welfare. Seo Yu-gu argued that the sleeves should be shortened for convenience and tried to improve practicality in the functional aspect. Also, he wanted to enrich people's life by improving the convenience of goods used in daily life. Third, he tried to establish identity as a Confucian intellect. This idea was clearly shown in 'costumes'; therefore, they served as evidences that Seo Yu-gu used to correct wrong practices through precise historical investigation and review of Shim-ui[深衣], the symbol of the practice of Jujagarye[朱子家禮]. In his later years, he discovered the plain dress that was worn as a casual wear by ZhuXi[朱熹]and tried to wear it in dailylife.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2012

심하게 소손된 화재현장은 남아 있는 잔존물만으로 초기 화재의 유형을 판단하기 곤란할 때가 많다. 화재로 인해 사람이 사망하였을 경우 혈중 헤모글로빈(Hb)-일산화탄소(CO) 농도는 생존 당시의 화재의 유형을 가늠할 수 있으며 촉진제를 사용한 급격한 화재의 경우 열기와 유독가스로 인해 재실자의 생존은 화재진행속도와 비례되어 체내 Hb-CO 농도는 낮았으며, 훈소와 같이 서서히 진행되는 연소의 경우 오랜 시간 호흡하면서 체내에 축적되는 CO 농도는 증가하였다. 이러한 인체의 Hb-CO 농도를 분석하면 생존 시 어떠한 형태의 화재에 노출되었는지 알 수 있다. 휘발유로 분신한 자살의 경우를 포함해 훈소성 화재사에 이르기까지 Hb-CO 농도는 3 %에서 최고 93 %로 다양한 농도를 보였다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.230-236
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• 2016

The study was carried out to evaluate the quality of commercial pork and beef jerky at a market in Korea. The amount of food additives, place of origin, meat content, microbiological and physicochemical characteristics were investigated in 46 different jerky samples. Meat contents of pork and beef jerky were 75.2~94.0% and 80.0~95.6%, respectively. Food additives, including sodium nitrite, potassium sorbate, and sodium erythorbate were mainly used in jerky. Pork jerky was processed from domestic pork, and beef jerky was mostly processed from imported beef from the USA, Australia, or New Zealand. Pork jerky contained $23.82{\pm}5.74%$ moisture, $37.86{\pm}7.05%$ crude protein, $6.16{\pm}4.91%$ crude fat, and $4.6.87{\pm}1.76%$ crude ash. Beef jerky contained $26.64{\pm}5.21%$ moisture, $41.36{\pm}3.50%$ crude protein, $4.67{\pm}3.46%$ crude fat, and $7.21{\pm}1.91%$ crude ash. Water activity (Aw) of pork jerky was $0.73{\pm}0.09$ while that of beef jerky was $0.78{\pm}0.08$. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content to jerky was 7.1~36.0 mg/100 g. There was no significant difference in the physicochemical composition of meat type (p<0.05). Coliform, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in pork or beef jerky, whereas yeast and molds were detected below $1.2{\times}10^1CFU/g$ in beef jerky samples.