• 한국조경학회지
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• 제18권3호통권39호
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• pp.171-190
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• 1990

It is the purpose of this study to address how to manage the urban vegitation using the concept of Urban Forestry which is relatively new to Korea. When we consider the Urban Forestry as a science, We should understand it interdisciplinary subject which includes Forestry, Horticulture, Urban Planning, Landscape Design, Landuse Planning, Business and Humanities. It may say that people and tree are the fundermental components of Urban Forestry. So there are two ways of Urban Forestry Applications-How people care for trees and How trees care for People-. For the application, this study places the focus on the monetary valuation, tree inventory system and traditional forestry application to urban forest management. Pubic Relation, Communication, Ordinances and Budget are also mentioned as a part of Urban Forestry Policy. Monetary valuation of trees and forests is very important for the proper cognition of their real value. So that, they may be equated and weighed against conflicting uses which would cause to be removed or severely mutilated. A tree inventory system which is the essential part of urban tree management can provide the pertinent information about the present condition of urban tree resource. It may aid in reducing the subjectivity of tree management decisions and stimulate them to be made rapidly and can help reduce potential municipal liability by identifying serious problems in time for corrective maintenance practices to be applied for the maximize community benefits and minimimize public nuisances or hazards. Managers can derive the information from the inventory and use it for the various management plan. When we see the structure of tree inventory system as one of the data base management system, Computer is the best equipment for the efficient management plan. Public relation and communication is also important factors to care the people for urban vegetation management. Volunteer management system is a good example for the public relation and communication. Those skills are need to develop for using the priceless, valuable human resources. Budget holds the key to the execution of Urban Forestry. Good inventory can provide for efficient budgeting stratiges through it's scientific analysis for the way of maximum benefits and minimum costs. Forest can be play a vital role for the aesthetic improvement and recreation in the city. This study suggests that the traditional sivicultural application not only improve the quality of scenic beauty and recreation but also the products of timber. So it is more needed to study for strong and scientific application to urban forest management.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

This study tries to develop the models of measuring the level of product availability accommodated for features of specific customers dividing customers into VIP customers and general customers. Functions of costs that the models are composed of are cost of holding safety stock and cost of lost opportunities. The existing model of measuring the level of product availability which focused on cost of holding safety stock for VIP customers should be reinforced by considering cost of lost opportunities caused by general customers' quitting trades with a company. This study tries to present realistic solutions for problems in making decisions related to the total inventory. This study concludes that the model of the level of product availability meeting general customers' needs is more efficient according to increasing of a latent demand of the general customers who quit trades with a company and the cost of lost opportunities.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제20권42호
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• pp.31-38
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• 1997

The main objective of this research is to develop a model to select the optimal input service level for a distribution center - multi branch inventory distribution system. With the continuous review policy, the distribution center places an order for specific order quantity to an outside supplier, and the order quantity is replenished after a certain lead time. Also, each branch places an order for particular order quantity to the distribution center to satisfy the customer demands, and receives the replenishment after a lead time. When an out of stock condition occurs during an order cycle, a backorder is placed to the upper level to fill the unfilled demands. With these situation, variable demand and variable lead time are used for better industrial practice. Further, actual lead times with a generic lead time distribution are used in developing the control model. Under the actual lead time model, the customer service measures actually attained for the distribution center and each branch are explained as the effective customer service measures. Thus, throughout the optimal control (using computer search procedures), we can select the optimal input service levels for the distribution center and each branch to attain the effective service level for each branch which is consistent with the goal level of service for each branch. At the same time, the entire distribution system keeps minimum inventories.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.538-544
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• 2014

A traditional fireplace has been used, but not much, for heating and cooking in rural area, Korea. Traditional fireplace as one type of biomass burnings is also emitting various air pollutants. Air pollutants emission from traditional fireplace was estimated in this study. There are two types of traditional fireplace, one for combined heating and cooking, the other one for cooking only. Types of fuels mostly used in traditional fireplace were wood, agricultural residue, solid waste. Activity levels such as fuel types, amount of fuel loading, and temporal variation were investigated by field survey over Korea. Estimated annual emissions from traditional fireplace were CO 6,335.0, NOx 555.0, SOx 9.6, VOC 1,771.7, TSP 181.4, $PM_{10}$ 119.9, $PM_{2.5}$ 96.2, $NH_3$ 1.4 ton/yr respectively. When emissions compared with the national emission inventory (CAPSS: Clean Air Policy Support System) of 2010 year, CO and $PM_{10}$ occupy 0.8% and 0.1% of total national emission, respectively.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2018

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of personality traits on depression and quality of life of stroke outpatients receiving rehabilitation therapy. Methods : The current study included 52 outpatients who received occupational therapy in a rehabilitative and general hospital located in Incheon. Their personality traits were assessed using the Big Five Inventory-Korean Version (BFI-K), and depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Quality of life was evaluated using the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) scale. The collected data were analyzed to identify the effects of personality traits on depression and quality of life using a multiple regression analysis. Result : Neuroticism and depression were significantly correlated (p<.05), and neuroticism and agreeableness were significantly correlated with quality of life (p<.05). Additionally, depression and quality of life were significantly correlated (p<.05). Neuroticism affected depression significantly ($R^2=.503$, p<.05). Among the five personality traits, neuroticism, agreeableness, and extraversion had a significant effect on quality of life ($R^2=.474$, p<.05). Conclusion : These findings suggest that personality traits need to be considered in order to improve the quality of life of stroke patients.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2001

물적분배시스템의 운영에 있어서 발생하는 품절에 대한 대처방법으로서 동일단계의 측면 재공급 허용을 통한 시스템 운영방안을 제안함으로써 최적물류비용을 갖는 물적분배시스템을 설계하였으며, 또한 본 연구의 고려 대상인 중앙분배센터와 지역분배센터 사이의 수송비용관계, 지역분배센터 상호간 보충허용 하의 물적분배시스템 운영에 관한 연구를 통하여 다중공급원 알고리즘을 개발하고, 기존의 단일 공급원 가정하의 분배시스템과의 총운용비용에 대한 비교분석을 통하여 본 연구에서 개발된 알고리즘의 효율성을 입증하고, 또한 수치 예를 통하여 본 연구의 타당성을 검토하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2008

Since plutonium accounts for 40-50% of the power produced by uranium fuels, spent fuel contains only residual plutonium. Management of this plutonium is one of the aspects influencing the choice of a fuel cycle back-end option: reprocessing, direct disposal or wait-and-see. Different grades and qualities of plutonium exist depending from their specific generation conditions; all are valuable fissile material. Safeguard authorities watch the inventories of civil plutonium, but access to those data is restricted. Independent evaluations have led to an estimated current inventory of 220t plutonium in total (spent fuel, separated civil plutonium and military plutonium). If used as MOX fuel, it would be sufficient to feed all the PWRs and BWRs worldwide during 7 years or to deploy a FBR park corresponding to 150% of today' s installed nuclear capacity worldwide, which could then be exploited for centuries with the current stockpile of depleted and spent uranium. The energy potential of plutonium deteriorates with storage time of spent fuel and of separated plutonium, due to the decay of $^{241}Pu$, the best fissile isotope, into americium, a neutron absorber. The loss of fissile value of plutonium is more pronounced for usage in LWRs than in FBR. However, keeping the current plutonium inventory for an expected future deployment of FBRs is counterproductive. Recycling plutonium reduce the required volume for final disposal in an underground repository and the cost of final disposal. However, the benefits of utilizing an energy resource and of reducing final disposal liabilities are not the only aspects that determine the choice of a back-end policy.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제106권2호
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• pp.258-266
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 국가산림자원조사 자료와 수치임상도를 활용하여 무주군 지역 리기다소나무림의 추정된 탄소 저장량에 대한 공간분포도를 작성하고자 하였다. 국가산림자원조사 자료를 이용하여 바이오매스 추정식을 개발하기 위해서 수고, 임령, 흉고직경, 수관밀도와의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 수관밀도(0.74)인자가 가장 높은 양(+)의 상관성을 보였고, 다음으로는 수고(0.61)인자에서 높은 상관관계가 나타났다. 상관분석 결과를 기반으로 탄소 저장량 추정식을 도출한 후 수치임상도를 활용하여 추정된 탄소 저장량 공간지도를 작성하였다. 수관밀도와 수고를 적용하여 추정된 탄소 저장량을 산출한 결과, 평균 58.2 ton C/ha로 나타났으며 전북 무주지역 리기다소나무림의 지상부 총 탄소저장량은 430,963 C ton으로 추정되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.139-158
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• 2017

CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality Model) simulations were carried out to estimate the potential range of contributions on surface $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) with the gaseous precursors and Primary Particulate Matters(PPM) available from a recent national emissions inventory. In detail, on top of a base simulation utilizing the 2013 Clean Air Policy Supporting System (CAPSS) emission inventory, a set of Brute Force Method (BFM) simulations after reducing anthropogenic $NO_x$, $SO_2$, $NH_3$, VOCs, and PPM emissions released from area, mobile, and point sources in SMA by 50% were performed in turn. Modeling results show that zero-out contributions(ZOC) of $NH_3$ and PPM emissions from SMA are as high as $4{\sim}5{\mu}g/m^3$ over the region during the modeling period. On the contrary, ZOC of local $NO_x$ and $SO_2$ emissions to SMA $PM_{2.5}$ are less than $1{\mu}g/m^3$. Moreover, model analyses indicate that a wintertime $NO_x$ reduction at least up to 50% increases SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, probably due to increased HNO3 formation and conversion to aerosols under more abundant ozone and radical conditions after the $NO_x$ reduction. However, a nation-wide $NO_x$ reduction decreased SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations even during winter, which implies that nation-wide reductions would be more effective to curtail SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations than localized efforts.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.87-100
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• 2018

Fast economic growth and urbanization of China have been causing air pollution not only over its domestic but transboundary atmosphere. Recent high fine particle pollution episodes in China made the government move toward more stringent air pollution control policies - which are mostly fuel switching and emissions control. In this research, we tried to understand characteristics of Chinese emissions and their change by analyzing its emissions inventory by year, sector, and region. From the inter-comparison of existing bottom-up emission inventories, we found relatively good agreements (<20% difference) for $SO_2$ and $NO_x$, but 30% or more discrepancies for some pollutants. Inter-comparison with top-down $NO_x$ emissions estimates also showed 20~50% differences by year. The regional distribution and inter-annual changes of emissions revealed different stages of energy/fuel mix and policy penetration. Early increase of pollutants emissions in the eastern part of China might give strong influences to the Korean peninsular in early 2000s but, more stringent control in that region would help improving air pollution in Korea in near future.