• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.381-407
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop scale for the measurement of indirect traumatization occurred by social disaster and test their validity. To achieve this purpose, this study conduct a research through the following procedure. First, to develop the inventory, various responses of indirect traumatization occurred by social disaster were gathered from Korean adults participated in open questionnaire. 41 items were made. Second, exploratory factor analysis were performed and 21 items were selected in this step. The Indirect Trauma Scale of Social Disaster(ITSSD) consisted of 4 factors, each with 4-to-8 items, respectively. Four factors include ① private coping responses ② symptom responses ③ distrust responses of world ④ moral emotion cause of social perpetrators. Appropriate levels of reliability were established for the ITSSD. Third, Indirect Trauma Scale of Social Disaster was validated by confirmatory factor analysis, and 21 items were fixed. To 300 participants differed from development step, confirmatory factor analysis was performed. 4 factors structure derived from the exploratory analysis was appropriate. And 4 factors indicated reasonable fit index such as TLI(.913), CFI (.924) and RMSEA(.077). In addition, ITSSD identified a significant positive correlation with Posttrauma Risk Checklist, Korean Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-KYZ and negative with Acceptance-action Questionnaire-2. But that was unrelated to Forgiveness Trait Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale. Also the result showed that Women experienced high level of indirect trauma of social disaster than men.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2014

Objectives : Homocysteine has been associated with cognitive impairment and various psychiatric symptoms. This study was designed to examine the relationship exists between plasma homocysteine concentration and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia(BPSD). Methods : 41 subjects with dementia of Alzheimer's type were included in this study. We carried out history taking, physical examination, and cognitive assessment for the diagnosis of dementia of Alzheimer's type based on DSM-IV. We scored the Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE), Global Deterioration Scale(GDS), Clinical Dementia Rating(CDR), and the Korean Neuropsychiatric Inventory(K-NPI). We also measured levels of homocysteine, folate, and vitamin $B_{12}$ in the plasma. Results : We found statistically significant positive correlations between homocysteine concentration with NPI total score, and with scores of several sub-domains such as delusion, agitation/aggression, depression/dysphoria, and elation/euphoria. No significant correlation existed between homocysteine levels and scores of MMSE, GDS, and CDR. Conclusions : This study shows that plasma homocysteine levels are associated with BPSD. Further research is necessary to identify pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying these relationships.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2016

Background: This study was designed to assess serum vitamin D status (25-OHD) in the fibromyalgia (FM) patients and to compare it with a healthy control group. It also aimed to investigate the correlation of serum vitamin D level with FM symptom severity and invalidation experiences. Methods: A total of 74 consecutive patients with FM and 68 healthy control participants were enrolled. The eligible FM patients completed the Illness Invalidation Inventory (3*I), the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) and a short-form health survey (SF-12). Venous blood samples were drawn from all participants to evaluate serum 25-OHD levels. Mann-Whitney tests and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed and Spearman's correlations were calculated. Results: 88.4% of FM patients had low levels of serum 25-OHD. FM patients had significantly higher level of serum 25-OHD than the control group ($17.24{\pm}13.50$ and $9.91{\pm}6.47$ respectively, P = 0.0001). There were no significant correlations between serum 25-OHD levels and the clinical measures of disease impact, invalidation dimensions, and health status. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that an increased discounting of the disease by the patient's spouse was associated with a 4-fold increased risk for vitamin D deficiency (OR = 4.36; 95% CI, 0.95-19.87, P = 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that although high rates of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency were seen among FM patients and healthy non-FM participants, but it seems there was no intrinsic association between FM and vitamin D deficiency. Addressing of invalidation experience especially by the patient's spouse is important in management of FM.

• 재활복지
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.125-139
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to distinguish 3 concepts(capacity, capability, and performance) for the motor activities of children with cerebral palsy(CP) and examinate relation between capacity(can do in a standardized environment), capability(can do in daily environment), and performance(does do in daily environment). Cross-sectional analysis with a assessment record of children with CP (n=40; 19males, 21 females; mean age 6y 6mo, SD 3y 8mo) was performed. Levels of severity according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System(GMFCS) included level1(13%), level2(10%), level3(43%), level 4(33%), and level 5(3%). Motor activities capacity was assessed by the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66). Capability and performance were assessed using 2 scales(functional skill, caregiver assistance) of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory(PEDI). Correlations between capacity and capability was 0.811(p < .05), and between capability and performance were high(r=0.711, p < .05). And the correlation between capacity and performance is the lowest(r=0.711, p < .05). Motor performance levels are only partly reflected by the motor capacity and motor capability levels in children with CP. Because performance is influenced by Contextual factors (particularly, social factors such as family function). This study suggests that it is necessary to distinguish and evaluate the capacity, capability, and performance in children with cerebral palsy.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.167-184
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• 2011

This study has investigated how five peer status groups that were selected by a social skills scale exhibit different peer relationship problems by means of averages, standard deviations, and profile analysis. Social skills scale developed by Yi-Hwan Ahn(2007) and the inventory of peer relationships by Hae-Won Jung(2007) were administered to 551 fifth and sixth graders in 9 elementary schools located in Gyungnam province, and averages and standard deviations of 5 peer status groups' peer relationship problems were explored. Also in order to see if differences exist among 8 sub-scales in the inventory of peer relationships according to the peer status, an average profile of scores was represented by a graph and multivariate analysis was carried out. The main results of the study are as follows. First, statistical analysis of 551 cases included in the study showed the children were distributed into the Average group(319, 57.9%), the Popular group(111, 29.1%), the Rejected group(70, 12.9%), the Controversial group(41, 7.4%), and the Neglected group(10, 1.8%), in that order. Second, as a result of comparing average scores for each measure in the inventory of peer relationships according to the peer status group, a significant difference was found to exist according to a child's peer status. The Popular group showed the lowest scores in Too Controlling, Hard to be Supportive, the Cold, and Non-Assertive among the 5 peer status groups whereas the Rejected group showed the highest scores in Social Avoidant, Non-Assertive, and Too Responsible. Third, marked differences according to the peer status group were found. The Popular group showed the lowest profile among the peer status groups whereas the Rejected group had the highest profile. In the sub-scales of the peer relationship problems, the Rejected children showed a significantly higher level of Socially Avoidant and Non-Assertiveness in comparison to the Popular children, which implies the Popular children group has lower levels of peer relationship problems than the other groups.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-41
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• 1999

The perceived stress response inventory(PSRI) was developed to measure 4 types of current stress responses : emotional, somatic, cognitive, and behavioral responses. 242 patients with psychiatric disorders(71 patients with anxiety disorders, 73 patients with depressive disorders, 47 patients with somatoform disorders, 51 patients with psychosomatic disorders) and 215 healthy subjects completed the questionnaire including the PSRI. Global assessment of recent stress(GARS) scale, perceived stress questionnaire(PSQ) and symptom checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R) were also administered at the same time. Factor analysis for each of 4 types of stress responses yielded 8 factors : negative emotional responses, general somatic symptoms, specific somatic symptoms, lowered cognitive function and general negative thinking, self-depreciative thinking, impulsive-aggressive thinking, passive-responsive and careless behavior, and impulsive-aggressive behavior. Both test-restest reliability(r= .83 -.93) and internal consistency(Cronbach's alpha : .79 -.96 for each of 8 subscales and .98 for total items of the scale) were all at statistically significant levels. Total scores of the PSRI significantly correlated with total scores of GARS scale, PSQ, and global indicies of SCL-90-R, respectively. The patient group had significantly higher scores than healthy subjects in each of all the subscales except impulsive-aggressive behavior subscale. These results suggest that the PSRI is a reliable and valid tool stable over time which may be effectively used for the research in stress-related field including psychosomatic medicine.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of stress and personality on sleep patterns, and further, to identify potential correlations between stress and personality characteristics. Methods: A total of 174 healthy college students were subjects for this study. Participants filled out the Daily Stress Inventory before sleep and the Modified Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index after sleep on three consecutive days. They also filled out the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16-PF), BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) and STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Results: Minor stresses highly correlated with subjective sleep quality and symptoms of non-restorative sleep. However, total sleep time, sleep latency, awakening frequency, and frequency of dreams were not explained by stress scores. The O (guilty feeling), C (low ego strength) and Q4 (high anxiety) factors of the 16-PF also highly correlated with symptoms of non-restorative sleep and significantly affected sleep patterns. BDI and STAI scores also correlated with the above personality factors and minor stresses. Conclusion: This study showed that minor stresses impaired the restorative effects of sleep. Personality characteristics such as low ego strength, high levels of anxiety, and feelings of guilt were vulnerable to minor stresses. Minor stress, various personality characteristics, different coping patterns, and emotional response are highly correlated with each other and affect sleep patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.50-63
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• 1999

Introduction：Test anxiety is a pervasive problem among high school students in Korea. While anxiety in test situations may actually facilitate the performance of some students, more often it is disruptive and leads to performance decrements. Over the past years, many child psychiatrists have become concerned with understanding the nature of test anxiety, but it is not clearly understood yet. In order to understand the nature of test anxiety, the relationship between test anxiety and depression, state anxiety, trait anxiety, temperament and family environment were examined. Methods：The Test Anxiety Inventory, Chidlren's Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Temperamnet and Family Environment Scale Scale were administered to 576 high school students in Seoul. The relationships between test anxiety and other measures were tested using Pearson correlation coefficients and to test the causal relationship among the variables, regression analysis was performed. Results：The correlation coefficients between test anxiety and depression, state anxiety, trait anxiety, temperament and family environment scale were 0.42(p<0.01), 0.34(p<0.05), 0.38(p<0.05), 0.36(p<0.05) and -0.23(p<0.01), respectively. Regression analysis showed that only state and trait anxiety had direct causal relationship with test anxiety. Depression, temperament and family environment were indirecly related with test anxiety. Conclusions：This study indicates that the level of state and trait anxiety are directly related with test anxiety, and other variables such as temperament, family environment and depression are indirectly related with test anxiety. Thus, in order to develop the effective methods for treatment, these psychopathological characteristics should be kept in mind and the most important factors are the levels of state and trait anxiety.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe depression, caregiving burden and the correlation of the two variables in the families of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to clarify factors predicting caregiving burden. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 139 family members who provided care to patients with ALS. The characteristics of patients and families, Korean-Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI), Korean version of Zarit Burden Interview (K-ZBI) and Korean-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale - Revised (K-ALSFRS-R) were used as study measures. Results: The mean score for K-BDI was 19.39 out of 63 suggesting sub-clinical depression and 38.2% of the family members exhibited depression. The mean score for K-ZBI was 66.03 out of 88. The predictors for K-ZBI were K-BDI, age of family member, length of time spent per day in caring, relationship to patient and K-ALSFRS-R. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that levels of depression and caregiving burden are high among family members caring for patients with ALS. As depression is associated with caregiving burden, screening and emotional supports should be provided to reduce the burden of care for these family. Support programs to alleviate the care burden are also needed, considering family demographics, time per day in caring giving and K-ALSFRS-R.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify nutritional status, and relationships among malnutrition, depression and quality of life in patients with gynecologic cancer who were receiving chemotherapy. Methods: For this study a descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Participants were 111 women who were enrolled and agreed to undergo a face-to-face interviews including administration of the structured questionnaires: Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ), and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Results: Mean body mass index was 23.3 and mean body weight was 56.5 kg. Sixty-three (57%) of the 111 patients were malnourished according to the PG-SGA. The malnourished patients showed higher levels of depression and lower quality of life compared to the non-malnourished patients. In addition, malnutrition was associated with BMI level, depression, appetite and quality of life. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the prevalence of malnutrition is high and malnutrition in patients with gynecologic cancer influences depression and adversely affects the quality of life of these women. To improve the patient's quality of life, nutritional assessment and appropriate management is important to decrease malnutrition in patients with gynecologic cancer.