• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.33-37
• /
• 2012

One of the biggest challenges for the animal feed industry in the coming years will be to meet the growing demand in animal protein in light of increased cost of feed ingredient as well as tougher restrictions on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters imposed by consumers and governments. A key focus area will be to maximise feed efficiency and minimise nutrient waste. It has been widely acknowledged that the composition of the intestinal microflora is closely related to intestinal health and performance of animals. Advanced microbial techniques have shown a close relationship between bacterial communities and their ability to modulate nutrient absorption and processing. In addition it has been recognised that modulating the immune response has significant impact on overall health as well as overall nutrient demand. Molecular techniques are a useful tool to gain an understanding of the impact of dietary interventions including the use of functional feed additives on specific changes in microbial communities or the immune system. Most these techniques however focus on the evaluation of large changes in bacterial compositions and often underestimate or neglect to recognise small changes in microbial diversity or behaviour changes without any measurable immune response. The key to understanding the relationship between specific nutritional intervention and the impact on health and performance lies in a deeper understanding of the impact of these nutrients on the expression of specific genes or specific metabolic pathways. The development of molecular tools as a result of developments in the field of Nutrigenomics has enabled researchers to study the effects of specific nutrients on the whole genome or in other words, the effect of thousands of genes simultaneously, and has opened a completely different avenue for nutritional research.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.18-26
• /
• 2009

The survival of Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) infants has been improved with the advancement of neonatal intensive care. However, the incidence of accompanying gastrointestinal complications such as necrotizing enterocolitis has also been increasing. In intestinal perforation of the newborn, enterostomy with or without intestinal resection is a common practice, but there is no clear indication when to close the enterostomy. To determine the proper timing of enterostomy closure, the medical records of 12 VLBW infants who underwent enterostomy due to intestinal perforation between Jan. 2004 and Jul. 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Enterostomy was closed when patients were weaned from ventilator, incubator-out and gaining adequate body weight. Pre-operative distal loop contrast radiographs were obtained to confirm the distal passage and complete removal of the contrast media within 24-hours. Until patients reached oral intake, all patients received central-alimentation. The mean gestational age of patients was $26^{+2}$ wks ($24^{+1}{\sim}33^{+0}$ wks) and the mean birth weight was 827 g (490~1450 g). The mean age and the mean body weight at the time of enterostomy formation were 15days (6~38 days) and 888 g (590~1870 g). The mean body weight gain was 18 g/day (14~25 g/day) with enterostomy. Enterostomy closure was performed on the average of 90days (30~123 days) after enterostomy formation. The mean age and the mean body weight were 105 days (43~136 days) and 2487 g (2290~2970 g) at the time of enterostomy closure. The mean body weight gain was 22 g/day after enterostomy closure. Major complications were not observed. In conclusion, the growth in VLBW infants having enterostomy was possible while supporting nutrition with central-alimentation and the enterostomy can be closed safely when the patient's body weights is more than 2.3 kg.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권11호
• /
• pp.1797-1808
• /
• 2020

Objective: This study assessed the effects of probiotics on cecal microbiota, gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, and immune response in the cecal tonsil of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Methods: One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 240) were randomly allocated to four treatments: negative control (Cont), multi-strain probiotic-treated group (Pro), Salmonella-infected group (Sal), and multi-strain probiotic-treated and Salmonella-infected group (ProSal). All chickens except those in the Cont and Pro groups were gavaged with 1×10⁸ cfu/mL of S. enterica subsp. enterica 4 days after hatching. Results: Our results indicated that body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of birds were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by Salmonella challenge. Chickens challenged with Salmonella decreased cecal microbial diversity. Chickens in the Sal group exhibited abundant Proteobacteria than those in the Cont, Pro, and ProSal groups. Salmonella infection downregulated gene expression of Occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO1), and Mucin 2 in the jejunum and Occludin and Claudin in the ileum. Moreover, the Sal group increased gene expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF) and reduced levels of transforming growth factor-β4 and IL-10 compared with the other groups (p<0.05). However, chickens receiving probiotic diets increased Lactobacillaceae abundance and reduced Enterobacteriaceae abundance in the ceca. Moreover, supplementation with probiotics increased the mRNA expression of Occludin, ZO1, and Mucin 2 in the ileum (p<0.05). In addition, probiotic supplementation downregulated the mRNA levels of IFN-γ (p<0.05) and LITAF (p = 0.075) and upregulated IL-10 (p = 0.084) expression in the cecal tonsil. Conclusion: The administration of multi-strain probiotics modulated intestinal microbiota, gene expression of tight junction proteins, and immunomodulatory activity in broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권8호
• /
• pp.1352-1359
• /
• 2020

Objective: Lactobacilli in rabbit intestine is rare and its function in rabbit gut health is not fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate in vivo the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus casei for suckling rabbits. Methods: Two healthy 5-day-old suckling rabbits with similar weights from each of 12 New Zealand White litters were selected and disturbed to control group and treatment group. All rabbits were artificially fed. The treatment group had been supplemented with live Lactobacillus casei in the milk from the beginning of the trial to 13 days of age. At 15 days of age, healthy paired rabbits were slaughtered to collect intestinal samples. Results: i) Oral administration of Lactobacillus casei significantly increased the proportion of Lactobacilli in the total intestinal bacteria (p<0.01) and obviously reduced that of Escherichia-Shigella (p<0.01); ii) treatment increased the length of vermiform appendix (p<0.05); iii) a higher percentage of degranulated paneth cells was observed in the duodenum and jejunum when rabbits administered with Lactobacillus casei (p<0.01); and iv) the expression of toll-like receptor 9, lysozyme (LYZ), and defensin-7-like (DEFEN) in the duodenum and jejunum was stimulated by supplemented Lactobacillus casei (p<0.05). Conclusion: Orally administered Lactobacillus casei could increase the abundance of intestinal Lactobacilli, decrease the relative abundance of intestinal Escherichia-Shigella, promote the growth of appendix vermiform, stimulate the degranulation of paneth cells and induce the expression of DEFEN and LYS. The results of the present study implied that Lactobacillus casei exhibited probiotic potential for suckling rabbits.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.358-361
• /
• 2008

미나리(Oenanthe stolonifera) 발효액이 장내 병원성 미생물과 유익균의 생육, 그리고 장내 세균효소에 미치는 영향을 in vitro 에서 조사하였다. 고상 배지 (Agar plate) 에서의 clear zone 형성에 의한 생육저해를 측정한 결과, Vibro, Salmonella 등의 유해 미생물에 대해서 강한 생육저해 효과를 보였으며 Bifidobacterium longum 에 대해서는 생육저해 효과가 크지 않았다. 액체배지에서의 최소저해농도(MIC) 측정에서도 고장배지에서와 같은 경향을 보여 상대적으로 B. longum 에 대한 생육저해가 가장 적었다. 발효 기간에 따른 영향을 보면 발효 기간이 길수록 적은 양으로도 유해한 균들의 생육을 잘 저해할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 장내 세균 효소인 ${\beta}$-glucuronidase와 tryptophanase의 활성에 대해 미나리 발효액은 발효하지 않은 액에 비해 저해효과가 컸으며 발효기간이 길수록 저해효과도 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과로서 미나리 발효액은 유해세균에 대한 생육저해능이 크고 상대적으로 유익균인 B. longum에 대한 저해는 적어, 음용 시 정장 효과가 있을 것으로 추정된다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권3_spc호
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2021

Phytobiotics, also known as phytochemicals or phytogenics, have a wide variety of biological activities and have recently emerged as alternatives to synthetic antibiotic growth promoters. Numerous studies have reported the growth-promoting effects of phytobiotics in chickens, but their precise mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated. Phytobiotics are traditionally known for their antioxidant activity. However, extensive investigations have shown that these compounds also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and transcription-modulating effects. Phytobiotics are non-nutritive constituents, and their bioavailability is low. Nonetheless, their beneficial effects have been observed in several tissues or organs. The health benefits of the ingestion of phytobiotics are attributed to their antioxidant activity. However, several studies have revealed that not all these benefits could be explained by the antioxidant effects alone. In this review, I focused on the bioavailability of phytobiotics and the possible mechanisms underlying their overall effects on intestinal barrier functions, inflammatory status, gut microbiota, systemic inflammation, and metabolism, rather than the specific effects of each compound. I also discuss the possible mechanisms by which phytobiotics contribute to growth promotion in chickens.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.301-313
• /
• 2010

Growth promoters including hormonal substances and antibiotics are used legally and illegally in food producing animals for the growth promotion of livestock animals. Hormonal substances still under debate in terms of their human health impacts are estradiol-$17\beta$, progesterone, testosterone, zeranol, trenbolone, and melengestrol acetate (MGA). Many of the risk assessment results of natural steroid hormones have presented negligible impacts when they are used under good veterinary practices. For synthetic hormonelike substances, ADIs and MRLs have been established for food safety along with the approval of animal treatment. Small amounts of antibiotics added to feedstuff present growth promotion effects via the prevention of infectious diseases at doses lower than therapeutic dose. The induction of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and the disruption of normal human intestinal flora are major concerns in terms of human health impact. Regulatory guidance such as ADIs and MRLs fully reflect the impact on human gastrointestinal microflora. However, before deciding on any risk management options, risk assessments of antimicrobial resistance require large-scale evidence regarding the relationship between antimicrobial use in food-producing animals and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens. In this article, the risk profiles of hormonal and antibacterial growth promoters are provided based on recent toxicity and human exposure information, and recommendations for risk management to prevent human health impacts by the use of growth promoters are also presented.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제39권11호
• /
• pp.1587-1594
• /
• 2010

본 실험은 인진쑥의 용매 분획물에 대하여 항균활성을 검색하였다. 이에 따라 가장 항균활성이 좋은 인진쑥의 클로로포름 분획물을 가지고 항균활성실험을 진행하였고, 기능성 물질인 페놀류의 함량 정도에 따라 항균활성을 보여주는 지에 대하여 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 분석하였고, in vivo 실험을 통하여 장내미생물 균총의 변화를 확인하였다. 인진쑥 에탄올 추출물을 헥산, 클로로포름, 에틸아세테이트, 부탄올로 분획하여 용매 분획물을 가지고 항균활성을 검색한 결과, paper disc agar diffusion법에서 장내유해균인 C. perfringens, C. difficile, E. limosum 및 B. fragilis 모두가 다른 용매 분획물들에 비해 클로로포름 분획물에서 생육 억제환의 크기가 가장 크게 생성되었다. 장내유익균인 B. bifidum, L. acidophilus는 인진쑥의 헥산, 클로로포름, 에틸아세테이트, 부탄올, 물 분획물에서 억제환이 생성되지 않은 결과를 보여주었다. 동물실험 결과, 인진쑥 추출물은 일반식이군에 비하여 비만식이군에서 장내유해균을 억제하고 장내 유익균을 증진시키는 결과를 보여주었다. 상기 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, 인진쑥 추출물은 장내 유해균은 억제시키고, 장내 유익균은 증식시키거나 별다른 영향을 주지 않는 결과, 인체 장내 균총 조성을 바람직한 방향으로 개선시켜 장내 기능을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대되고 인진쑥 추출물의 장내유해세균에 대한 항균효과를 확인함으로써 장내균총 개선을 위한 기능성식품으로 활용할 가치가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.455-468
• /
• 2023

본 연구에서는 메밀 새싹 추출물의 비피더스균과 락토바실러스균 증식에 미치는 영향, 항염증 효과 및 관련 생리활성 물질의 분석을 통해 프리바이오틱스 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 평가하였다. 메밀 새싹 추출물을 10종의 프로바이오틱스에 첨가하여 각각 배양하였을 때, 대조군보다 pH 값이 낮아지고, 생균수는 증가하였다. 쓴메밀 새싹 추출물을 Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis BT1에 첨가하여 배양한 실험군의 생균수는 8.61×10⁸ CFU/mL로 증식 효과가 가장 뛰어났다. 메밀 새싹 추출물을 10종의 프로바이오틱스에 첨가한 다음 LPS로 유도하였을 때, 세포독성에 대한 보호 효과와 NO, PGE₂ 발현에서도 유의적인 억제 효과를 보여 우수하였다. 특히, 비피더스균 중 BT1에서 NO 생성량이 29.5 mM로 가장 낮았으며, 락토바실러스균 중에서는 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LPC5에서 30.6 mM로 NO 생성량이 매우 낮아 항염증 효과가 있었다. 이상의 결과는 루틴, 퀘세틴 및 콜린 등 다양한 생리활성 물질을 가진 메밀 새싹 추출물이 특정 배양액에서 염증 관련 지표인 NO 생성 및 PGE₂ 생성량 억제에 효과가 있음을 나타내는 것으로 메밀이 장내 유익균 증식과 염증 조절에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제48권4호
• /
• pp.454-458
• /
• 2015

This study compared the effects of dietary supplementation of citrus by-product (CBP) and CBP fermented with Bacillus subtilis (F-CBP) on growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal histology and innate immunity of red seabream Pagrus major with three commercial immune-boosting products. The six experimental diets were supplemented with L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (LAPP; the control diet), CBP or F-CBP at a concentration of 100 mg vitamin C equivalent/kg diet or one of three commercial immune boosters. The Experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of 17 fish (initial body weight, 116 g) for 8 weeks. The water temperature during the feeding trial was maintained at $13-15^{\circ}C$. Growth and feed utilization did not differ significantly among the six dietary treatments, nor did the phagocytic activity, superoxide dismutase or total immunoglobulin concentrations. However, myeloperoxidase activity was significantly higher in the CBP groups. For the intestinal histology, the intestine diameter, villi and enterocyte heights and number of goblet cells did not differ significantly among groups. Therefore, CBP or F-CBP can be used as a valuable eco-friendly byproduct in diets for fishes including red seabream to maintain their normal growth and health.