• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제11권
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• pp.109-152
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• 2007

20세기 미니멀리즘으로부터 시작된 후기미술은 그린버그적인 시각의 순수성과 자율성에 대한 비판으로 시각예술에서 재현과 시각 중심주의에서 비롯된 형식논리를 문제시하게 되고, 시각을 다른 감각들이나 신체, 삶 현실, 역사 등과 분리되어 존재할 수 있다는 것을 부정한다. 이런 관점에서 본 연구는 시각(Vision) 혹은 시지각(Visuality)을 신체와 결부시켜 시각의 신체성의 가능성을 회화 공간 속에서 드러난 표현을 통해 구체적으로 찾아보고, 시지각과 신체의 상호작용성을 검토하여 지각과 그 회화적 표현에 있어서의 신체적 역할을 강조하는 것에서 출발한다. 이러한 신체성은 남성적 시각중심주의에 대해 페미니즘에서는 여성적 신체성, 즉 물질성, 촉각성 등의 공감각적 감각의 세계를 강조하며, 후기 미술의 파편적 특성은 통일성과 게슈탈트를 지향하는 시각중심주의에 대한 해체를 지향하고 있고, 참조와 파스티쉬 역시 시각의 순수성과 통일성을 부인하는 경호에서 나온 것이라고 할 수 있다. 특히 과정을 중시하는 프로세스 아트가 성행한다든지, 무정형 (formless), 혹은 앱젝트 미술(Abject Art)이 등장한다든지 하는 것은 바로 시각중심주의를 허물고 거기에 신체성, 즉 행위와 물질성을 도입하려는 움직임으로 이해될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 대지미술이나 설치미술 등은 적극적으로 관람자의 신체의 개입을 요구하게 되고, 실제적 공간과 환경 속에서 시시각각 변하는 지각을 경험하게 한다. 이렇듯 현대미술은 의식적 공간보다는 실제 공간으로, 순수기호적인 공간보디는 신체적 느낌의 공간으로, 눈이 만들어낸 공간보다는 손의 행위와 물질이 만들어 내는 공간으로, 통일적 공간보다는 혼연하며 애매한 공간으로, 혹은 시각적으로 거리를 두는 공간보다는 신체적으로 상호 얽히는 공간으로의 전환을 보여준다. 지각과 신체에 관한 이론적인 배경을 제공해 준 사람은 프랑스의 현상학자 메를로 퐁티(M. Merleau-Ponty)이며, 구체적인 작업으로 길을 예시한 사람들은 프랭크 스텔라(Frank Stella)와 프란시스 베이컨(Francis Bacon)이다. 메를로 퐁티는 후설과는 다르게 세계인식의 근원적 토대로써 명증한 의식보다는 혼연하며 애매한 지각과 그 배경으로서 신체를 내세웠는데, 이는 할 포스터 등이 말하듯 미니멀리즘의 현상학적 배경이 되면서 또한 모더니즘의 논리에 반기를 드는 후기미술에 적합한 이론적 배경을 제공해 준다. 메를로 퐁티의 $\ulcorner$지각의 현상학$\lrcorner$은 지각의 근원성과 그 신체적 배경에 관한 중요한 이론으로 지각에 있어서 신체의 작용과 특징에 대한 논의는 시각예술에 적용될 때 지각의 신체론의 회화적 함의를 설명해 줄 수 있는 근거가 되었다. 또한 메를로 퐁티의 존재론적 회화론은 신체적 표현성과 화가의 회화적 표현에 대한 구체성을 확보하기 위해 주목되었으며, 그는 세잔의 회화를 살의 존재론으로 설명하고 있는데, 이를 통해 회화의 신체적 존재론적 측면 역시 검토될 것이다. 스텔라의 경우, 70년대 이후의 작품들이 전기 작업과는 다른 경향을 보여주는 것, 이를테면 틀의 해체, 탈중심적 공간표현, 역동적이며 혼합적인 표현, 중첩에 의한 실재 공간의 허용 등이 지각의 신체성을 용인하는 쪽으로의 전향이라고 판단되었으며, 베이컨의 경우, 회화적 구조, 즉 형상(figure), 삼변화, 아플라, 우연에 의한 제작방식 등이 메를로 퐁티의 살(la chair)적인 상호교착(chiasme)의 논리를 잘 보여준다고 이해되었다. 본 연구는 먼저 현대 미술의 흐름에서 시지각과 신체의 상호작용, 혹은 신체성의 개입에 대한 변화를 확언하기 위하여 지각과 신체의 위치를 모더니즘, 미니멀리즘, 후기미니멀리즘, 그 이후의 미술이라는 사적인 흐름의 큰 틀 속에서 살펴보았으며, 이를 지각과 신체에 관한 담론과 연결시켰다. 이에 대한 근거로 지각에 관한 이론적 배경을 먼저 살펴보았는데, 지각심리학 중에서도 지각의 신체성에 대한 과학적인 논의를 제공해주는 형태심리학적 논의들을 다루고, 이어 형태심리학을 주로 시각예술의 차원에서 예시해 보여주었던 루돌프 아른하임의 논의를 다루었다. 또한 신체와 시지각의 상호작용 분석을 위한 사례로, 신체지각적인 요소를 적극 도입하고 있는 후기 스텔라와 베이컨의 회화를 중심으로 시각의 신체성의 문제를 예시하며 해석하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서는 신체성과 관련하여 봄의 문제를 규정지으려는 작업들, 신체의 축적으로서의 신체의 역할, 신체의 배경으로서의 현실적, 일상적 삶과의 결부로부터 회화적 표현 가능성을 모색하고 그 위상변화를 확언하고자 한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2006

배경 폐동맥폐쇄와 주대동맥폐동맥혈관부행지를 동반한 활로씨사징증은 다양한 폐혈류공급원과 혈관 발달의 이상을 동반한 복잡한 질환이다. 이 환자들은 전통적으로 완전교정수술전에 다단계의 폐혈류 단일화술을 시행 받아 왔다. 본 연구에서는 최근의 치료전략의 변화에 대하여 본원에서 치료 방법과 그 결과를 고찰하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년 7월부터 2004년 8월까지 본원에서 이 질환으로 수술받은 23명을 대상으로 하였다. 치료전략으로서 조기 교정, 정중 절개를 통한 접근을 원칙으로 하였고 자주 심도자 검사를 시행하여 폐동맥과 혈류역동학적 상태를 평가하였으며 필요시 적극적으로 풍선 확장술을 시행하였다. 최초 수술에 따라 일단계 완전교정술군(I군), 우심실-폐동맥 도관 연결술과 단일화술을 동시 시행(일단계 단일화술)한 군(II군), 우심실-폐동맥 도관 연결술만 시행한 군(III군)의 3군으로 나눌 수 있었으며 이 환아들에 있어서 군별 형태학적 특징과 사망률, 완전교정술 가능성 등을 비교하였고, 술 후 합병증, 추적결과, 사인에 대하여 분석하였다. 결과: 각 군의 최초 수술 당시 평균연령은 각각 $13.9{\pm}16.0$개월(I군), $10.4{\pm}15.6$개월(II군), $7.9{\pm}7.7$개월(III군)이었다. 1명의 환아에서 심낭 내 폐동맥이 존재하지 않으면서 좌우폐동맥의 연결이 없었고, 22명의 환아에서 좌우폐동맥이 연결되어 있었다. 풍선 확장술은 평균 1.3회로 최대 6회까지 시행되었다. 최초 수술에 따른 수술 사망은 4예가 있었고 완전교정술 후 뇌출혈에 의한 만기사망 1예가 있었다. 각 군별 수술 사망률은 각각 25.0% (1/4: I군), 20.0% (2/10: II군), 12.2% (1/9: III군)였으며 사망원인으로서는 저산소증 2예, 저심박출 증 1예, 급성 심정지 1예였다. 술 후 합병증으로는 횡격막신경마비가 2예, 경련이 1예에서 있었다. 최종적으로 완전교정술로 도달한 환자는 10명으로 각 군별 도달률은 각각 I군 75% (3/4), II군 20% (2/10), III군 55.6% (5/9)였으며 심실중격결손을 완전히 막지 못한 경우는 II군에서 2명, III군에서 1명 이었다. 결론: 폐동맥폐쇄와 주대동맥폐동맥부행혈관을 동반한 활로씨사징증에 있어 최초 술식으로 정중절개를 통한 우심실-폐동맥 도관삽입술은 비교적 낮은 위험도로 시행할 수 있으며 풍선확장술의 추가적 시술을 통해 높은 완전교정술 도달률을 얻었다. 적응이 되는 환자에서 선택적으로 일단계 완전교정술 또는 일단계 단일화술을 시행하여 완전교정술의 도달 가능성을 높일 수 있겠다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.93-111
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• 1996

The purpose of the study is to identify the lived experience of mothers who have children with cerebral palsy in order to understand their agony. Moreover, the result of study was to find some nursing intervention for disabled children and their mothers. For this purpose, ten mothers who are willing to cooperate with this research were selected at random from those who have children with the cerebral palsy, currently using the municipal facilities for the handicapped with cerebral malfunction. Data collection was done from October 4, 1994 th December 31, 1994. The data were collected by asking the mothers mentioned above with some unstructured open-ended questions, recorded on the tapes with permission by the interviewee in order to prevent missing of the interviewed contents. These collected data have been substantiated and properly analyzed on the basis of phenomenological approach initiated by Colaizzi's method. The results and validity are proved to be credible by means of the individual checking of the interviewed mothers. The results of this study are as follows : 1. When the mother is first informed of the diagnosis of cerebral palsy on her child, she usually misses the crucial timing needed for proper treatment of the child's disorder because she is notified through the doctor's indifference and his apparently inactive, matter-of-fact attitude. At first she suspects the doctor's diagnosis and tries to attribute it to the unknown cause from a certain genetic problem and then she quickly wants to deny the whole situation that her child is really suffering from the cerebral palsy. The reality is too much for her to accept as it is and she would not believe her child is abnormal. Therefore, she even attempts depend on the power of God for its solution. 2. The mother, who goes thorough this kind of uncommon experiences, is totally devoted to the treatment and care of the child and completely ignores her own life and happiness. At the same time, she feels sorry for her other normal children she believes having not enough care and concern. Also, she feels sorry for the sick child when the child's brothers or sisters show special concern for the patient out of sympathy. It is sorry and not satisfied for her that the child is growing with abnormality and neighbor other around have inappropriate attitudes. Likewise, she is discontent with her husband's lack of concern about the child's treatment. She believes that the health care system in this society isn't fulfilling its due purpose. In the state of her utmost distress and anxiety, she always feels the need of competent consultants, and is angry about that her child is treated as an abnormal being, she is trying to hide the child from other people and to make him or her disappear, if possible. Although she doesn't have harmonious relation with her husband, she id happy when he shows his affection for the child and she feels relieved and thankful when the relatives don't mention about the child's condition Since the child's overall status of health is continuously in unstable conditions, requiring her all-time readiness for an emergency, she feels guilty of her child's illness toward the fEmily members as if it was her own fault to have borne such an abnormal child and she feels responsible for the child morally and financially if necessary Because her life is centered on taking care of the child, she cannot afford to enjoy her own life and happiness. She is a lonely mother, fatigued, with no proper relationship with other people around her. With this sense of guilt and responsibility as a mother of an unusual disease, she has no choice but to grieve her destiny from which she is not allowed to escape. 3. Nevertheless, the mother with the child suffering from the cerebral palsy does not easily give up the hope of getting her child cured and she believes that in the long run, though slower than hoped, her abnormal son or daughter will be eventually cured to become a normal sibling someday. This kind of hope is sustained by the mother's strong faith coming from observing the progress of other similar children getting better. Sometimes she is encouraged to have this faith by other mothers who share the same painful experiences, believing that her child will improve even more rapidly than others with the same palsy. Full of hope, she painstakingly waits for the child's healing. Moreover, she plans to have another child. she thinks that the patient child's brothers and sisters only can truly understand and look after the patients. However, when she notices that the progress of other children under the treatment does not look so hopeful, she is distressed by the thoughts that her child may never get well. Too, she is worried that the patient's brother or sister will be born as the same invalid with the cerebral disease. She is discouraged to have another baby as much as she is encouraged to. She is also troubled by the thought that in case she has another baby, she will have to be forced. to neglect the patient child, especially when she does have an extra hand or some reliable person to help her with taking care of the patient.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2010

부산 사하구내 경로당과 D 노인대학을 이용하는 65세 이상 노인의 고혈압과 당뇨병에 대한 실태를 비교 조사하여 이를 바탕으로 노인의 구강건강행태 이론을 개발하도록 돕고 보다 전문화된 구강건강행위 전략 구축을 위한 하나의 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 설문도구는 인구사회학적 특성, 건강행태, 건강검진, 고혈압 실태, 당뇨병 실태, 삶의 질(EQ5D) 문항으로 구성하였다. 2009년 8월 중순에서 9월 중순까지 약 한 달 동안 사하구내 경로당 10곳과 D 노인대학을 직접 방문하여 설문내용을 자세히 읽어드리고 협조에 응해주시는 65세 이상인 경로당 노인 100명과 D 노인대학 학생 74명으로 총 174명을 대상으로 자료수집 하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 12.0을 이용하여 빈도분석, 교차분석을 통한 ${\chi}^2$검정, 독립표본 t 검정을 하였다. 연구결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 건강검진관련 항목 중 최근 1년 동안 혈압을 한번이라도 측정한 경우가 94.8%로 높았으며, 최근 1년 동안 혈당을 측정한 경우도 91.4%로 높게 나타났다. 건강관련 정보 취득원의 경우 경로당 노인은 방송을 통해서가 50.0%, 노인대학 노인은 전문가 강좌 및 상담이 64.8%로 약간 높게 나타났다(p < 0.05). 2. 고혈압인 경우가 32.2%로 나타났으며, 최초 고혈압 발견은 병원 진료 시 83.9%로 가장 많았다(p < 0.05). 고혈압 진단 장소는 병의원 50.0%로 나타났으며(p < 0.05), 고혈압을 진단받은 시기는 5년 이하 50.0%로 가장 많게 나타났다(p < 0.05). 정기적 혈압점검은 월 1회 이상 76.8%로 가장 많았고(p < 0.05), 혈압조절여부에서는 잘 조절된다가 75.0%로 가장 높게 나타났다(p < 0.05). 혈압약 복용은 경로당 노인은 매일 복용함이 85.7%로 가장 많았으며 노인대학 노인은 매일 복용하지 않는 것으로 나타났다(p < 0.05). 3. 당뇨병인 경우가 14.4%로 나타났으며, 당뇨병 최초 발견은 병원 진료 시 80.0%로 나타났다(p < 0.05). 개인용 혈당측정기 보유에서는 아니오가 64.0%로 약간 높게 나타났다(p < 0.05). 4. 삶의 질의 측정 항목 중 운동능력에서 경로당과 노인대학 노인 모두 걷는데 지장이 없다가 62.7%로 많았으며, 두 군을 비교해 보면 경로당 노인이 노인대학 노인보다 걷는데 다소 지장이 있는 분들이 조금 더 많았다(p < 0.05). 통증과 불편여부에서는 경로당 노인은 다소 통증이나 불편감이 있다가 다소 많았으며 노인대학 노인은 통증이나 불편감이 없다가 조금 더 많게 나타났다(p < 0.05). 5. 경로당과 노인대학 노인의 오늘 건강상태를 비교한 결과 노인대학 노인이 경로당 노인보다 유의하게 높은 건강상태를 나타냈다(p < 0.05). 이상의 결과에서 대체로 경로당 노인들보다 노인대학 노인들이 건강상태가 비교적 양호하였으며 삶의 질의 항목인 걷는데 지장이 없다와 불안/우울하지 않다라고 생각하는 것이 더 많았으나, 고혈압, 당뇨관리는 경로당과 노인대학 노인 둘 다 어느 정도 잘 되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 노인의 삶의 질을 향상시키기 위해서 건강행태 및 고혈압·당뇨병 등 주요 질환관리 실태를 기초로 다양한 구강보건교육 및 구강건강증진 프로그램을 개발하여 노인 개개인에게 맞춤형 치과 의료서비스를 제공하여야 한다는 점에서 현재 본 대학에서 실시하고 있는 노인대학 구강건강관리프로그램 운영이 노인의 구강건강행위 실천에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 생각된다. 이번 실태조사에서 노인대학 노인중 고혈압 환자와 당뇨 환자의 수가 적었다는 제한점을 보여 신뢰성 있는 결론을 도출하는 데는 한계가 있다고 생각하나 후속연구에서 보다 많은 대상환자를 확보하고 체계적인 실태조사가 이뤄진다면 그 결과가 노인의 구강건강증진을 위한 프로그램 계획시 필요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 생각한다.

• 한국유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국유통학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.383-405
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• 2005

재래시장은 지역의 중심지적인 특성과 문화적인 특성이 고스란히 반영된 지역 거점지이며 인근 지역주민의 상거래라는 1차적 장소적 기능과 사회문화적 측면의 상호 정보문화교류, 커뮤니티 공간 형성으로 유통의 집객시설과 집적시설로서 중요한 역할과 기능을 하고 있다. 5인 이하 가족 단위의 생계형으로 취급상품, 구입방범, 판매방식 등이 전근대적인 경영기법을 통해 한국의 대표적 소매업태로서의 역할을 해오고 있다. 1990년대 이후 신유통업태와 대형할인점 진출로 인해 재래시장은 급격한 경쟁력 상실과 소비자들의 생활수준의 향상, 구매패턴의 변화, 인터넷의 급속한 확산 등 외부적인 유통 환경변화에서 경쟁력을 상실하고 설 자리를 잃어가고 있다. 정부의 지역경제 활성화와 국민경제의 발전 측면에서 고령화된 재래시장에 대한 대책 중 정부의 예산지원 정책으로 환경개선사업, 연구용역, 경영현대화중심의 국고지원 사업은 2001년부터 2004년까지 총 3,853억원의 국고가 지원되었으나 활성화 사업의 실효성에는 아직 정확히 나타나고 있지 않은 상황으로 조사되었다. 또한 지원사업을 추진함에 있어 시장상인리더들의 전문성결여로 종합적인 추진전략과 중장기적 계획수립 및 자발적인 상인들의 합의점 유도 반감으로 지속적인 사업추진방향에 한계점을 나타냈다. 재래시장이 단순히 물건을 사고파는 물리적인 장소적 의미에서 벗어나 새로운 지역 장소적 생활공간으로 커뮤니티적 접근을 통한 장소적 창조전략이 필요하다. 이에 시대적 패러다임 변화에 따른 새로운 사업 방향 전환을 통해 재래시장의 장소적 기능 도입을 동해 문화적 경제적 의미를 지닌 공간으로 재조명을 동해 발전방향을 제시하고자 한다. 재래시장은 지역 기반으로 한 지역생활자들과 자연스럽게 커뮤니티를 상호 형성하고 정보와 지식 공유를 통해 부 창출 공간으로 재생되어야 할 것이다 재래시장이 부 창출 공간으로 재생하려면 시대적 장소적 환경에 맞는 시설과 교류활동을 통찬 상호신뢰구축 활동 속에서 고객이 원하는 방향으로 영업환경도 변화하여야 하며, 지역단위 중심 영국의 TCM, 미국의 BID, 일본의 TMO 등 해외 벤치마킹을 통한 단위 시장상가 점포단위의 점(點)정책에서 선(線)단위의 상가로 환경사업과 거시적인 지역단위중심인 면(面) 정책적 접근을 통한 커뮤니티적인 발상 전환이 필요하다. 국내외 사례비교 분석을 통해 사회적 정책수요 발굴과 기존의 추진방법에 대한 선진사례 연구를 통한 NPO, NGO 등의 시민기업가와 이를 수행키 위한 혁신성과 전문성조정능력을 갖춘 리더자 양성이 무엇보다 중요하다. 특히 지역자원 활용 소스 중심의 문화관린 산업의 seeds 발굴과 향토상품의 상품화와 네트워크 조직망 구축을 위한 지역중심의 복합 생활문화 공간이 필요할 것이며, 이를 촉진키 위한 mentor academy시스템 접근을 통해 점점 고령화되어 가고 있는 재래시장에 대해 차별적 특성이 반영된 종합적이고 체계적 접근 방법연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.202-209
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• 2008

배경: 약물용출 스텐트의 출현으로 관상동맥우회술은 급격하게 위축되고 있으며, 이러한 현상은 관상동맥우회술이 일차적 치료법인 다혈관 관상동맥질환에도 적용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 약물용출 스텐트의 출현이 관상동맥우회술에 미치는 영향을 분석하고(1단계), 다혈관 관상동맥질환 환자에서 관상동맥우회술과 약물용출 스텐트시술 후 1년 추적 임상 결과를 비교하였다(2단계). 대상 및 방법: 약물용출 스텐트의 출현이 관상동맥우회술에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 본 병원에 약물용출 스텐트가 도입되기 전인 2001년 3월부터 2003년 2월까지 2년간 심폐바이패스를 사용하지 않고 관상동맥 우회술을 시행한 환자(n=298)와, 약물용출 스텐트의 사용이 활발해진 2003년 7월부터 2005년 6월까지 2년간 심폐바이패스를 사용하지 않고 관상동맥우회술을 시행한 환자(n=298)를 비교하였다(1단계). 관상동맥우회술과 약물용출 스텐트시술의 단기 임상 성적을 비교하기 위해, 2003년 3월부터 2004년 6월 사이에 약물용출 스텐트를 시행받은 환자(n=220)와, 약물용출 스텐트 도업 전후 2002년 3월부터 2004년 3월 사이에 관상동맥우회술을 시행받은 환자(n=255)를 대상으로 각각 1년 추적 관찰 후, 심근 경색의 발생, 심장 관련 사망의 빈도, 표적혈관 재관류율 등에 대하여 비교하였다(2단계). 결과: 약물용출 스텐트의 도입 이후, 경피적 관상동맥중재술 대비 관상동맥우회술의 비율이 감소하였으며, 관상동맥우회술군에서 대상 환자들의 고령화(62세 vs. 64세, p=0.023), 만성신부전 (4% vs 9%, p=0.021), 상행대동맥의 석회화 (9% vs. 15%, p=0.043) 등을 동반한 고위험군의 환자 빈도의 증가, 그리고 준응급 및 응급수술의 빈도(12% vs. 22%, p=0.002)가 증가 등이 관찰되었다. 하지만 이전과 비교하였을 때 수술 관련 사망 및 문합부위의 개존률에는 변화가 없었다(1단계). 1년 추적 기간 중 표적혈관 재관류율은 약물용출 스텐트시술 후가 관상동맥우회술보다 높았으며(12.3% vs. 2.4%, p<0.001), 이로 인하여 주요 심장사건(사망, 심근경색, 표적혈관 재관류율) 역시 약물용출 스텐트시술 후가 관상동맥우회술보다 증가하였다(13.6% vs. 4.3%, p<0.001). 하지만 표적혈관 재관류율을 제외 한 심장 관련 사망 및 섬근 경색의 빈도는 각각 1달과 1년 추적 결과 두 군간의 유의한 차이를 보이 지 않았다(2단계). 결론: 약물용출 스텐트의 출현 이후 관상동맥우회술을 시행받는 환자들의 동반질환 빈도가 증가하였다. 단기 추적 관찰 결과, 약물용출 스텐트의 시술 후 표적혈관 재관류율이 증가하였으며, 주요 심장사건의 발생이 증가하였으나, 심근 경색의 발생 및 사망률은 관상동맥우회술과 비슷한 조기 임상결과를 보였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.65-87
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• 1981

The study is aimed at exploring concept held by clinical nurses of nursing. The data were collected from 225 nurses conviniently selected from the population of nurses working in Kang Won province. Findings include. 1) Nurse's Qualification. The respondents view that specialized knowledge is more important qualification of the nurse. Than warm personality. Specifically, 92.9% of the respondents indicated specialized knowledge as the most important qualification while only 43.1％ indicated warm personality. 2) On Nursing Profession. The respondents view that nursing profession as health service oriented rather than independent profession specifically. This suggests that nursing profession is not consistentic present health care delivery system nor support nurses working independently. 3) On Clients of Nursing Care The respondents include patients, family and the community residents in the category of nursing care. Specifically, 92.0％ of the respondents view that patient is the client, while only 67.1％ of nursing student and 74.7％ of herself. This indicates the lack of the nurse's recognition toward their clients. 4) On the Priority of Nursing care. Most of the respondents view the clients physical psychological respects as important component of nursing care but not the spiritual ones. Specially, 96.0% of the respondents indicated the physical respects, 93% psychological ones, while 64.1% indicated the spiritual ones. This means the lack of comprehensive conception on nursing aimension. 5) On Nursing Care. 91.6% of the respondents indicated that nursing care is the activity decreasing pain or helping to recover illness, while only 66.2% indicated earring out the physicians medical orders. 6) On Purpose of Nursing Care. 89.8% of the respondents indicated preventing illness and than 76.6% of them decreasing 1;ai of clients. On the other hand, maintaining health has the lowest selection at the degree of 13.8%. This means the lack of nurses' recognition for maintaining health as the most important point. 7) On Knowledge Needed in Nursing Care. Most of the respondents view that the knowledge faced with the spot of nursing care is needed. Specially, 81.3% of the respondents indicated simple curing method and 75.1%, 73.3%, 71.6% each indicated child nursing, maternal nursing and controlling for the communicable disease. On the other hand, knowledge w hick has been neglected in the specialized courses of nursing education, that is, thinking line among com-w unity members, overcoming style against between stress and personal relation in each home, and administration, management have a low selection at the depree of 48.9%,41.875 and 41.3%. 8) On Nursing Idea. The highest degree of selection is that they know themselves rightly, (The mean score measuring distribution was 4.205/5) In the lowest degree,3.016/5 is that devotion is the essential element of nursing, 2.860/5 the religious problems that human beings can not settle, such as a fatal ones, 2,810/5 the nursing profession is worth trying in one's life. This means that the peculiarly essential ideas on the professional sense of value. 9) On Nursing Services. The mean score measuring distribution for the nursing services showed that the inserting of machine air way is 2.132/5, the technique and knowledge for surviving heart-lung resuscitating is 2.892/s, and the preventing air pollution 3.021/5. Specially, 41.1% of the respondents indicated the lack of the replied ratio. 10) On Nurses' Qualifications. The respondents were selected five items as the most important qualifications. Specially, 17.4% of the respondents indicated specialized knowledge, 15.3% the nurses' health, 10.6％ satisfaction for nursing profession, 9.8% the experience need, 9.2% comprehension and cooperation, while warm personality as nursing qualifications have a tendency of being lighted. 11) On the Priority of Nursing Care The respondents were selected three items as the most important component. Most of the respondents view the client's physical, spiritual: economic points as important components of nursing care. They showed each 36.8%, 27.6%, 13.8% while educational ones showed 1.8%. 12) On Purpose of Nursing Care. The respondents were selected four items as the most important purpose. Specially,29.3% of the respondents indicated curing illness for clients, 21.3% preventing illness for client 17.4% decreasing pain, 15.3% surviving. 13) On the Analysis of Important Nursing Care Ranging from 5 point to 25 point, the nurses' qualification are concentrated at the degree of 95.1%. Ranging from 3 point to 25, the priorities of nursing care are concentrated at the degree of 96.4%. Ranging from 4 point to 16, the purpose of nursing care is concentrated at the degree of 84.0%. 14) The Analysis, of General Characteristics and Facts of Nursing Concept. The correlation between the educational high level and nursing care showed significance. (P < 0.0262). The correction between the educational low level and purpose of nursing care showed significance. (P < 0.002) The correlation between nurses' working yeras and the degree of importance for the purpose of nursing care showed significance (P < 0.0155) Specially, the most affirmative answers were showed from two years to four ones. 15) On Nunes' qualification and its Degree of Importance The correlation between nurses' qualification and its degree of importance showed significance. (r = 0.2172, p< 0.001) 0.005) B. General characteristics of the subjects The mean age of the subject was 39 ; with 38.6% with in the age range of 20-29 ; 52.6% were male; 57.9％ were Schizophrenia; 35.1% were graduated from high school or high school dropouts; 56.l％ were not have any religion; 52.6% were unmarried； 47.4% were first admission; 91.2% were involuntary admission patients. C. Measurement of anxiety variables. 1. Measurement tools of affective anxiety in this study demonstrated high reliability (.854). 2. Measurement tools of somatic anxiety in this study demonstrated high reliability (.920). D. Relationship between the anxiety variables and the general characteristics. 1. Relationship between affective anxiety and general characteristics. 1) The level of female patients were higher than that of the male patient (t = 5.41, p < 0.05). 2) Frequencies of admission were related to affective anxiety, so in the first admission the anxiety level was the highest. (F = 5.50, p < 0.005). 2, Relationship between somatic anxiety and general characteristics. 1) The age range of 30-39 was found to have the highest level of the somatic anxiety. (F = 3.95, p < 0.005). 2) Frequencies of admission were related to the somatic anxiety, so .in first admission the anxiety level was the highest. (F = 9.12, p ＜ 0.005) 0. Analysis of significant anxiety symptoms for nursing intervention. 1. Seven items such as dizziness, mental integration, sweating, restlessness, anxiousness, urinary frequency and insomnia, init. accounted for 96％ of the variation within the first 24 hours after admission. 2. Seven items such as fear, paresthesias, restlessness, sweating insomnia, init., tremors and body aches and pains accounted for 84% of the variation on the 10th day after admission.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.241-250
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• 1997

목 적 : 결핵에 대한 국가결핵관리사업이 시작된 이후 결핵의 점차적으로 감소하고 있기는 하나 최근에 다제내성균결핵환자가 심각할 정도로 증가하고 있다. 다제내성균결핵은 기존의 항결핵제에 잘 반응하지 경향이 있으며 이는 낮은 치료순응도, 2차약제의 높은 부작용 그리고 사용할 수 있는 약제의 수가 많지않은 때문으로 생각된다. 본 연구의 목적은 일개 국립결핵병원에서 입원치료중인 결핵환자의 임상양태를 살펴보고 기존의 결핵치료의 문제점을 파악하여 궁극적으로 다제내성균결핵을 포함한 결핵의 치료효율을 개선시키고자 함이다. 방 법 : 1995년 12월 30일을 기준시점으로 국립마산결핵병원에 임원한 환자 336명을 대상으로 성별 및 나이, 처음결핵을 발견하게된 계기, 가족력, 환자의 생활근거지의 지역별 분포, 과거결핵치료력 등의 역학적 조사와 입원 당시의 주증상, 흉부 X-선 사진상의 병소별 분포, 동반질환 그리고 결핵치료중에 발생한 부작용등 임상양태에 대한 조사와 입원전 사용한 약제별 분류와 약제감수성검사의 결과 등에 대해 descriptive cross-sectional study를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 연령별 분포는 20대에서 50대까지 고른 분포를 보였으며 성별로는 남자가 269예로 압도적으로 많았다. 발견계기별 분포는 보건소가 64.6%로 가장 높았다. 입원당시 주증상으로는 체중감소가 가장 흔했으며 다음으로는 기침, 호흡곤란 등의 순서였다. 흉부 X-선 사진상 병소별 분포는 양측성 병소를 가진 예가 201예로 가장 많았다. 동반질환을 가진 경우가 130예 였는데 그 중 당뇨가 49예로 가장 많았으며 다음으로는 간질환, 정신질환 등의 순서였다. 95예에서 가족력이 있었는데 부모가 결핵을 앓았던 경우가 40예로 가장 많았으며 다음으로는 형제, 부부 등의 순서였다. 결핵을 처음 진단받은 시기별 분포에서 1980년 이전은 31예 였으나 이후 최근으로 오면서 약간씩 증가하는 추세였다. 지역별 분포로는 부산, 경남지역이 압도적으로 많았다. 과거치료력을 가진 258예중 1회의 치료력을 가진 경우는 86예, 2회가 60예 그리고 3회이상이 112예 였다. 과거치료력을 가진 환자의 약제순응도별 분포는 133예만이 규칙적으로 복약하였다. 입원전 사용한 약제별 분포는 INH, EMB, RFP, PZA 등을 사용한 경우가 82예, INH, EMB, RFP 등을 사용한 경우가 50예 였으며 INH, EMB, RFP, PZA 이외 1가지 약제를 더 사용한 경우는 20예, 3가지 이상의 약제를 더 사용한 경우는 97예 였다. 154예를 대상으로 약제감수성검사를 한 결과 5제 이상 내성이 생긴 경우가 77예 였다. 치료도중 발생한 부작용으로는 위장장애가 58예로 가장 많았으며 다음으로는 피부발진 및 소양감 그리고 관절통 등의 순서였다. 결 론 : 원인 모를 체중감소가 있을 때에는 결핵을 의심해 볼 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 결핵을 치료할 때 환자에게 결핵의 치료과정에 대해 충분한 설명을 해 줌으로 치료의 순응도를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 초치료시 균음전화시기가 늦다든지, 여러가지 상황으로 치료에 실패 할 가능성이 높다든지 환자의 여건상 지속적인 항결핵제 투여가 어렵다고 생각될 때는 수술요법이 고려되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 초치료실패후 재치료약제를 선택할 때는 이전에 사용한 초치료약제와 혼용처방이 되지않도록 주의해야 할 것으로 생각된다.