• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.168-177
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• 2017

To evaluate effects of ligninolytic enzyme type on the mycelial response and ligninolytic enzyme production during interspecific interactions among wood-rotting fungi, 4 fungal strains, Trichophyton rubrum LKY-7, Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Trichoderma viride, were selected. Regarding ligninolytic enzyme production, LKY-7 secreted laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), P. cinnabarinus secreted only laccase, and LSK-27 secreted only MnP in glucose-peptone medium, while T. viride did not produce any ligninolytic enzymes. In the co-culture of LKY-7 with P. cinnabarinus, the formation of aerial mycelium was observed and the enhancement of laccase activity owing to interspecific interaction appeared to be very low. In the co-culture of LKY-7 and P. cinnabarinus with LSK-27, a hypha-free clear zone was observed, which resulted in deadlock, and increased laccase or MnP activity was detected at the interaction zone. The interaction responses of LKY-7, P. cinnabarinus, and LSK-27 with T. viride were characterized by the formation of mycelial barrages along the interface. As mycelial barrages were observed at the T. viride territory and no brownish pigment was observed in the mycelial barrages, it is suggested that laccase and MnP are released as part of an offensive response, not as a defensive response. The co-culture of P. cinnabarinus with T. viride lead to the highest enhancement in laccase activity, yielding more than 14-fold increase in laccase activity with respect to the mono-culture of P. cinnabarinus. MnP activities secreted by LKY-7 or LSK-27 was generally low in interspecific interactions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.75-89
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• 2022

The negative impact of monoculture rubber plantations on biodiversity and associated ecological processes/ecosystem services has led to suggestions on the use of integrated land use systems for rubber cultivation and production in order to ensure environmental sustainability. However, there is paucity of information on the effect of such integrated land use systems on the diversity and abundance of the rubber plantation undergrowth. We evaluated and compared undergrowth plant species composition, richness, abundance, diversity and interaction, in three integrated systems (Rubber-Strelitzia reginae Integrated System - RSrIS, Rubber-Podocarpus nagi Integrated System - RPnIS & Naturally Managed Rubber Plantation - NMRP) with three Rubber Monoculture Plantations (RMP₁, RMP₂ & RMP₃) adjacent to the integrated systems, respectively, at the Investigation and Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, Hainan, China. Undergrowth species density was higher in the rubber monocultures than in the integrated systems except in RSrIS. Species richness and diversity were also higher in the monocultures except in NMRP. Species similarity/interaction between the monocultures and the integrated systems was highest between RMP₃ and NMRP. The NRMP proved to be the best model of natural rubber integrated system for the conservation of undergrowth species richness, diversity and interspecific interaction. However, the conservation of undergrowth species in other forms of integrated natural systems can be enhanced by considering the ecology of species to be integrated in terms of their growth characteristics, competitive nature, and ability to grow in association with other species.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 1995

The competition relationship between orchardgrass(Docflis glomerutu L. cv; Potomac) and red clover (Trifnlium prurense L. cv; Kenland) was investigated under the pure and mixed swards. Each species were grown in intra- and interspecific competition in pots and fields for 2-years. Intra- and interspecific competition were evaluated by calculating traditional methods; expected yield, relative yield total(RYT), aggressivity and compensation index(CI), and shoot and root dry matter production in the orchadgrass(ffi) pure, red clover(RC) pure and orchardgrdss(W)-red clover(RC) mixed sward. The results obtained were summarized as follows: Compared to OG and RC pure swards, the shoot and root dry maaer(DM) yield of OG-RC mixed sward were higher and more deeply rooted under the soil than those of OG and RC pure sward. Also, the number of tillen per plant of OG in the OG-RC mixed sward was less than that of OG pure sward, but that of RC in the OGRC mixed sward was more than that of RC pure sward. OG-RC mixed sward were evaluated as a productive sward type compared to OG and RC pure swards in that actual yield was higher than expect yield and that relative yield total(RYT), and compensation index(C1) were high. As mentioned above, compared to intraspecific competition as a OG and RC pure sward, interspecific competition as a OG-RC mixed sward was evaluated to productive type under the ffi and RC species utilization

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2000

In order to study the insect-insect interaction of the insect community associated with Rumex obtusifolius. this experiment was designed in such a way that the feeding of one insect could indirectly affect the subsequent insect species through the changes in host plant (plant mediated insect-insect interaction ). Philaenus spumarius and Gastrophysa viridula were selected for the experiment. To investigate the effect of P. spumarius feeding on the ecology of G. viridula, first, statistical analyses were carried out. As results. no significant difference between Control and Experimental was found in the development patterns (Repeated Measures ANOVA, F=0.744, p=0.667) and survivorships (F=0.373. p=0.990). As the results from this experiment show, there was no effect on the ecology of G. viridula due to the previous feeding by P. spumarius on R. obtusifolius leaves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2018

This study has been conducted to understand the relationships such as interspecific interactions between species and landscapes within and outside of agricultural land by identifying the flora features of Cornus officinalis farmlands in Gurye which designated as Korea's Important Agricultural Heritage System. For this, the flora of vascular plants was surveyed in every land uses of two representative districts. These two districts represent the own features of Cornus officinalis farming area which including land uses like forests(especially pine tree), valley, farmland(rice paddy, farms, Cornus officinalis farmland), and residence. Also differences in flora by stone wall's existence and Cornus officinalis's DBH were surveyed. As a result, Cornus officinalis farmlands showed the various vascular plants than the other land uses. According to the existence of stone wall in Cornus officinalis farmlands, there were no differences in appearance flora. But the flora in Cornus officinalis farmlands which have different Cornus officinalis' DBH(Divided into average over 15cm and under 8cm), various plants were showed in average over 15cm than average under 8cm. In conclusion, Cornus officinalis farmlands have been actively engaged in various types of land use and species exchanges, including forests, valleys, villages, and fields, and it has been confirmed that it acts as an ecological axis connecting forests to villages.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2023

Twenty-five Eucalyptus clones (14 E. camaldulensis - EC and 11 interspecific eucalypt hybrid clones - EH) grown in three contrasting sites were evaluated for the growth and few wood traits at 4 years of age. The stability, genotype-site interaction and suitability of these clones for pulp and solid wood industry sectors were studied. Growth of eucalypt clones was significantly higher at site 1 with higher rainfall, but wood density did not differ significantly from lower rainfall sites. Kraft pulp yield (KPY) decreased from sites 1 to 3 based on moisture availability, but not between two groups of clones. Volumetric shrinkage (VS) was significantly higher in EC clones at site 3 with lowest rainfall, but there was no specific trend at other two sites with maximum (site 1) and intermediate (site 2) rainfall. The mechanical traits modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were at par in sites 1 and 2, but significantly lower at the driest site 3. The growth rate had a significant positive correlation with KPY, MOR and MOE and a negative correlation with VS, but no significant impact on wood density in both groups of clones. Genotype×environment interaction (G×E) was evident in most traits due to the difference in response of clones to moisture availability. Since wood density was negatively correlated to KPY, it has to be kept at an optimum level for the profitability of pulp industry. There was no significant difference between EC and EH clones for most traits except VS at site 3. Stability of clones varied across sites in different traits, and hence clones may be selected for deployment at each site by screening for growth, followed by wood density, considering the relationship of growth and density with other traits required by pulp and solid wood industry sectors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2000

Stand level survival prediction model was developed that incorporated the incidence of fusiform rust(Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) and allowed the transition of trees from an uninfected stage to an infected stage. The influence of hardwood interspecific competition on the survival of unthinned planted stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was analyzed by using of information from twelve years of tracking a set of permanent plots representing a broad range of plantation parameters. Significant interaction effects between site index and hardwood basal area per acre were revealed in the survival model. Survival of the planted pines decreased with increasing density of hardwood trees per acre and site index as the productivity rating of the forest land. The effects of hardwood trees interspecific competition on loblolly pine tended to show a negative effect on predicted future number of planted pine trees.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.104-125
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• 2023

The predator-prey interaction in freshwater ecosystems is a crucial area in the ecological study field and one of example to find such interaction is to investigate stomach contents. However, traditional method through visual inspection often induce misidentification, as it depends critically on intactness of physically visible data. In this study, we utilized Next-Generations Sequencing (NGS) technology to test the applicability stomach content analysis and overcome such limitation. NGS was applied to analyze the stomach contents of the Hemibarbus labeo, Tachysurus fulvidraco, and Plecoglossus altivelis collected in the lower part of Nakdong River. As a result, T. fulvidraco had a higher number of Animalia operational taxonomic units (OTUs) intake rate than H. labeo. At the same time, P. altivelis had higher number of Plantae OTUs intake rate than T. fulvidraco and higher Protozoa OTUs intake rate than H. labeo respectively. Therefore, NGS technology application enable to overcome traditional method's limitation and discover hidden interspecific interaction which can further be used in appropriate habitat assessment.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 1992

Interspecific fusion products were obtained by protoplast fusion induced by polyethylene glycol, from auxotrophic mutants, Pleurotus cornucopiae and P. florida. The fusants were classified into allodiploidy, stable heterokaryon, and spontaneously segregated heterokaryons. Fruiting body of the clamped or clampless fusants was produced by light-dark cycle on the sawdust medium in glass bottles. Most of these clampless fusants produced mature basidiocarps. The pilei showed various mixed colors resembling the parents. All fruit bodies presented clamp connections except two fusants. When small tissues of stipe from basidiocarps were cultured on a complete medium, mycelial colonies grew more vigorously than that of the original clampless fusants. Five fusants in three crosses were analysed with the distribution of progenies and segregation of genetic characters by random spore analyses. The genetic markers were shown to segregate and recombine in the first generation of monospores isolated from basidiocarps. The analysis indicated the heter-okar-yosis and strong evidence for haploidy of vegetative nuclei, a sexual cycle consisting of nuclear fusion and meiosis. Genotypes of a large number of auxotiophic progenies were not detected. The aberration ratio of segregants indicated the gene interaction resulting from different genome structure between vegetatively incompatible species.

• ALGAE
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2002

Three dominant rocky intertidal macroalgae, the fucoids Fucus gardneri and Pelvetiopsis limitata (Phaeophyta) and the red alga Mazzaella cornucopiae (= Iridaea cornucopiae) on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada were used in a series of field experiments to examine interspecific interactions. These experiments showed complex patterns which included an interchange of negative (inhibition) and positive (facilitation) interactions depending on neighbor distance. Less fucoid recruitment occurred in the plots with greater percent cover of a turfforming red alga, M. cornucopiae. However, experimentally removing Mazzaella turf (the turf was considered to be "blocking" fucoid recruits or "shading" growing recruits) did not increase recruitment. This result indicated that there may be another factor(s) involved in the survivorship of juvenile fucoids in the turf-removed plots. Morphological differences in adult plants between Mazzaella and the two fucoids resulted in another type of interaction; these began when fucoids successfully settled and grew nearby or within the red algal turf. By monitoring microhabitat at the individual plant level for two years, I found that survivorship of fucoid recruits showed different species-specific patterns. The patterns also varied as the microhabitat changed from Mazzaella turf edge to open space. For F. gardneri, longevity of P.limitata at all distances tested was similar. A reason for greater longevity of F. gardneri individuals at edge microhabitats may be that these sites have one side open to light and nutrients and another site that buffers them from desiccation and wave impact. In the Mazzaella-Fucus interaction, neighbor distance was a key factor in determining whether the outcome of the interaction would be competition or facilitation (or protection). This study provides experimental evidence that detectable biological interactions occur in this upper intertidal algal community where physical conditions are usually severe, and also indicates the importance of small scale examination in understanding macroalgal interactions in intertidal habitats.