• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.29
• /
• pp.143-172
• /
• 2006

This study focuses on the risk management of "Digital Goods" appeared with the progress of information technology(IT) in international transaction. As a result of that digital goods have a lot of uncertainty between the general goods or service which have been deal with object of international transaction broadly because digital goods hold uniqueness. In this study, the author give a definition of "Digital Goods" and make an examination of uniqueness of that in international transaction. Next, six risks are defined base on risk theory and risk analysis matrix applying risk mapping model is made. Conclusionally, risk transfer as insurance is adequate to manage business risk, security risk, credit risk and legal risk. Meanwhile, risk avoidance is adequate to manage reputation risk and market risk. But, this study have following three limits. Firstly, concerning definition of the risk, real case is not applied owing to lack of transaction data. Secondly, measuring of the risk is not based on absolute data but relative data. Lastly, suggesting way of risk management is not concrete and practical to international trader of digital goods.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.3-28
• /
• 2004

The implementation of electronic transaction raises some new legal and institutional problem so it is necessary for us to prepare alternatives. As the development of electronic transaction is difficult without smooth settlement of dispute the pursue of smooth settlement of dispute is very important menu. while the most common method relating to the settlement of dispute is litigation. them relating to the litigation, the subject of governing law so jurisdiction and the subject of governing laws should be resolved above all. Further more in addition, the old act prior act was regarded as insufficient in that it lacked rules on international governing law to adjudicate, or international adjudicatory governing law, where as the expectation of the public was that the private international law should function as the basic law of the legal relational encompassing rules on governing law given the increase of It international disputes. for the move the private international law has also attracted more attention from the korean. Therefore, governing law to application concerned about electronic transaction should be prepared and the environment to keep electronic transaction secure and stable be guaranteed. And we should make plans to protect companies and consumers and should make efforts to expand electronic transaction infrastructure .

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.155-170
• /
• 2019

This study examines the model of perceived risk, trust, and continuous transaction intentions presented in a study of the buying behavior in International Transaction. Although most of the trade transactions have been studied as a legal supplement, trade transactions are also purchasing behavior aimed at maintaining continuous transaction intentions between the parties. The study results confirmed that perceived risk could be separated into risk neutrality, risk - taking and risk aversion, and perceived risk had an effect on trust. In addition, the trust affected by perceived risk in the trade transaction model has a statistically significant effect on continuous transaction intentions. The study results confirm that the theoretical background used in previous studies of purchase behavior models is also effective in trade transaction.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.18
• /
• pp.7-25
• /
• 2002

Owing to a tremendous progress of information technology we have faced a great change of a society. This change has happened to almost all of a society. As a result intangible goods are also included as a major concern in international trade. We may say U.S. is one of the countries transaction of software is the most flourishing. I have tried to classified the cases of software transaction in U.S. into five groups. As a result I have known the UCC had been applied to the almost transaction of standard software. However UCC had not been applied to custom software and data processing. In these days UCITA which is very similar to a previous proposal UCC 2B has been presented. This is a contract law that would apply to computer software, multimedia products, and databases. It has been designed to create a uniform commercial contract law for those products. Now therefore we should make observation of a tendency about transaction of software in U.S. The reason is that we pay attention to the symbol and dormant power of U.S. in international trade.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.255-270
• /
• 2022

If import/export shippers entrust their international logistics activities to forwarders, they can receive good logistics services at a lower cost. Therefore, it is important to form a trading relationship between the export shipper company and the forwarder, and it helps to improve the competitiveness of the company. This study derives factors that an export shipper company forms a transaction relationship with a forwarder, and analyzes the effect of transaction formation factors on transaction continuity. Next, the relationship between export consignment characteristics of export shippers and their influence on transaction formation factors and transaction continuity is identified. As a result of the study, transaction formation factors consisted of price, quality, and companionship, and all factors were found to affect transaction continuity. The characteristics of consignment logistics for shippers are the proportion of consignment, the number of business partners, and the transaction period. The proportion of consignment and the number of business partners affected the price factor, and the number of business partners affected the quality factor. There was no mutual influence between the transaction continuity and the characteristics of the shipper's logistics consignment. Therefore, there is a need for recognition of a relationship that can grow between shippers and logistics companies through consignment transactions rather than subordinate recognition based on fair transactions.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.13
• /
• pp.681-698
• /
• 2000

As volume of international trade is growing importance for service business and service trade are also increasing. Increasing importance of service trade in Korea is also a reflection of such international trading. In this treatise this writer did not address various topics in relation to international trade arising from service trade. But confined the topic to study of concept of service and concept and patterns of service trade. Depending on scholars concept of service may be varied and this holds true also with concept of service trade which also lends itself to various classification. Among them if the focus is concentrated to tax standard in international trade then it can be classified into service transaction. In other words classification can be made according to service trade separated from commodities transaction with embodiment of service and service trade accompanying commodities transaction. In this treatise this writer confined the topic to introduction of international service trade but issues arising in relation to such trade internationally are varied. For this reason more study on such topics will be required in future.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.36
• /
• pp.173-194
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this article is primarily to give prominence to the importance of International Business English education. Although English is one of the most crucial parts in international business transaction it has not been treated as one of academical sciences. As English is a main language when the international business transaction is done International Business English should be studied by scholars who majored in international business area. It is true that there has been no study at all regarding International Business English(in this article, it does not mean General International Business English) so far. Anyone who does and learn the international business should have some opportunities to have a contact towards international business correspondence and other documents before they do in reality. However, in Korea, most English education has been focused on general English and English certificate tests at universities. At universities' level, it is certainly a scholars' task to study International Business English education in order to provide decent education to the students. For doing so, this article examine, focusing only on reading part, how International Business English should be taught and especially, how reading skills should be activated and integrated with other language skills. This objective will be fulfilled by asking, what reading means in International Business English, as well as what role reading plays in International Business English education.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.57-76
• /
• 2002

This paper surveys consumer policies for the internet transaction in the developed countries. Recently the internet transaction has been witnessing a remarkable change represented by the rapid spread of "revolution of distribution". It cannot be, however, stated that internet transaction will dominates all the market places without enhancing consumer's reliability in the internet transaction. Many countries made an efforts to the consumer protection in order to develop infra-structure of information industry. We will soon discover a new paradigm that consumer protection is not a tool for development of cyber market but the goal itself. We survey the process of consumer policies discussed in the developed countries and study the point of prevailing arguments of the consumer protection in the internet transaction. The arguments discussed in OECD meetings are debatable, especially, to the degree of government intervention in the field of consumer protection between EU and US. In contrast of US insisted on the minimum intervention of the government, EU suggest the opinion of more aggressive role of government in consumer policy in the cyber market. This paper attempts to provide several guide lines of Korean consumer policy in the cyber market.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.37
• /
• pp.187-216
• /
• 2008

Risk regarding the possibility of loss can be especially problematic. If a loss is certain to occur, it may be planned for in advance and treated as a definite, known expense. It is when there is uncertainty about the occurrence of a loss that risk becomes an important problem. The word risk is often used in connection with insurance. No one generally accepted definition of risk exists, however. Of the many definitions, two distinctive ones are commonly used. One defines risk as the variation in possible outcomes of an event based on chance. That is, the greater the number of different outcomes that may occur, the greater the risk. Another way of expressing this concept is to state: The greater the variation around an average expected loss, the greater the risk. The second definition of risk is the uncertainty concerning a possible loss. The definition of risk as a useful one because it focuses attention on the degree of risk in given situations. The degree of risk is a measure of the accuracy with which the outcome of an event based on chance can be predicted. For now, it will serve our purpose to note the more accurate the prediction of the outcome of an event based on chance, the lower the degree of risk. After sources of risks are identified and measured, a decision can be made as to how the risk should be handled. A pure risk that is not identified does not disappear, the business merely loses the opportunity to consciously decide on the best technique for dealing with that risk. The process used to systematically manage risk exposures is known as risk management. Some persons use the term risk management only in connection with businesses, and often the term refers only to the management of pure risks. In this sense, the traditional risk management goal has been to minimize the cost of pure risk to the company. But as firms broaden the ways that they view and manage many different types of risk, the need for new terminology has become apparent. The terms integrated risk management and enterprise risk management reflect the intent to manage all forms of risk, regardless of type. International trade transaction is called between countries has features of globalism, cultural gap, long distance and long terms for the transaction. It is riskier than domestic transaction has its specific risks, such as foreign exchange risk and political risk, and requires various active risk management skills. Risks in relation to the international trade transaction are the contract risk, transit risk and payment risk, etc. The risk management in relation to the international trade transaction is to identify and measure these risks. The purpose of this study is to analyse the practical problems and its solution plan by analyzing various cases related to the risk management of bill of lading in the international trade transaction.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.139-154
• /
• 2008

This research want to discuss some issues about payment system of America. This research focuses on comparing ACH with Fedwire. Firstly Fedwire is the payment system for only large-dollar transfer(Large-Value Transfer System; LVTS), while ACH(Automated Clearing House)payment mainly applies a consumer account. Secondly ACH transaction is either credit or debit transfer, while Fedwire is only credit transfer. Thirdly the communication system of Fedwire has twoway method, telephonelike communication network, but ACH is oneway store and forward electronic mail. At present LVTS divides into RTGS(Real-Time Gross Settlement) and DNS(Deferred Net Settlement). However Fedwire uses either RTGS(instantaneous for every transaction) or DNS(net net transaction) but ACH uses only DNS(net net transaction). Fourthly ACH is substantially cheaper than the Fedwire payment. lastly security is important in both Fedwire and ACH, it is even more crucial in Fedwire In addition, for each transaction, Fedwire may entail individual instantaneous confirmation to the originator and notification to the receiver, whereas ACH do not.