• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1739-1745
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• 2003

The boiling heat transfer characteristics of two-phase closed thermosyphons with internal grooves are studied experimentally and a simple mathematical model is developed to predict the performance of such thermosyphons. The study focuses on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphons with copper tubes having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 internal grooves. A two-phase closed thermosyphon with plain copper tube having the same inner and outer diameter as those of grooved tube is also tested for comparison. Methanol is used as working fluid. The effects of the number of grooves, the operating temperature, the heat flux are investigated experimentally. From these experimental results, a simple mathematical model is developed. In the present model, boiling of liquid pool in the evaporator is considered for the heat transfer mechanism of the thermosyphon. And also the effects of the number of grooves, the operating temperature, the heat flux are brought into consideration. A good agreement between the boiling heat transfer coefficient of the thermosyphon estimated from experimental results and the predictions from the present mathematical model is obtained. The experimental results show that the number of grooves and the amount of the working fluid are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphons. The two-phase closed thermosyphon with copper tubes having 60 internal grooves shows the best boiling heat transfer performance.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1662-1669
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• 2005

Boiling heat transfer characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphons with various helical grooves are studied experimentally and a mathematical correlation is developed to predict the performance of such thermosyphons. The study focuses on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of two-phase closed thermosyphons with copper tubes having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 internal helical grooves. A two-phase closed thermosyphon with plain copper tube having the same inner and outer diameter as those of grooved tubes is also tested for comparison. Water, methanol and ethanol are used as working fluid. The effects of the number of grooves, various working fluids, operating temperature and heat flux are investigated experimentally. From these experimental results, a mathematical model is developed. In the present model, boiling of liquid pool in the evaporator is considered for the heat transfer mechanism of the thermosyphons. And also the effects of the number of grooves, the various working fluids, the operating temperature and the heat flux are brought into consideration. A good agreement between the boiling heat transfer coefficient of the thermosyphon estimated from experimental results and the predictions from the present mathematical correlation is obtained. The experimental results show that the number of grooves, the amount of the working fluid and the various working fluids are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphons. Also, the thermosyphons with internal helical grooves can be used to achieve some inexpensive and compact heat exchangers in low temperature.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.1243-1249
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• 2004

This study is focused on the comparison between the internal saturation temperature of the working fluid and the surface temperature of adiabatic zone of two-phase closed thermosyphons with various helical grooves. Distilled water, methanol and ethanol have been used as the working fluid. In the present work, a copper tube of the length of 1200mm and 14.28mm of inside diameter is used as the container of the thermosyphon. Each of the evaporator and the condenser section has a length of 550mm, while the remaining part of the thermosyphon tube is adiabatic section. A experimental study was carried out for analyzing the performances of having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 helical grooves. A plain thermosyphon having the same inner and outer diameter as the grooved thermosyphons is also tested for the comparison. The results show that the numbers of grooves and the type of working fluids are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphons. A good agreement between the internal saturation temperature of working fluid and the surface temperature of adiabatic zone of two-phase closed thermosyphons with various helical grooves is obtained.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.184-191
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• 2002

This study concerns the performance of the condensing heat transfer performance of two-phase closed thermosyphons with plain copper tube and tubes having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 internal micro grooves. Distilled water, methanol, ethanol have been used as the working fluid. The numbers of grooves and operating temperature have been investigated as the experimental parameters. Condensing heat transfer coefficients and heat flux are obtained from experimental data for each case of specific parameter. The experimental results are assessed and compared with existing correlations. The results show that working fluids, numbers of grooves are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphons. The working fluid with high latent heat such as water has a good heat transfer rate compared to methanol and ethanol. The relatively high rate of heat transfer is achieved when the thermosyphon with internal micro grooves is used compared to that with plain tube. Condensing heat transfer coefficient of grooved thermosyphon is 1.5∼2 times higher in methanol and 1.3∼l.5 times higher in ethanol compared to plain tube. The best condensation heat transfer performance is obtained for 60 grooves, and the maximum value of this case is 2.5 times higher than that of the plain tube.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.257-270
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• 2004

The two-phase closed thermosyphon is a heat transfer device capable of transfer large quantities of heat from a source to a sink by taking advantage of the high heat transfer rates associated with the evaporation and condensation of a working fluid within the device. A study was carried out with the performance of the heat transfer of the thermosyphon having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 internal micro grooves in which boiling and condensation occur. A plain thermosyphon having the same inner and outer diameter as the grooved thermosyphon is also tested for comparison. Water, methanol and ethanol have been used as the working fluids. The liquid filling as the ratio of working fluid volume to total volume of thermosyphon, the inclination angle, micro grooves and operating temperature have been used as the experimental parameters. The heat flux and the boiling and the condensation heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient at the condenser and evaporator zone are estimated from the experimental results. The experimental results have been assessed and compared with existing correlations. Imura's and Kusuda's correlation for boiling showed in good agreement with experimental results within ${\pm}20$％ in plain thermosyphon. The maximum heat transfer rate was obtained when the liquid fill ratio was about 25%. The high heat transfer coefficient was found between 25o and 30o of inclination angle for water and between 20o and 25o for methanol and ethanol. The relatively high rates of heat transfer have been achieved in the thermosyphon with internal micro grooves. The micro grooved thermosyphon having 60 grooves shows the best heat transfer coefficient in both condensation and boiling. The maximum enhancement (i.e. the ratio of the heat transfer coefficients of the micro grooved thermosyphon to plain thermosyphon) is 2.5 for condensation and 2.3 for boiling.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.225-227
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• 2012

This paper presents a chemical etching system for groove manufacturing for the fluid and aero dynamic bearings. To manufacture the grooves to thrust and journal surface of the fluid and aero dynamic bearing, it is very important for grooves' depth to be smaller tolerance. It is very difficult for the internal surface of journal bearing to make the grooves precise. If the precision of the groove is not exact, we can not get the desirable performance for the target of the dynamic bearing. To make the groove of bearing precise, we propose the method of chemical etching system. It has known that the method of chemical etching can not make the groove on the internal surface of journal bearing excepts for on the surface of thrust bearing. However, this paper has shown the solution to make the grooves on it. We obtain the condition and the parameters of the system such as time, chemical material composition and so on. In this paper, we get the experimental results to verify the precise groove manufacturing for the fluid and aero dynamic bearing.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 2005

This study concerns the performance of boiling heat transfer in inclined thermosyphons with internal grooves. A study was carried out with the performance of the heat transfer of the inclined thermosyphon having 60 internal grooves in which boiling and condensation occur. A plain thermosyphon having the same inner and outer diameter as the grooved thermosyphon is also tested for comparison. Distilled water, methanol and ethanol have been used as the working fluid. The inclination angle, three working fluids, heat flux and the boiling heat transfer coefficient at the evaporator zone are estimated from the experimental results. The experimental results have been assessed and compared with existing correlations. Imura's and Kusuda's correlation for boiling showed in good agreement with experimental results within ${\pm}20%$ in plain thermosyphon. The high heat transfer coefficient was found between $25^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ of inclination angle for water and between $20^{\circ}$ and $25^{\circ}$ for methanol and ethanol. The relatively high rates of heat transfer have been achieved in the thermosyphon with internal micro grooves.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1102-1111
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• 2002

The study focuses on the heat transfer performance of two-phase closed thermosyphons with plain copper tube and tubes having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 internal grooves. Three different working fluids(distilled water, methanol, ethanol) are used with various volumetric liquid fill charge ratio from 10 to 40%. Additional experimental parameters such as operating temperature and inclination angle of zero to 90 degrees are used for the comparison of heat transfer performance of the thermosyphon. Condensation and boiling heat transfer coefficients, heat flux are obtained using experimental data for each case of specific parameter. The experimental results are assessed and compared with existing correlations. The results show that working fluids, liquid fill charge ratio, number of grooves and inclination angle are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphons. The relatively high rate of heat transfer is achieved when the thermosyphon with internal grooves is used compared to that with plain tube. The optimum liquid fill charge ratio for the best heat transfer performance lies between 25% and 30%. The range of the optimum inclination angle for this study is 20$^{\circ}$～30$^{\circ}$ from the horizontal position.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.2296-2302
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• 2005

This study is focused on the comparison of heat transfer performance of two thermosyphons having 60 straight and helical internal grooves. Distilled water has been used as working fluid. Liquid fill charge ratio defined by the ratio of working fluid volume to total internal volume of thermosyphon, the inclination angle and operating temperature were used as experimental parameters. The heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are estimated from experimental results. The conclusions of this study may be summarized as follows; Liquid fill charge ratio, inclination angle and geometric shape of grooves were very important factors for the operation of thermosyphon. The optimum liquid fill charge ratio for the best heat flux were $30\%$. The heat transfer performance of helically grooved tube was higher than that of straight grooved tube in low inclination angle (less than $30^{\circ}$), but the results were opposite in high inclination angle (more than $30^{\circ}$). As far as optimum inclination angle concerns, range of $25^{\circ}\~30^{\circ}$ for a helically grooved tube and about $40^{\circ}$ for a straight grooved tube are suggested angles for the best results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.15-23
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• 2020

Spline is a machine component using transmits rotating energy with grooves on internal of boss and external periphery of shaft. Internal spline is generally produced by machining process. However, to reduce manufacturing cost and save time, plastic deformation process such as backward extrusion is gradually adapted for spline production. In plastic deformation process, forming load, stress on tools and flow flaws should be taken into account to have sound products. For this purpose, kinematically admissible velocity fields for Upper Bound Method in backward extrusion of internal spline has been suggested, then forming load and relative pressure have been calculated. Internal spline forming experiments have been con-ucted under hydraulic press and the calculated forming load well predicts the load of experiment.