• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.313-340
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• 2017

This paper explores the interaction between innovation intermediaries and firms' absorptive capacities and performance from the perspectives of regional innovation system and innovation cluster. This paper is an empirical study for drawing two research questions by examining firms in Daedeok Innopolis. First, does the relationship between firms and innovation intermediaries have a significant effect on the absorptive capacity and performance of the firm? Second, does absorptive capacity mediate the relationship between innovation intermediaries and performance of the firm? According to our analysis, innovation intermediaries have a positive effect on firms' absorptive capacity, as well as innovation and business performance of firms. Also the absorptive capacity plays a significant mediator role in this intermediation process. This paper implies that the firms could expand opportunities and build competitive advantage by fully understanding the innovation process and the interaction between innovation intermediaries and firms in this innovation process.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1061-1091
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• 2014

Language is connected with culture, and have a function of social and cultural integration. Also social participation is known to conduct an important role in promoting identity of immigrants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of variables such as the level of proficiency in Korean language, and experience in local society activity on community sense of married immigrant women in Korean rural areas. The result showed that the level of proficiency in Korean language had the greatest effect on their sense of community, and experience in local society activity seemed to have intermediation effect on it. In conclusion, based on results of this study, plans improving proficiency of Korean language of the immigrants and participation in local society activities were suggested.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.57-73
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• 2006

To begin with the purpose of protecting human life from the exterior in the prehistoric age, architecture was nothing but a shelter without any relation between the exterior and the intoner. But, today, with the community developed, architecture can not be resisted with her own function and have to change of the reciprocal one. Different with the oriental architecture, we can see, western architecture has developed in the stream of the form. The main idea of the space in terms of the relation, above all, is mostly concerned with relation between the exterior and the interior like between the architecture and the city. So the role of the facade in depth is the intermediation which consist to the relation in the exterior and interior of architecture. Considering a relation between two elements; the exterior and the interior, we can be inspired in the case of paintings, especially in the works of the Paul $C\acute{e}zanne$. $C\acute{e}zanne$ originally show the depth of space by different disposition of three parts : the background, the objects and intermediate space between the former. For instance, different with the other painters who put the background rear in the canvas and objects in the front of the background, $C\acute{e}zanne$ took the background and objects a same value and assure a depth in space by virtue of the intermediate space. Finally, by putting the background in forward of layer in the canvas and objects situated behind the background, the depth of the space can be occurred. Same as the idea of $C\acute{e}zanne$, Giuseppe Terragni and jean Nouvelle in architecture also intensify their effects through the activation of intermediate space between the interior facade and exterior frame. Not limited in the relation with the architecture and the city, space in relation gives us a higher quality of architectural promenade in depth.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.41-66
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• 2007

The e-marketplace is a virtual marketplace where buyers and sellers meet in order to conduct transactions through the intermediation of market-makers. For the success of an e-marketplace, it is crucial for the market-maker to induce both buyers and sellers to make active transactions in it. However, their participation is frequently deterred by potential risk factors caused mainly by the inherent, structural complexity of the e-marketplace. Therefore, it is a critical challenge for the market-maker to identify and manage the transactional risk perceived by both the buyers and sellers. In this paper, we investigate the sources of buyers' and sellers' perceived risks and their mitigating factors in the e-marketplace. Specifically, we derive an analysis framework based on the economic theory of agency relationship. The framework includes four sources of the risks(perceived information asymmetry, fears of seller opportunism, fears of buyer opportunism, and concerns about market-maker's role incompleteness) and five mitigators of the risks(website informativeness, trust in market-maker, trust in seller, product diagnosticity, and social presence). Then, we empirically verify the framework through a case study on four successful e-marketplaces, and provide implications and strategies for the market-maker to effectively manage the transactional risks.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.21-35
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• 2017

The advancement of IT and the "Fourth Industrial Revolution" blurred the boundary between industries. The importance of strategic cooperation between enterprises is emphasized. IT companies must consider their existing business areas and create new territories to drive changes in the industry. They must also secure their competitive edge and manage economic costs to enable them to compete with their global counterparts. By utilizing their resources effectively, these firms can create value through inter-firm cooperation. This study analyzes the collaborative network of global IT companies using social network analysis and examines the effect of this network on firm performance. Collaborative linkages and betweenness centrality, which represent the bridging position of a firm in a network, significantly affect firm performance. This result highlights the importance of the structural position of a firm in a cooperative network of IT companies. This study also characterizes clusters in a network of IT companies. Most of these clusters comprise a combination of IT companies in diverse IT industries. These clusters suggest that these companies engage in multilateral cooperation without boundaries to maximize their business capabilities. This study offers practical implications for establishing a cooperative strategy and framework that can capture business trends in the IT industry from a macroscopic view. This study also visualizes collaborative networks in a multifaceted way using social network analysis to provide researchers and business practitioners with an informative viewpoint.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.239-282
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• 2019

The importance of ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution), which has the advantage of expertise, speed and neutrality due to the increase of arbitration cases due to domestic and foreign construction disputes, has emerged. Therefore, in order for the nation's arbitration system and the arbitration Organization to jump into the ranks of advanced international mediators, it is necessary to research the characteristics and advantages of these arbitration Organization through a study of prior domestic and foreign research and operation of international arbitration Organization. As a problem, First, education for the efficient promotion of arbitrators (compulsory education, maintenance education, specialized education, seminars, etc.). second, The effectiveness of arbitration in resolving construction disputes (hearing methods, composition of the tribunal, and speed). third, The issue of flexibility and diversity of arbitration solutions (the real problem of methodologies such as mediation and arbitration) needs to be drawn on the Arbitration laws and practical problems, such as laws, rules and guidelines. Therefore, Identify the problems presented in the preceding literature and diagnosis of the defects and problems of the KCAB by drawing features and benefits from the arbitration system operated by the international arbitration Institution. As an improvement, the results of an empirical analysis are derived for "arbitrator" simultaneously through a recognition survey. As a method of improvement, First, as an optimal combination of arbitration hearing and judgment in the settlement of construction disputes,(to improve speed). (1) A plan to improve the composition of the audit department according to the complexity, specificity, and magnification of the arbitration cases - (1)Methods to cope with the increased role of the non-lawyer(Specialist, technical expert). (2)Securing technical mediators for each specialized expert according to the large and special corporation arbitration cases. (2) Improving the method of writing by area of the arbitration guidelines, second, Introduction of the intensive hearing system for psychological efficiency and the institutional improvement plan (1) Problems of optimizing the arbitration decision hearing procedure and resolution of arbitration, and (2) Problems of the management of technical arbitrators of arbitration tribunals. (1)A plan to expand hearing work of technical arbitrator(Review on the introduction of the Assistant System as a member of the arbitration tribunals). (2)Improved use of alternative appraisers by tribunals(cost analysis and utilization of the specialized institution for calculating construction costs), Direct management of technical arbitrators : A Study on the Improvement of the Assessment Reliability of the Appraisal and the Appraisal Period. third, Improvement of expert committee system and new method, (1) Creating a non-executive technical committee : Special technology affairs, etc.(Major, supports pre-qualification of special events and coordinating work between parties). (2) Expanding the standing committee.(Added expert technicians : important, special, large affairs / pre-consultations, pre-coordination and mediation-arbitration). This has been shown to be an improvement. In addition, institutional differentiation to enhance the flexibility and diversity of arbitration. In addition, as an institutional differentiation to enhance the flexibility and diversity of arbitration, First, The options for "Med-Arb", "Arb-Med" and "Arb-Med-Arb" are selected. second, By revising the Agreement Act [Article 28, 2 (Agreement on Dispute Resolution)], which is to be amended by the National Parties, the revision of the arbitration settlement clause under the Act, to expand the method to resolve arbitration. third, 2017.6.28. Measures to strengthen the status role and activities of expert technical arbitrators under enforcement, such as the Act on Promotion of Interestments Industry and the Information of Enforcement Decree. Fourth, a measure to increase the role of expert technical Arbitrators by enacting laws on the promotion of the arbitration industry is needed. Especially, the establishment of the Act on Promotion of Intermediation Industry should be established as an international arbitration agency for the arbitration system. Therefore, it proposes a study of improvement and differentiation measures in the details and a policy, legal and institutional improvement and legislation.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.75-82
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• 2011

Along with economic development, the service industry is growing as days go by. Therefore, companies should maximize customer satisfaction through continuous changes by providing services which are suitable for customer needs. The general service industry has a decisive effect on the rate of growth and profitability of a superior business. Therefore, many companies try to provide the best customer service to increase profitability. Because service to a customer is delivered through interactions with the employee, the employee's attitude has a strong influence on the customer's satisfaction level. For these, most service industries are required to provide new types of labor. It is often referred to 'Emotional Labor', and that is different from physical and mental labor. Service providers always provide a service for the customers with a smile, even though they conceal their emotions. The Purpose of this study is to identify theologically the fact of that Sales Workers at Department Stores emotional labor, according to the economization of service, has become to decide the predominance of competition among companies and represents the quality of service ; to confirm that their emotion management is a crucial part of the work; to identify the correlation among job stress and job satisfaction which are experienced in the process of performing display rules required by organization. To practice them, this study deals with the theological consideration of the emotional labor, job stress and job satisfaction. This study proceeded to evaluate how the emotional labor of sales workers at department stores effected on their job stress and satisfaction. The result of this study will be summarized below. First of all, the frequency of emotional display and attentiveness required to display emotions both have a similar effect on the level of job stress. In the case of the emotional dissonance, there isn't a great amount of proof that it effects the job stress. That shows us that the aspect of the latter, they express the feelings on their daily lives less than the former by the public awareness and gaze. so, once they could accept the latter, the effect on the job stress would be vanished. Second, a study was performed to figure out the effect of emotional labor on job stress. As a result, none of them make negative effects on the job satisfaction but the attentiveness to required display rules even have positive effects on it. that means the emotional labor has an indirect effect on the job satisfaction through some intermediation stuff. Third, the role conflict of job stress factors has a negative effect on job satisfaction, Although role ambiguity has a negative effect on that as well, I couldn't find appropriate proof for that. As far as I figured out, job stress can only increase job dissatisfaction. In other hands, the sales workers would have tendencies to have more motivation to work hard rather than reveal their job stress and complain about work. Finally, emotional laborers always work close to job stress. This can maximize service for the customers, but it increases stress of the laborers providing services at the same time. Then, they can not provide high quality service. It is no doubt that we need to begin managing it systematically. In conclusion, the work satisfaction of the sales workers is connected to the service quality for the customers directly.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.115-139
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• 2008

Since financial crisis of IMF resulted in intensive competitiveness and adverse management environment, many hotel industries have responded it with restructuring. Since this restructuring is accompanied by reduction of employees, hence comes the recognition of justice in the procedure of restructuring. When the surviving employees in the restructuring process recognize unfairness in the procedure and practical operations, organization effectiveness can not be maintained due to losing trust of their employers. In this paper I will examine the relationship between validity of restructuring and compensatory programs for layoffs and surviving employees' trust of the employers. Also I will find out the relationship between remaining employees' trust of the employers and their job satisfaction and organization commitment. Through this relationship, we can prepare an alternative to reduce negative effect of restructuring. The hypotheses of this study are proposed as follows: H1: The higher surviving employees' recognition of procedural justice in restructuring process is, the higher their trust with a manager of the company is. H2: The higher surviving employees' recognition of distributive justice in restructuring process is, the higher their trust with a manager of the company is. H3: The higher surviving employees' recognition of procedural justice in restructuring process is, the higher their job satisfaction is. H4: The higher surviving employees' recognition of distributive justice in restructuring process is, the higher their job satisfaction is. H5: The higher surviving employees' recognition of procedural justice in restructuring process is, the higher their organization commitment is. H6: The higher surviving employees' recognition of distributive justice in restructuring process is, the higher their organization commitment is. H7: The higher surviving employees' trust with a manager of the company in restructuring process is, the higher their job satisfaction is. H8: The higher surviving employees' trust with a manager of the company in restructuring process is, the higher their organization commitment is. For the purposes of this study, employees working in luxury hotels located in Seoul were targeted. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to those who consented with the investigation after explaining the purpose of the survey. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed and 450 questionnaire were returned to the researcher for analysis. 430 of the returned questionnaires were used for analysis. As for the education for this survey, 250 junior college graduates or under (58.1%), 143 college graduates (33.3%) and 37 graduate school graduates (8.6%). As for the marital status, 315 persons (73.3%) are single and 115 are married (26.7%). As for the monthly income, 49 people (11.48%) are less than 2 million won, 148 (34.4%) are between 2 million and less than 2.5 million won, 153 (35.6%) are between 2.5 million to less than 3 million won, 80 (18.6%) are more than 3 million won. As for the workplace, 293 people (68.1%) work for the F&B department, 73 (17.0%) for rooms department, 41 (9.5%) for operation/ marketing department, 23 (5.3%) for account/ general affair department. As for the period of employment, 85 people (19.8%) are less than 5 years, 150 (34.9%) are between 6 to 9 years, 143 (33.3%) are between 10 to 14 years. and 52 (3.%) are more than 15 years. An exploratory factor analysis was used to survey validity and reliability of calculating tool on perceived values. This study used correlation between individual items and whole items and Cronbach's alpha value of multiple-item scale which is usually used to assess scale and reliability. Reliability of conceptual sub-dimension was assessed by basing on repeated procedure of correlation between individual items and whole items and factor loading. 1. Verification of correlation between validity of restructuring and trust This research showed that procedural and distributive justice of restructuring affects trust positively. The path coefficient between procedural justice of restructuring and trust is 0.719(t=10.135, p=0.000), and thereby the higher procedural justice results in higher trust. The path coefficient between distributive justice of restructuring and trust is 0.160(t=3.291, p=0.001), and thereby the higher distributive justice results in higher trust. Hence H1 and H2 are accepted. 2. Verification of correlation between validity of restructuring and job satisfaction The path coefficient between procedural justice of restructuring and job satisfaction is 0.179(t=2.202, p=0.028), and thereby the higher procedural justice results in higher job satisfaction. The path coefficient between distributive justice of restructuring and job satisfaction is 0.074(t=1.620, p=0.105), and thereby distributive justice of restructuring has no relationship with job satisfaction. Hence H3 is accepted, but H4 is removed. 3. Verification of correlation between validity of restructuring and organization commitment The path coefficient between procedural justice of restructuring and organization commitment is 0.188(t=2.466, p=0.014), and thereby the higher procedural justice results in higher organization commitment. The path coefficient between distributive justice of restructuring and organization commitment is 0.118(t=2.720, p=0.007), and thereby the higher distributive justice results in higher organization commitment. Hence H5 and H6 are accepted. 4. Verification of correlation between trust and job satisfaction The path coefficient between trust and job satisfaction is 0.610(t=6.736, p=0.000), and thereby the correlation has a meaningful result. Since the higher trust of the employer results in higher job satisfaction, H7 is accepted. 5. Verification of correlation between trust and organization commitment The path coefficient between procedural justice of restructuring and job satisfaction is 0.446(t=5.547 p=0.000), and thereby the higher trust of the employer results in higher organization commitment. Hence H8 is accepted. This research aimed to help the employers of hotel industries by analyzing the effects of validity of restructuring on employees' trust, job satisfaction and organization commitment. The research found that employer's validity of restructuring has significant affects on the degree of employee's trust with a manager, thereby reducing the negative effects of restructuring and enhancing organization commitment and job satisfaction. The principal purpose of this research is to confirm the correlation between employees' perceived validity of restructuring and their trust with a manager. Also whether this correlation results in competitive edge of the company is also investigated. It is also pointed out that employees had to participated the procedure of restructuring, sharing the philosophy and reason of restructuring. This participation and furthermore compensatory methods can reduce employees' anxiety of organization operations. Variable of trust appeared to have impact on intermediation effect between perceived variable of validity and job satisfaction, organization commitment, so that increase of trust with a manager plays an crucial role in increasing organization effectiveness. Since this research did not cover whole hotel industries which underwent restructuring, it showed a limit. Unlike previous studies which dealt with validity and trust of superior bosses, this research focussed on employers. Also the organization citizenship which is not considered in this study will be dealt with in the future study.