• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 1999

Eleven species of Pythium were isolated from leaf blight symptoms on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustirs Huds.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratenisis L.) and zoysiagrasses (Zoysia japonica Steud., and Z. matrella (L.) Merr.) planted on golf courses in Korea. Mycelial growth on potato carrot agar medium under various temperature conditions indicated that Pythium species obtained in this study could be divided into four groups based on their responses to temperature conditions. P. vanterpoolii was found to favor low temperature conditions with the optimum temperature of $25^{\circ}$, whereas P. aphanidermatum and P. myriotylum favored relatively high temperature conditions with the optimum temperature of $35^{\circ}$. Other species including P. arrhenomanes, P. catenulatum, P. graminicola, P. oligandrum, P. rostratum, P. torulosum, and P. ultimum were the intermediate group with the optimum temperature of 25~$35^{\circ}$. P. periplocum was similar to the intermediate group but the minimum temperature for its mycelial growth was $15^{\circ}$, which was approximately $5^{\circ}$ above that for the intermediate Pythium spp.group. In the pathogenicity tests conducted in the lab using potted plants, P. aphanidermatum, P.a arrhenomanes, P. catenulatum, P. graminicola, P. myriotylum, P. periplocum, P. rostratum, P. torulosum, P. ultimum, and P. vanterpoolii were found to be pathogenic to creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass. P. aphanidermatum, P. catenulatum, and P. graminicola were frequently isolated from leaf blight symptoms of creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass in golf courses during the warm and humid periods in July-August. On the other hand, P. vanterpoolii and P. torulosum were frequently isolated during the cool and humid periods in March-May, suggesting both species might be the major causes of leaf blight occurring in the spring time. Zoysiagrass was susceptible to P. arrhenomanes and the heterothallic Pythium sp. (Ht-F), showing stem and crown rot of turf-grasses at poorly drained areas under coool and humid or rainy conditions. P. oligandrum and the heterothallic Pythium sp. (Ht-L) isolated from creeping bentgrass were avirulent to all species of turfgrasses tested in this study.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.535-540
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• 2011

The tensile and creep behaviors of Alloy 263, which is a wrought Ni-base superalloy used for gas turbine combustion systems, was studied. Anomalous increase of yield strength and abrupt decrease of elongation with increasing temperature were observed after tensile testing at an intermediate temperature. Elongation of the superalloy decreased as the temperature increased to and above 540$^{\circ}C$, and it reached a minimum value at 760$^{\circ}C$. It was found that creep strain was also very low at the same temperature. Inhomogeneous deformation with intensive slip bands was observed in the specimens tested at low temperature. A thermally-assisted dislocation climb process was regularly conducted at high temperature. Twinning was found to be an important mechanism of both tensile and creep deformations of the superalloy at an intermediate temperature where ductility minimum was observed.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2006

Long-term variability in the intermediate layer of the eastern Japan Basin has been investigated to understand the variability of water mass formation in the East Sea. The simultaneous decrease of temperature at shallower depths and oxygen increasing at deeper depths in the intermediate layer took place in the late 1960's sand the mid-1980's. Records of winter sea surface temperatures and air temperatures showed that there were cold winters that persisted for several years during those periods. Therefore, it was assumed that a large amount of newly-formed water was supplied to the intermediate layer during those cold winters. Close analysis suggests that the formation of the Upper Portion of Proper Water occurred in the late 1960's and the Central Water in the mid-1980's.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.157-167
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of intermediate peak and time duration, and to conduct a review for the causes of the intermediate peak. In this test, ice impact tests were conducted using a bow side shell frame and ice specimen. A total of 70 samples were manufactured. Two types of ice specimen with relatively different surface conditions were used. The criterion for dividing the two types of ice specimen was the different exposure times to room temperature after freezing. This experiment was conducted for each parameter in order to reproduce the actual icebreaking situation. As a result of the analysis, the intermediate peak in the ice load signal have been found to be caused by mechanisms by which the inner surface of broken ice contact with hull immediately after the initial hitting point of ice has been broken.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 2008

Because of an emerging importance of clean energy, fuel cells are attract more attention due to their ability to produce high efficient power without any harmful emission. Fuel cells are energy conversion device with directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy by the chemical reactions, which have potential applications in automobile, spacecraft, stationary, industrial and home appliances. Recently there are gaining demand to develop an intermediate temperature fuel cell and available proton conductors at $200{\sim}500^{\circ}C$, which promising operating temperatures range for both material science and energy conversion processes. In this paper, we have reviewed electrochemical properties and current technology of solid state proton conductors. In addition, development of intermediate temperature fuel cell using the perovskite-type solid protonic conductor is also discussed.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.33-38
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• 1995

In resist-discharge printing of cotton fabrics with reactive/reactive dyes the effects of intermediate drying on the white and the colored resist-dischargeabilities were studied. From the results of resist-discharge printing in case of 75% pick up, it was found that the most effective condition of intermediate drying which could at once prevent bleeding and improve the resist-dischargeability was 11$0^{\circ}C$ x 1min. The drying condition of 10$0^{\circ}C$ x 2min or 12$0^{\circ}C$ x 1min can be also recommended. It is important to pay close attention to the intermediate drying temperature and time. Because in case of 75% pick up when drying was carried on at 11$0^{\circ}C$ or 12$0^{\circ}C$ for more than 1 minute the resist-dischargeability was greatly lowerd by the fast fixation of ground color caused by high temperature, and in case of 100 % pick up the insufficient drying of ground color caused the resist-dischargeability to lower with giving rise to various troubles such as bleeding and smearing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2020

Tetracycline is one of the most commonly used antibiotics in domestic and foreign livestock industries to suppress the growth of pathogens. Tetracycline has been reported as a non-biodegradable compound. Therefore it has been not completely removed in the sewage treatment process. In this study, tetracycline was degraded using liquid ferrate (VI). Based on these experiments, the optimal water condition (pH and water temperature) were selected, appropriate liquid ferrate (VI) dosage was calculated, and finally the degradation pathway was estimated with the intermediate products detected by LC/MS/MS. All degradation experiments were completed within 30 seconds and the optimal condition was obtained in basic condition (pH 10) at room temperature (20℃). And the appropriate molar ratio between tetracycline and liquid ferrate (VI) was 12.5:1. Finally, 12 intermediate products were detected with LC/MS/MS and the degradation pathways and the degradation pathways and proposed the degradation pathways.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.323-326
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• 1984

In this study we are going to develop the process of a synthesis about BaTiO3 at the room temperature. We use BaTiO3 as a high dielectric constant in many dielectric materials and more stable in the temperature, We need high temperature over 1300$^{\circ}C$ for the synthesis of BaTiO3 by the process of industrials and there are difficulty which synthesize a final products not to have a intermediate composition. So we studied to synthesize a pure BaTiO3 from the room temperature to 90$^{\circ}C$ and also to develop the process of synthesis which can control the particle size and which has the final product not to have a intermediate composition.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.1349-1359
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• 2016

Alternative control schemes for an Advanced High Temperature Reactor system consisting of a reactor, an intermediate heat exchanger, and a secondary heat exchanger (SHX) are presented in this paper. One scheme is designed to control the cold outlet temperature of the SHX ($T_{co}$) and the hot outlet temperature of the intermediate heat exchanger ($T_{ho2}$) by manipulating the hot-side flow rates of the heat exchangers ($F_h/F_{h2}$) responding to the flow rate and temperature disturbances. The flow rate disturbances typically require a larger manipulation of the flow rates than temperature disturbances. An alternate strategy examines the control of the cold outlet temperature of the SHX ($T_{co}$) only, since this temperature provides the driving force for energy production in the power conversion unit or the process application. The control can be achieved by three options: (1) flow rate manipulation; (2) reactor power manipulation; or (3) a combination of the two. The first option has a quicker response but requires a large flow rate change. The second option is the slowest but does not involve any change in the flow rates of streams. The third option appears preferable as it has an intermediate response time and requires only a minimal flow rate change.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.1986-1991
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• 2007

KEPRI has studied anode-supported planar SOFCs and kW class stacks operated at intermediate temperature for development of a combined heat and power unit. A single cell composed of Ni-YSZ/FL/ScSZ/LSCF showed the maximum power density of 0.55 W/$cm^2$ at $650^{\circ}C$ and 1.8 W/$cm^2$ at $750^{\circ}C$. With 37 cells of 10${\times}10cm^2$ and stainless steel interconnects, a 1kW class SOFC stack was manufactured. When a 1kW class SOFC system was operated at $750^{\circ}C$ with city gas, it showed the power output of 1.3 kWe at 50 A. It also recuperated heat of 0.57-1.2 kWth according to the loaded current through combustion of unreacted anode off-gas. Recently, KEPRI is developing a new kW class SOFC stack and system to increase efficiency and durability at intermediate temperature.