• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.552-555
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• 2004

Several studies have demonstrated the importance of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This study sought to determine the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and essential hypertension in young Pakistanis. The frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism was established by a comparative cross-sectional survey of Pakistani patients suffering from essential hypertension and ethnically matched normotensive controls. Samples were collected from tertiary care hospitals in northern Pakistan. Hypertensive individuals were defined as those with a systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg on three separate occasions, or those currently receiving one, or more, anti-hypertensive agents. DNA samples obtained from hypertensive (n=211) and normotensive (n=108) individuals were typed by PCR. The frequency of the ACE I/I genotype was significantly higher in hypertensive patients, aged 20-40 years, than in normotensive controls of the same age group ($\chi^2$ = 4.0, P = 0.041). Whereas no overall significant differences were observed between the I/I, I/D and D/D ACE genotypes (One way ANOVA, F=0.672; P=0.413). The association between the ACE I/I genotype and essential hypertension in individuals aged $\leq$ 40 years suggests that ACE has a role in early onset essential hypertension in Pakistan.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 2024

As online activities have rapidly increased due to recent digital changes and the impact of COVID-19, the importance of large-scale data processing and maintenance is increasing. This study compares the performance of the two main types of databases widely used for data storage and management: Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) and Non-Relational Databases (NoSQL). Specifically, we measured and evaluated the execution time of data insertion, query, and deletion functions using MySQL, a representative example of RDBMS, and Redis, a representative example of NoSQL. The experimental results showed that Redis showed performance about 5.84 times faster in data insertion, 6.61 times faster in query, and 12.33 times faster in deletion than MySQL. These results demonstrate that Redis provides superior performance, especially in environments requiring large-scale data processing and maintenance. Therefore, companies and online service providers can choose NoSQL databases such as Redis to ensure more efficient data management solutions. We hope this study will be an essential reference when selecting a database based on data processing performance.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.365-371
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• 2015

CB tree represents the binary trie by a compact binary sequence. However, retrieval time grows fast since the more keys stored in the trie, longer the binary sequences are. In addition it is inefficient for frequent key insertion/deletion. HCB tree is a hierarchical CB tree consisting of small binary tries. However it can not avoid shift operations and have to scan an additional table to refer child or parent trie. In order to improve retrieval performance and avoid shift operations when keys are inserted or deleted, we in this paper represent each separated trie by a full binary trie and then assign the unique identifier to it. Finally the theoretical evaluations show that both the proposed approach and HCB tree provides better than CB tree for key retrieval. The proposed approach shows the highest performance in case of key insertion/deletion and moreover requires only 71%~89% of storage as compared with CB tree.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.572-584
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• 1993

In this paper, we propose an efficient method to allocate carrier frequencies so as to minimize intermodulation products in two-level SCPC systems in which Hub station and many Remote stations communicate each other through the satellite transponder. Also we present a very efficient method to evaluate intermodulation products with highly reduced CPU time in two-level SCPC systems. We study and analyze the performance of some possible methods to extend the Deletion and Insertion operation, which is proposed by Okinaka and applied to only one-level SCPC systems, to two-level SCPC systems. The proposed algorithm is carefully selected out of these methods and is optimized, which shows superior performance to any other published strategies, especially in that it has very excellent characteristics in terms of generality for practical application. Considering the fact that most published strategies are seldom applicable to actual two-level SCPC systems, we can say that the proposed algorithm in this paper is quite meaningful.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.4
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• pp.497-506
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• 2009

The method of effectively merging XML documents becomes necessary, as the use of XML is popular and the collaborative editing is required in the areas such as office documents and scientific documents editing works. As a solution to this problem, in this paper we present a theoretical framework for merging individual editing works by muli-users to a same source document. Different from existing approaches which merge documents themselves when they are merged, we represent editing works with a series of edit operations applied to a source document, which is called a edit script, merge those edit scripts by multi-users, and apply the merged one to the source document so that we can achieve the same effect of merging documents. In order to do this, assuming edit scripts based on insertion and deletion edit operations, we define notions such as static edit scripts, the intervention between edit scripts and the conflict between the ones, then propose the conflict conditions between edit scripts and the method of adjusting edit scripts when merged. This approach is effective in reducing network overhead in distributed environments and also in version management systems because of preserving the semantics of individual editing works.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.397-408
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• 2003

Existing indexing mechanisms of XML data using numbering scheme have a drawback of rebuilding the entire index structure when insertion, deletion, and update occurs on the data. We propose a new indexing mechanism based on split blocks to cope with this problem. The XML data are split into blocks, where there exists at most a relationship between two blocks, and numbering scheme is applied to each block. This mechanism reduces the overhead of rebuilding index structures when insertion, deletion, and update occurs on the data. We also propose two algorithms, Parent-Child Block Merge Algorithm and Ancestor-Descendent Algorithm which retrieve the relationship between two entities in the XML hierarchy using this indexing mechanism. We also propose a mechanism in which the identifier of a block has the information of its Parents' block to expedite retrieval process of the ancestor-descendent relationship and also propose two algorithms. Parent-Child Block Merge Algorithm and Ancestor-Descendent Algorithm using this indexing mechanism.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.639-643
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• 2009

High temperature stress might affect the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage. In order to develop cultivars resistant to high temperature stress, we developed polymorphic DNA markers for trehalose synthesis genes related to abiotic stress resistance. A total of 28 Brassica rapa ESTs homologous to trehalose synthesis genes of Arabidopsis were found from the NCBI database. The polymorphic DNA sequences were searched between Chinese cabbages - Chiifu, which is relatively susceptible to high temperature stress, and Kenshin, which is tolerant to high temperature stress. Among the 28 ESTs, we found 10 ESTs that have either insertion/deletion and/or single nucleotide polymorphism between the two cultivars. Those polymorphic sites were then targeted for the development of 10 PCR based markers. These molecular markers related to trehalose genes could be used not only to test their relationship with abiotic stress resistance in Chinese cabbage, but also the development of abiotic stress resistant cultivars using MAS.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.208-212
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• 2010

The low and high temperature stress might affect the yield and quality of many crop species. Alternative oxidase (AOX) gene is known as factors related to stress resistance in plants. In order to develop molecular markers related to stress resistance in Chinese cabbage, fifteen ESTs sharing sequence similarity to arabidopsis AOX genes were found using Brassica rapa EST database from NCBI. The polymorphic DNA sequences using the ESTs were then screened between Chinese cabbage, 'Chiifu' and 'Kenshin'. We found four ESTs that have either insertion or deletion between the two cultivars. These polymorphic sites were then targeted for development of the four PCR based molecular markers. These molecular markers developed in this study could be useful for a test of their relationship with abiotic stress resistance in Chinese cabbage.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.81-85
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• 2002

We present a statistical analysis of Korean phonological variations using automatic generation of phonetic transcription. We have constructed the automatic generation system of Korean pronunciation variants by applying rules modeling obligatory and optional phonemic changes and allophonic changes. These rules are derived from knowledge-based morphophonological analysis and government standard pronunciation rules. This system is optimized for continuous speech recognition by generating phonetic transcriptions for training and constructing a pronunciation dictionary for recognition. In this paper, we describe Korean phonological variations by analyzing the statistics of phonemic change rule applications for the 60,000 sentences in the Samsung PBS(Phonetic Balanced Sentence) Speech DB. Our results show that the most frequently happening obligatory phonemic variations are in the order of liaison, tensification, aspirationalization, and nasalization of obstruent, and that the most frequently happening optional phonemic variations are in the order of initial consonant h-deletion, insertion of final consonant with the same place of articulation as the next consonants, and deletion of final consonant with the same place of articulation as the next consonants. These statistics can be used for improving the performance of speech recognition systems.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2001

The identification , characterization and quantification of Plasmodium sp. genetic polymorphism are becoming increasingly important in the vaccine development. We investigated polymorphism of Plasmodium vivax GAM-1 (PvGAM-1) gene in 30 Korean isolates. The polymorphic region of the PvGAM-1 gene, corresponding to nt 3792-4029, was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing. All of the P. viuax Korean isolates were one type of GAM-1 gene, which were identical to that of the Belem strain. It is suggested that PvGAM-1 could not be used as a genetic marker for identifying or classifying P. vivax Korean isolates. It revealed that the polymorphic pattern as acquired basically by duplication and modification or deletion event of a 33 bp-motif fragment ended by poly guanine (G) and that there were at least three complete and one partial 33 Up-motif sequences within the polymorphic region in the longest cases such as those of South Korean and Belem isolates. In addition, we clustered P. vivax isolates with parsimonious criteria on the basis of PvGAM- 1 polymorphic patterns (insertion/deletion patterns) .