• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.196-238
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• 1996

Because global innovation-based competition is increasing and the amount of R&D expenditures becomes severely large, it is more likely that mergers and collaborative ventures tend to affect adversely to R&D competition Against this trend, enforcing agency of advanced countries including U.S.A are reassessing certain aspects of competition policy toward mergers and acquisition to ensure that procompetitive, efficiency-enhancing transactions are permitted. The role of competition policy is developing and appropriating new technology and protects the risks involved in the licensing contract of technologies. The role of intellectual property rights is also contrived to promote technological innovation and to increase consumer welfare. That is to say, dynamic efficiency of intellectual property rights includes (l) increase in social welfare and (2) promotion of growth by improvement of quality through invention and commercialization of new product as well as enhanced productive efficiency thorough appropriating new process. Because intellectual property rights are licensed to make use of complementary inputs, the rule of reason approach seems proper when applying antitrust law. To analyze the "Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing and Acquisition of Intellectual Property"by DOJ and FTC in U.S.A, the author surveyed pros and cons on innovation market approach. This approach will only be used in a narrow range of situations when the evidence is solid, concentration numbers are extremely high, and the agencies can predict with a high degree of certainty that the merger will likely lead either to a slowing in the pace of innovation or the loss of an alternative research track that is likely to lead to a product beneficial to consumers. The author introduces the studies on licensing contract of intellectual property rights and competition polices on behalf of potential inquirers. Also the author invites the interdisciplinary researchers to analyze further with a model on the aspects of the "Notice 1995-10 for Types and Criteria on Unfair Transaction Behavior in International Contracts" by Fair Trade Committee of Korea.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.257-268
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• 2024

Hydrogen serves as a clean energy source with potential applications across various sectors including electricity, transportation, and industry. In terms of policy and economic support, governmental policy backing and economic incentives are poised to accelerate the commercialization and expansion of hydrogen energy technologies. Hydrogen energy is set to become a cornerstone for a sustainable future energy system. Additionally, when constructing hydrogen production plants, economic aspects must be considered. The essence of hydrogen production plants lies in the electrolysis of water, a process that separates water into hydrogen and oxygen using electrical energy. The initial capital expenditure (CAPEX) for hydrogen production plants can vary depending on the electrolysis technology employed. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of hydrogen production technologies as well as to propose a method for predicting the CAPEX of hydrogen production plants.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.195-213
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that determine the performance of technological start-ups from resource-based view of firm. This study analyzed the correlation among the entrepreneur's competence, technology commercialization capabilities and business performance. This study is designed to examine (1)the effect of entrepreneur's competence, technology commercialization capabilities on business performance; and (2) the causal relationships and the mediator effects among the latent variables and business performance. Data for the study was compiled through surveys on entrepreneurs representing 125 technological start-ups. Empirical results of the hypothesis testing are summarized as follows : The results indicate that both two variable groups have positively influenced the outcome of business performance. Especially strategic competence was highly related to commercialization capabilities and business performance. The technology commercialization capabilities as a parameter had a significant influence on business performance.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-38
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• 2021

In this paper, an exploratory analysis study was conducted on establishing a strategy to utilize living labs to enhance the innovation of the energy sector. Through the previous research literature, it was possible to confirm the concept, essential components, innovation characteristics of living labs, and types of innovation issues in the energy sector as the theoretical background. Based on this, the case studies of energy living lab (8 overseas, 1 domestic) were analyzed focusing on the possibility of utilizing living lab as an approach to innovation issues in the energy sector, establishing a customized strategy for essential components of living lab and enhancing innovation. It was confirmed that the establishment of a customized strategy for the essential components of the living lab could be a driving force in enhancing innovation, and the Living Lab is effectively used as an approach method for innovation issues(demand management, supply technology, enhance R&D acceptance and promote commercialization, technology policies) in the energy sector. As a result of the case studies, the driving force of each living lab was derived from the viewpoint of contributing to innovation, and strategies for using the living labs for each energy innovation problem were established. This study is an exploratory and descriptive analytical study of the utilization strategy and value of the living lab model as an approach to innovation issues in the energy field, which can provide a living lab strategy framework that has not been tried in the past and enables living lab activation and network formation. It can also be considered to have academic, practical, and policy implications in that it can also contribute.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.123-149
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• 2015

Even though papers and patents generated by public research institutions including universities are continuously increasing in Korea, commercialization of research outputs is significantly lower than developed countries. Therefore, it is very important to improve the effectiveness of technology licensing offices(TLOs) of universities. In this study, we study effects of the patent manager dispatch program(PMDP) of the Korean Patent Office(KPO) on the performance of TLOs. KPO has dispatched patent experts to selected TLOs under the PMSD since 2006. Based on data of 126 TLOs, we analysed whether the PMSD has improved the performances of beneficiary TLOs. We tested two related hypotheses: (1)Whether or not a TLO received the dispatch service had effects on its performance? (2)Were early beneficiaries more effective than late beneficiaries or non-beneficiaries because of cumulative learning effects? The main findings are as follows. The past experience in itself did not improve performances of beneficiary TLOs. However, early beneficiaries were better than late beneficiaries or non-beneficiaries, that is, some learning effects might help the beneficiary TLOs improve their performances.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.367-389
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• 2013

The Industry-Academia Technology Holding Company has been established and operated in universities for supporting technology transfer and promoting commercialization since 2008. In the meantime, necessity for operating and methods for vitalizing of the Industry-Academia Technology Holding Company, reviews for legal and institutional requirements and case studies have been performed in various ways. However, a comprehensive actual survey for overall operation of the Industry-Academia Technology Holding Company was insufficient for researchers of universities who were participating in National R&D programs and the projects for the S&T policy. In particular, this is the very time for an interim and overall review now that it has been 5 years since the Industry-Academia Technology Holding Company was introduced. Accordingly, the comprehensive surveys and interviews were conducted on the status of driving the project by the Industry-Academia Technology Holding Company in this study. Based on this analysis result, we have suggested the improvement of Industry-Academia Technology Holding Company in three different ways - (1) expanding the basement of technological business development in universities (2) improving legal and institutional support system, and (3) expanding elites of organizations and securing responsibilities.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.277-298
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• 2012

Once a production focused on primary industry, Food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry is now trying to shed away and plans to totally transform the paradigm of agricultural R&D with a leaping goal towards being a new growth engine. Promoting the bioindustry through utilizing agricultural bioresources was selected as the primary task and also made all efforts to support by all government department and ministry. In this study, we are raised problems and planned the improvements by the empirical analysis of national R&D policy, investment strategy, the recent progress of R&D program, and the performance of R&D investment to achieve early commercialization in fields of agricultural bioresources utilizing. We also propose the R&D role sharing and cooperations of public/private sector to commercialize the agricultural bioresources from the comprehensive empirical analysis results. It will eventually strengthen the national R&D investment strategy and efficiency and then will contribute towards a successful early commercialization performance in bioindustry through utilizing agricultural bioresources.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 1995

Since 1982, the government of Korea has actively promoted vertical cooperative R&D programs between government-sponsored research institutes (GRIs) and private firms. A number of firms participated in the programs because cooperative R&D could lower the risk and could contribute to rapid commercialization of many technologies. This paper examines the effectiveness of vertical cooperative R&D projects by the modes of cooperation between GRIs and industrial firms, and analyzes the performance of participating firms' technology sourcing strategies for commercial utilization of cooperative R&D results at the project performed from 1982 to 1989 under the Government-Industry Cooperative R&D Program sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) in Korea. The cooperative R&D projects are classified into 4 groups by two criteria, i.e., the level of participation of firms, and the breadth of cooperation. The findings suggest that firms should actively participate in cooperative R&D projects. In addition, in order to enhance commercial success, cooperation between GRIs and industrial firms should not be limited to R&D stage only. The breadth of cooperation should be extended to commercialization stage. Small- and medium-sized firms participating in vertical cooperative R&D projects in Korea usually lack internal technological capabilities that are needed to commercialize the results of cooperative R&D. Three different technology sourcing strategies - exclusive cooperative R&D strategy, in-house development augmented cooperative R&D strategy, and licensing-in supplemented cooperative R&D strategy - are empirically derived through cluster analysis of the relative usage rates cooperative R&D and of other supplementary technology acquisition methods. The findings suggest that the firms participating in vertical cooperative R&D projects should try to utilize other supplementary technology acquisition methods in order to achieve commercial utilization of the vertical cooperative R&D results.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.117-128
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• 2024

In this paper, we propose a process for deriving priority tasks using the legal design technique in a situation where there is high uncertainty in the market and legal system regarding the commercialization of security tokens based on blockchain and distributed ledger technology. To issue and distribute securities tokens, we conducted a legal design workshop with participants who applied for innovative financial services (financial regulatory sandbox). During the workshop, participants harmonized their interests and deliberated on readiness, considering both legal and technical factors. The aim was to ascertain the feasibility of identifying prioritized objectives for future endeavors. The legal design technique facilitates consensus-building among stakeholders in an uncertain environment by confirming and adjusting differing perspectives and disagreements based on mutual understanding. The key stages include the empathetic process called "Family Therapy," the "N whys" for problem definition, and the speculative scenario design for problem-solving. This approach distinguishes itself from user-centered design thinking. Given the diverse stakeholders involved, effective facilitation by the facilitator is crucial during the legal design workshop preparation and execution.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.79-95
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• 2013

New product innovation is a process of embodying new knowledge in a product and technology licensing is getting popular as a means to innovations and introduction of new product to the market in today's competitive global market environment. Incumbents often rely on technology licensing to access new product opportunities created by other firms. Prior research has examined various aspects of technology licensing agreements such as specific contract terms of licensing agreements, e.g., distribution of control rights, exclusivity of licensing agreements, cross-licensing, and the scope of licensing agreements. This study aims to provide answers to an important, but under-researched question: why do some incumbents initiate more licensing agreement for exploratory learning while others do it for exploitative learning along the innovation process? We attempt to extend our knowledge of licensing agreements from an organizational learning perspective. Technology licensing as a specific form of interfirm linkages can be initiated with different learning objectives along the process of new product innovation. The exploratory stages of the innovation process such as discovery or research stages involve extensive searches to create new knowledge or capabilities, whereas the exploitative stages of the innovation process such as application or test stages near the commercialization are more focused on developing specific applications or improving their efficiency or reliability. Thus, different stages of the innovation process generate different types of learning and the resulting technological resources. We examine when incumbents as licensees initiate more licensing agreements for exploratory learning objectives and when more for exploitative learning objectives, focusing on two factors that may influence a firm's formation of exploratory and exploitative licensing agreements: 1) its past radical and incremental innovation experience and 2) its internal investments in R&D and marketing. We develop and test our hypotheses regarding the relationship between a firm's radical and incremental new product experience, R&D investment intensity and marketing investment intensity, and the likelihood of engaging in exploratory and exploitive licensing agreements. Using data collected from various secondary sources (Recap database, Compustat database, and FDA website), we analyzed technology licensing agreements initiated in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries from 1988 to 2011. The results of this study show that incumbents initiate exploratory rather than exploitative licensing agreements when they have more radical innovation experience and when they invest in R&D activities more intensively; in contrast, they initiate exploitative rather than exploratory licensing agreements when they have more incremental innovation experience and when they invest in marketing activities more intensively. The findings of this study contribute to the licensing and interfirm cooperation studies. First, this study lays a foundation to understand the organizational learning aspect of technology licensing agreements. Second, this study sheds lights on how a firm's internal investments in R&D and marketing are linked to its tendency to initiate licensing agreements along the innovation process. Finally, the findings of this study provide important insight to managers regarding which technologies to gain via licensing agreements. This study suggests that firms need to consider their internal investments in R&D and marketing as well as their past innovation experiences when they initiate licensing agreements along the process of new product innovation.