• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2013

The intestinal immune system has an ability to distinguish between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria, and then activate pro-inflammatory pathways against pathogens for host defense while remaining unresponsive to the microbiota and dietary antigens. In the intestine, abnormal activation of innate immunity causes development of several inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Thus, activity of innate immunity is finely regulated in the intestine. To date, multiple innate immune cells have been shown to maintain gut homeostasis by preventing inadequate adaptive immune responses in the murine intestine. Additionally, several innate immune subsets, which promote Th1 and Th17 responses and are implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, have recently been identified in the human intestinal mucosa. The demonstration of both murine and human intestinal innate immune subsets contributing to regulation of adaptive immunity emphasizes the conserved innate immune functions across species and might promote development of the intestinal innate immunity-based clinical therapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권11호
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• pp.1153-1161
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• 2005

As known by other name(natural immunity), the innate immune system comprises all those mechanisms for dealing with infection that are constitutive or built in, changing little with age or with experience of infection. Though in some ways less sophisticated than adaptive immunity, innate immunity should not belittled, since it has evidently protected thousands of species of invertebrates sufficiently to survive for up to 2 billion years. In the innate immune system, molecules of both cellular and humoral types are involved, corresponding to the need to recognize and dispose of different types of pathogen, to promote inflammatory responses and to interact to the adaptive immune system. A major features of innate immunity are the presence of the normal gut flora, complements, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and many cytokines that can block the establishment of infection. Both phagocytic cells and complement system have tremendous potential for damaging host cells, but fortunately they are normally only triggered by foreign materials, and usually most of their destructive effects are focussed on the surface of these or in the safe environment of the phagolysosome. This article addreses the comprehensive mechanisms of the major components of the innate immune system to prevent the infection.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2022

Bombyx mori is a representative industrial insect and is used in silk production. Additionally, it serves as an insect model in molecular studies. To date, various molecular studies on its physiological characteristics, including the innate immune response and cuticular melanization, have been conducted. The melanization, including cuticular melanization, in insects is controlled by the prophenoloxidase-activating system, which is also involved in their innate immune response. In this review, to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the prophenoloxidase-activating system in the silkworm, the roles of five biomolecules, namely tyrosine hydroxylase, prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme, phenoloxidase, serine protease homolog, and immulectin, are discussed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2005

Effect of dietary brown seaweed(Undaria pinnatifida) levels on the anti-oxidant enzyme system was evaluated in blood of broiler chicks activated innate immune response. Day-old broiler chicks were fed diets containing 0.0(basal), 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 % of brown seaweed for 4 weeks. The innate immune response was activated by injecting Salmonella typhymurium lipopolysaccharide(LPS) i.p. at 8, 10 and 12 day of age. The activation of innate immune response enhanced(p< 0.01) and the brown seaweed 1.0 and 2.0 % diets reduced(P< 0.05) the superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in erythrocyte cytosol significantly. The activation of innate immune response elevated significantly the levels of peroxide and the activity of peroxidase in plasma, while the levels of dietary brown seaweed resulted in a significant linear increase in peroxidase activity in plasma of normal bird. Experience of the innate immune response in 4 week-old chicks reduced linearly the plasma level of peroxide with the level of brown seaweed and enhanced the plasma peroxidase activity. Also, the plasma of normal birds fed the brown seaweed showed higher level of peroxide and lower activity of peroxidase. The results indicated that dietary brown seaweed affected SOD and peroxidase activities in blood of broiler chicks during activation of innate immune response.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2007

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) playa crucial role in initiating and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses by detecting invading microbial pathogens. TLRs can also respond to non-microbial molecules derived from damaged tissue. Accumulating evidence suggests that deregulation of TLRs results in the dysfunction of immune system and ultimately increases the risk of many immune and inflammatory diseases including infectious diseases, allergy, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, understanding how the immune system is controlled by TLRs will provide new insight to find the way to prevent or treat infectious diseases and immune disorders.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.649-654
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• 2009

The immune system is comprised of cells and molecules whose collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substance is referred to as the immune response. Defense against microbes is mediated by the early reaction (innate immunity) and the late response (adaptive immunity). Innate immunity consists of the epithelial barrier, phagocytes, complement and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity, a more complex defense reaction, consists of activation of later-developed lymphocytes that, when stimulated by exposure to infectious agents, increase in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each successive exposure. In this review we discuss recent advances in important primary immune deficiency disorders of innate immunity (chronic granulomatous disease, leukocyte adhesion deficiency) and adaptive immunity (severe combined immune deficiency, Wiskott- Aldrich syndrome).

• BMB Reports
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.473-480
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• 2022

Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, play essential roles in the innate immune system. As key innate immune cells, neutrophils detect intrusion of pathogens and initiate immune cascades with their functions; swarming (arresting), cytokine production, degranulation, phagocytosis, and projection of neutrophil extracellular trap. Because of their short lifespan and consumption during immune response, neutrophils need to be generated consistently, and generation of newborn neutrophils (granulopoiesis) should fulfill the environmental/systemic demands for training in cases of infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that neutrophils also play important roles in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-mediated immune responses end with apoptosis of the cells, and proper phagocytosis of the apoptotic body (efferocytosis) is crucial for initial and post resolution by producing tolerogenic innate/adaptive immune cells. However, inflammatory cues can impair these cascades, resulting in systemic immune activation; necrotic/pyroptotic neutrophil bodies can aggravate the excessive inflammation, increasing inflammatory macrophage and dendritic cell activation and subsequent T_H1/T_H17 responses contributing to the regulation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In this review, we briefly introduce recent studies of neutrophil function as players of immune response.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.142-146
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• 2019

Peroxidasin is a unique member of peroxidase family in that it has extracellular matrix (ECM) motif as well as peroxidase activity. Peroxidasins are involved in consolidation the extracellular matrix during development and in innate immune defense. C. elegans has two functional peroxidasins, PXN-1 and PXN-2, and PXN-2 is known to contribute to innate immune system. However, it is not clear of PXN-1 function in innate immune system. Therefore, this study is focused on the function of PXN-1 and the relationship between PXN-1 and PXN-2 in innate defense system in C. elegans. When pxn-1 was knocked down by RNAi, the worm turned to be more resistant to pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the enhanced resistance was abolished in pxn-1pxn-2 double knock down. By contrast, pxn-2 knock down showed stronger susceptibility to the pathogens. These results suggest that pxn-2 can contribute the pathogen resistance and pxn-1 can suppress the pathogen resistance. To confirm the idea, overexpression experiments were performed. Overexpression of pxn-1 showed more susceptible to pathogens compared to the control and double overexpression of pxn-1pxn-2 overcame the susceptibility of pxn-1 overexpression to the pathogens. On the other hand, pxn-2 overexpression made the worm more resistant to the pathogens and the resistance was maintained in pxn-1pxn-2 double overexpression. The comparison of the susceptibilities to the bacterial pathogens in above mentioned constructs suggests that PXN-1 suppress the function of PXN-2 in defense against bacterial pathogens in Caenorhabditis elegans.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2004년도 제21차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.33-34
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• 2004

기초사료, 미역제품 사료와 콩 추출물 함유 미역제품 사료를 육계병아리에 각각 급여하여 8. 10 및 12일령에 LPS를 주입하여 타고난 면역반응을 활성화하였다. 미역제품 사료와 타고난 면역반응 활성화는 적혈구 세포액의 MnSOD 활성을 낮추었다. CuZnSOD 활성은 타고난 면역에 의해 상승하였다. 타고난 면역이 활성화된 병아리에서 콩 추출물 함유 미역제품 사료는 혈장 총 SOD 활성을 유의하게 낮추었다. 타고난 면역반응은 콩 추출물 함유 미역제품 사료에서 과산화물 농도를 유의하게 높였고, 과산화물분해효소 활성은 콩 추출 함유 미역제품 사료를 급여한 육계병아리에서 유의하게 낮았다. 타고난 면역반응은 콩 추출물 함유 미역제품 사료에서 TNF-a 농도를 유의하게 낮추고, 오보트랜스페린의 농도를 높였다. 이상과 같이 콩 추출물 함유 미역제품 사료는 혈액 항산화계와 급성기 반응시의 TNF-a 농도와 오보트랜스페린 농도를 동시에 변화시켰다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

The innate immune system is the only defense weapon that invertebrates have, and it is the fundamental defense mechanism for fish. The innate immune response is important in newly hatched flounders because it is closely involved in the initial feeding phase, which is why it is essential for survival during the juvenile period. The expression analysis of genes involved in the innate immune response in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in the days after hatching is incomplete. Therefore, we have begun to examine the expression patterns of genes specifically induced during the development of the innate immune system in newly hatched flounders. Microscopic observation showed that pronephron formation corresponded with the expression of perforin-encoding gene. These results suggest that perforin plays a vital role in the innate immunity of the kidney during developmental stages. Perforin expression was strong at the start of the development of the innate immune response, and continued throughout all the development stages. Our findings have important implications with respect to perforin's biological role and the evolution of the first defense mechanisms in olive flounder. Further studies are required to elucidate the perforin-mediated innate immunity response and to decipher the functional role of perforin in developmental stages.