• 한국연소학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2008

In this study, a cylindrical constant volume combustion chamber is used to investigate the flow and combustion characteristics of methane-air homogeneous mixture under various initial charge pressure, excess air ratios and ignition times. The flame and burning speed, mean gas speed are calculated by numerical analysis to analyze the combustion characteristics. It is found that the mean gas velocity during combustion has the maximum value around 300 ms and then decreased gradually on the condition of 10000 ms, and that the combustion duration is shorten and flame speed and burning velocity have the highest value under the conditions of an excess air ratio 1.1, an initial charge pressure of 0.2 MPa and an ignition time of 300 ms in the present study. And, the initial pressure and burning speed are in inverse proportion, so that it is in agreement with Strehlow who presented that the initial pressure and burning speed are in inverse proportion when the burning speed is under 50cm/s.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.197-207
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• 1992

Fatigue life and penetration behavior were examined analytically by variety of initial front face crack length and initial crack depth. The fatigue crack shape before penetration is almost semielliptical, and the aspect ratio by calculation using the Newman-Raju's formula is smaller than the value obtained by the experiment. It is found that the crack growth behavior on the back surface after penetration is unique and can be divided into three stage a, b and c. By using the K value proposed by the authors, particular crack growth behavior and the change in crack shape can be evaluated quantitatively. It is found that fatigue life and penetration behavior were more dependent on initial front face crack length than initial crack depth.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집 D
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• pp.3060-3062
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• 2000

A fast optimal path planning algorithm using the analog Cellular Nonlinear Circuits (CNC) is proposed. The proposed algorithm compute the optimal path using subgoal-based dynamic programming algorithm. In the algorithm, the optimal paths are computed regardless of the distance between the initial and the goal position. It begins to find subgoals starting from the initial position when the output of the initial cell becomes nonzero value. The suboal is set as the initial position to find the next subgoal until the final goal is reached. Simulations have been done considering the imprecise hardware fabrication and the limitation of the magnitude of input value.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2011

WEP은 향후 네트워크 시장을 주도할 무선 랜에서 암호화 기능과 인증 기능을 제공하기 위하여 제시된 보안 프로토콜이다. 그러나 WEP는 암호문 생성 시 사용되는 초기 값 생성에 대한 구체적인 방법이 제시하고 있지 않으며, 초기 값의 크기 및 재사용 문제로 인하여 암호화를 하는 경우 안전성에 대한 문제가 제기되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 WEP의 취약점들을 지적하고 이에 대한 개선안을 제시하였고 제시한 개선안을 토대로 초기 값 재사용을 방지할 수 있는 초기 값 생성 시스템과 블록 암호 CBC 모드를 이용하여 기밀성과 상호 인증 기능을 제공할 수 있는 새로운 무선랜 보안 모델을 제안하였다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2012

상 경계 추정 문제에서는 초기치에 따라 그 추정성능이 달라질 수 있다. 하지만 실제의 유동 공정에서는 초기치 설정을 위한 기포의 개수와 개략적인 위치 정보를 알 수가 없기 때문에, 초기치 설정 문제는 더욱 중요하다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 상 경계 추정을 위한 초기치 설정을 위해 우선 차이(difference) 복원 방법을 사용하여 미지의 저항률 분포를 추정하고, 중간모드(intermodes) 방법을 사용하여 적응 문턱치를 자동으로 계산하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 기포의 개수와 초기 위치를 결정하였다. 이로써 잡음이 존재하는 경우에도 기포의 상 경계를 잘 추정할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다. 이에 몇 가지 시나리오를 설정하고 모의실험을 통해 제안한 방법의 상 경계 추정성능을 평가하였다.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2020

This paper describes an alignment algorithm that estimates the initial heading angle of AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) for starting navigation in a sea area. In the basic dead reckoning system, the initial orientation of the vehicle is very important. In particular, the initial heading value is an essential factor in determining the performance of the entire navigation system. However, the heading angle of AUVs cannot be measured accurately because the DCS (Digital Compass) corrupted by surrounding magnetic field in pointing true north direction of the absolute global coordinate system (not the same to magnetic north direction). Therefore, we constructed an experimental constraint and designed an algorithm based on extended Kalman filter using only inertial navigation sensors and a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver basically. The value of sensor covariance was selected by comparing the navigation results with the reference data. The proposed filter estimates the initial heading angle of AUVs for navigation in a sea area and reflects sampling characteristics of each sensor. Finally, we verify the performance of the filter through experiments.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2004

A cylindrical constant-volume combustion chamber was used to investigate the flow characteristics at the spark electrode gap and the combustion characteristics of an inhomogeneous charge methane-air mixture under several parameters such as stratified pattern, initial charge pressure, ignition time and the excess air ratio of the initial charge mixture. Flow characteristics including mean velocity and turbulence intensity were analyzed by a hot-wire anemometer. The combustion pressure development, measured by a piezo-electric pressure transducer, was used to investigate the effect of initial charge pressure, excess air ratio and ignition times on combustion pressure and combustion duration. It was found that the mean velocity and turbulence intensity had the maximum value around 200-300 ms and then decreased gradually to near-zero value at 3000 ms. For the stratified patterns, the combustion rate under the rich injection (RI) condition was the fastest. Under the initial charge conditions, the second mixture was accompanied by an increase in the combustion rate, and that the higher the mass which is added in the second stage injection, the faster the combustion rate.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2009

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. Primary stability at the time of implant placement is related to the level of primary bone contact. The level of bone contact with implant is affected by thread design, surgical procedure and bone quality, etc. PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to compare the initial stability of the various taper implants according to the thread designs, half of which were engaged to inferior cortical wall of type IV bone(Group 1) and the rest of which were not engaged to inferior cortical wall(Group 2) by measuring the implant stability quotient(ISQ) and the removal torque value(RTV). MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this study, 6 different implant fixtures with 10 mm length were installed. In order to simulate the sinus inferior wall of type IV bone, one side cortical bone of swine rib was removed. 6 different implants were installed in the same bone block following manufacturer s recommended procedures. Total 10 bone blocks were made for each group. The height of Group 1 bone block was 10 mm for engagement and that of group 2 was 13 mm. The initial stability was measured with ISQ value using Osstell $mentor^{(R)}$ and with removal torque using MGT50 torque gauge. RESULTS. In this study, we found the following results. 1. In Group 1 with fixtures engaged to the inferior cortical wall, there was no significant difference in RTV and ISQ value among the 6 types of implants. 2. In Group 2 with fixtures not engaged to the inferior cortical wall, there was significant difference in RTV and ISQ value among the 6 types of implants(P < .05). 3. There was significant difference in RTV and ISQ value according to whether fixtures were engaged to the inferior cortical wall or not(P < .05). 4. Under-drilling made RTV and ISQ value increase significantly in the NT implants which had lower RTV and ISQ value in Group 2(P < .05). CONCLUSIONS. Without being engaged to the inferior cortical wall fixtures had initial stability affected by implant types. Also in poor quality bone, under-drilling improved initial stability.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.469-477
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• 2014

As a kind of intelligent materials, conductive asphalt concrete has a broad application prospect including melting ice and snow on the pavement, closing cracks in asphalt concrete, sensing pavement damage, and so on. Conductive pavement will be suffered from fatigue failure as conventional pavement in the process of service, and this fatigue damage of internal structure can be induced by electrical signal output. The characteristics of electrical signal variation of conductive asphalt concrete in the process of fatigue cracking were researched in this paper. The whole process was clearly divided into three stages according to resistance changes, and the development of fatigue damage wasn't obvious in stage I and stage II, while in stage III, the synchronicity between the resistance and damage began to appear. Thus, fatigue damage variable D and initial damage value $D_0$ represented by the functions of resistance were introduced in stage III. After calculating the initial damage value $D_0$ under different stress levels, it was concluded that the initial damage value $D_0$ had no noticeable change, just ranged between 0.24 and 0.25. This value represented a critical point which could be used to inform the repair time of early fatigue damage in the conductive asphalt pavement.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2016

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between colon transit time (CTT) test value and initial maintenance dose of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 or lactulose. Methods: Of 415 children with chronic functional constipation, 190 were enrolled based on exclusion criteria using the CTT test, defecation diary, and clinical chart. The CTT test was performed with prior disimpaction. The laxative dose for maintenance was determined on the basis of the defecation diary and clinical chart. The Shapiro-Wilk test and Pearson's and Spearman's correlations were used for statistical analysis. Results: The overall group median value and interquartile range of the CTT test was 43.8 (31.8) hours. The average PEG 4000 dose for maintenance in the overall group was $0.68{\pm}0.18g/kg/d$; according to age, the dose was $0.73{\pm}0.16g/kg/d$ (<8 years), $0.53{\pm}0.12g/kg/d$ (8 to <12 years), and $0.36{\pm}0.05g/kg/d$ (12 to 15 years). The dose of lactulose was $1.99{\pm}0.43mL/kg/d$ (<8 years) or $1.26{\pm}0.25mL/kg/d$ (8 to <12 years). There was no significant correlation between CTT test value and initial dose of laxative, irrespective of the subgroup (encopresis, abnormal CTT test subtype) for either laxative. Even in the largest group (overall, n=109, younger than 8 years and on PEG 4000), the correlation was weak (Pearson's correlation coefficient [R]=0.268, p=0.005). Within the abnormal transit group, subgroup (n=73, younger than 8 years and on PEG 4000) correlation was weak (R=0.267, p=0.022). Conclusion: CTT test value cannot predict the initial maintenance dose of PEG 4000 or lactulose with linear correlation.