• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.411-421
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• 2017

Understanding the need for temperature regulation, behavior, and ecology of hibernating bats provides the possibility of conservation and management for target species. Our objective in this study was to improve understanding of the population trend and ecological requirement in Myotis formosus population in South Korea. From 2007 to 2016, total of 58 hibernacula for Myotis formosus were found across the country. Of the 58 hibernating sites of Myotis formosus, 86% (n=49) were abandoned mines and 14% (n=8) were natural caves. During the survey period, 28 (5%) bats of total 570 bats were observed in natural caves (n=8) and 542 (95%) bats were observed in abandoned mines (n=49). The internal environments of hibernacula of M. formosus were highly stable despite dramatic variation in the external environment. Specifically, we examined the population trend of the endangered bat Myotis formosus in South Korea by long-term monitoring for hibernation sites. The population trend of endangered species M. formosus showed a marked stable in hibernating population. Our results indicate that a tightly collected long-term data set may help to establish the initial approximation of population trends and manage to threats for the endangered bat species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.578-583
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to a) find out the operational characteristics of the contract-managed highschool foodservice in Seoul, b) investigate the expected level of meal-price and facilities investment cost perceived by contract-managed highschool foodservice managers c) compare the present level and expected level of meal-price and facilities investment cost. From October 12 to November 13 in 2001, the questionnaires were mailed to 249 high schools which was managed by contract foodservice company with respondent rate 40.2%. Data were analyzed using SPSS Win(10.0) for descriptive analysis and one group paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The student enrollment of highschools run by contract-managed foodservice was 1,243 with 72.6% participation rate of school lunch program. The average meal-price was 2,138 won. The average annual period of school foodservice operation was 156.78 days per year. The average contracting period was about 3 years. 2. The average cost concerned in the facilities investment amounts 169,578,180 won at the initial investment and 25,204,092 won at the repairs and maintenance cost in the course of operation. 3. The present level of meal-price and facilities investment cost were respectively 2,136won/meal and 171,157,336.72 won. And expected level of meal-price and amount of facilities investment cost were 2,418.75 won and 121,353,215.19 won. Comparing the present level with the expected level of the meal- price and facilities investment cost, expected level of meal-price was significantly higher than the present level of meal-price(p<.001) and expected level of facilities investment cost was significantly lower than present level of facilities investment cost(p<.001).

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.114-131
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• 1992

In the present work, a two-dimensional boundary-value problem for a large amplitude motion is treated as an initial-value problem by satisfying the exact body-boundary and nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions. The present nonlinear numerical scheme is similar to that described by Vinje and Brevig(1981) who utilized the Cauchy's theorem and assumed the periodicity in the horizontal coordinate. In the present thesis, however, the periodicity in the horizontal coordinate is not assumed. Thus the present method can treat more realistic problems, which allow radiating waves to infinities. In the present method of solution, the original infinite fluid domain, is divided into two subdomains ; ie the inner and outer subdomains which are a local nonlinear subdomain and the truncated infinite linear subdomain, respectively. By imposing an appropriate matching condition, the computation is carried out only in the inner domain which includes the body. Here we adopt the nonlinear scheme of Vinje & Brevig only in the inner domain and respresent the solution in the truncated infinite subdomains by distributing the time-dependent Green function on the matching boundaries. The matching condition is that the velocity potential and stream function are required to be continuous across the matching boundary. In the computations we used, if necessary, a regriding algorithm on the free surface which could give converged stable solutions successfully even for the breaking waves. In harmonic oscillation problem, each harmonic component and time-mean force are obtained by the Fourier transform of the computed forces in the time domain. The numerical calculations are made for the following problems. $\cdot$ Forced harmonic large-amplitude oscillation(${\omega}{\neq}0,\;U=0$) $\cdot$ Translation with a uniform speed(${\omega}=0,\;U{\neq}0$) The computed results are compared with available experimental data and other analytical results.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.92-99
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• 2013

In this study the nanofiltration (NF) membrane treatment of a sulfuric acid waste solutions containing copper ion ($Cu^{+2}$) discharging from the etching processes of the printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing industry has been studied for the recycling of acid etching solution. SelRO MPS-34 4040 NF membrane from Koch company was tested to obtain the basic NF data for recycling of etching solution and separation efficiency (total rejection) of copper ion. NF experiments were carried out with a dead-end membrane filtration laboratory system. The pure water flux was increased with the increasing storage time in sulfuric acid solution and lowering pH of acid solution because of the enhancement of NF membrane damage by sulfuric acid. The permeate flux of acid solution was decreased with the increasing copper ion concentration. Total rejection of copper ion was decreased with the increasing storage time in sulfuric acid solution and copper ion concentration, and lowering the pH of acid solution. The total rejection of copper ion was decreased from initial 37% to 15% minimum value.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2014

Objectives: We reviewed the CAREX (CARcinogen EXposure) program designed to estimate the prevalence of occupational exposure to carcinogens and summarized the advantages and limitations of this program. Methods: All literature, including reports on CAREX and the use of CAREX, were reviewed. The keyword search term was CAREX. Additional articles were identified from references cited in articles and reviewed. Results: An exposure information system, CAREX was developed based on data from the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health of Finland and from the US. CAREX has been applied in several countries, including in the EU, in order to estimate national exposure patterns to carcinogens. The initial exposure assessment carried out through CAREX was aimed at estimating exposures over the period of 1990-1993. To estimate the number of workers exposed to carcinogens by using CAREX, reference exposure prevalence from Finland and the United States was computed, which was then reviewed and corrected by national experts. Finally the overall number of workers exposed to carcinogens can be estimated. We found that CAREX has been used in a total of 18 countries. No Asian country has used CAREX. Conclusions: CAREX can be applied not only to estimate the number of workers exposed to carcinogens in Korea, but also to identify high-risk industries with workers most exposed to carcinogens.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2014

Background: Although a residual intimal tear may contribute to the dilatation of the descending aorta following surgical repair of acute type I aortic dissection (AD), its causal relationship has not been elucidated by clinical data due to the limited resolution of imaging modalities. Methods: This study enrolled 41 patients (age, $55.2{\pm}11.9$ years) who were evaluated with dual-source computed tomography (CT) imaging of the whole aorta in the setting of the surgical repair of acute type I AD. Logistic regression models were used to determine the predictors of a composite of the aortic aneurysm formation (diameter >55 mm) and rapid aortic expansion (>5 mm/yr). Results: On initial CT, a distal re-entry tear was identified in 9 patients. Two patients failed to achieve proximal tear exclusion by the surgery. Serial follow-up CT evaluations (median, 24.6 months; range, 6.0 to 67.2 months) revealed that 14 patients showed rapid expansion of the descending aorta or aortic aneurysm formation. A multivariate analysis revealed that the residual intimal tear (odds ratio [OR], 4.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 19.31) and the patent false lumen in the early postoperative setting (OR, 4.64; 95% CI, 0.99 to 43.61) were predictive of the composite endpoint. Conclusion: The presence of a residual intimal tear following surgery for acute type I AD adversely influenced the expansion of the descending aorta.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2009

Colostrum provide a complete diet for the newborn calves. In ruminants, colostrum is also the sole source of initial acquired immunity for the offspring. Colostrum, therefore, plays an important role in ruminants host defense. Bovine colostrum imparts passive immunity to newborn calves during the first 24h of life and generally has been fed for the first 3 days after birth. Colostrum can be preserved conveniently for future use by brief refrigeration, freezing, or storage at ambient temperatures (fermentation or chemical treatment). Colostrum management were surveyed via data collection from 67 dairy farms in Gyeonggi and Chungnam provinces. After parturition for five days the total amount of produced colostrum was 80.4 kg on average, and the average amount of lactation fed to a calf was 20.9 kg. According to the survey results, identified treatment methods for surplus colostrum are as follows; disposal 17.9%, other calf feeding 37.3%, storage 22.4%, other livestock feeding 20.9% and other treatment 1.5%. For improvement in the quality of colostrum, there must be controlled usage of medicines (such as antibiotics) before and after parturition, proper choices of milk-drying agents, and increased milking yields during the early stage of the milking period.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.180-186
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing corn with soy hulls on nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. Three experimental diets were tested using a 3 × 3 Latin square design using three barrows per group (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average initial body weight of 36.9 ± 4.0 kg) in individual metabolic cages. The dietary treatments were the control (CON) basal diet (corn-soybean meal based diet), whereas in the test diets, soy hulls were included at 5% (H1), 10% (H2), gradually replacing corn. The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for digestible energy (DE) (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW^0.75). Intake of crude fiber (CF) was different among treatments (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H2 diet excreted higher concentrations of dry matter (DM), and CF than pigs fed with H1 diet and basal diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H1 and H2 diets excreted higher concentrations of crude protein (CP) than pigs fed with CON diet (p < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CF from H1 and H2 diets were higher than CON diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H2 diets were significantly lower (p < 0.05) the ATTD of CP than the pigs fed with CON and H1 diets. The current data suggest that 10% inclusion soy hulls can slightly decrease CP digestibility. However, soy hulls considerably increased CF digestibility.It is concluded that 5% soy hulls may be a usable alternative to corn in growing pig diets.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2016

Background: It is widely accepted that cervical interlaminar steroid injection (CIESI) is more effective in treating radicular pain than axial neck pain, but without direct comparison. And the differences of effect after CIESI according to MRI findings are inconsistent. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the therapeutic response of CIESI according to pain sites, durations, MRI findings, and other predictive factors altogether, unlike previous studies, which evaluated them separately. Methods: The medical records of 128 patients who received fluoroscopy guided CIESI were analyzed. We evaluated the therapeutic response (more than a 50% reduction on the visual analog scale [VAS] by their second visit) after CIESI by (1) pain site; neck pain without radicular pain/radicular pain with or without neck pain, (2) pain duration; acute/chronic (more than 6 month), and (3) findings of MRI; herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD)/spinal stenosis, respectively and altogether. Results: Eighty-eight patients (68%) responded to CIESI, and there were no significant differences in demographic data, initial VAS score, or laboratory findings. And there were no significant differences in the response rate relating to pain site, pain duration, or MRI findings, respectively. In additional analysis, acute radicular pain with HIVD patients showed significantly better response than chronic neck pain with spinal stenosis (P = 0.04). Conclusions: We cannot find any sole predictive factor of therapeutic response to the CIESI. But the patients having acute radicular pain with HIVD showed the best response, and those having other chronic neck pain showed the worst response to CIESI.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.297-307
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• 1995

Anatomical and physiological studies of sink tissues are required for better understanding the biological plant growth system and energy metabolism Anatomy of root growth zones of two genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) receiving 50 or 200 ppm N were determined, Cross-sectional anatomy and cells responses of root growth zones were observed and examined. Rapid radial root expansion occurred within the first 1.0 mm from root apex, and then increased gradually for both genotypes and N levels. Another increase in diameter occurred at high N after cell elongation slowed near 3.0 mm. Area of the central cylinder cell increased rapidly near the root apex. However, it then decreased again about 1.0 to 1.5 mm from the apex, perhaps because of pressure from the rapid increase of root diameter due largely to an increasing proportion of cortex and epidermis or hypodermis in the distal portion of the root growth zone. Root area from the apical initial to 6.0 mm distal consisted of 10 to 18% epidermis or exodermis, 67 to 79% cortex, and 10 to 22% vascular cylinder cells containing cambium cells (6 to 20%) and xylem cells (0.8 to 2.5%). These data indicate that N application affects root growth radially by increasing mainly cortex cell area, with less effect on epidermis and central cylinder cells.