• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.95-98
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• 2021

By far, studies on the effect of oral administration of peppermint essential oil on blood pressure are not consistent, increasing or decreasing. And the effect of inhalation of peppermint essential oil on blood pressure was not reported. This study was designed to clarify the effect of peppermint essential oil inhalation on the blood pressure and autonomic nervous system. Blood pressure and heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity were measured. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure was not changed significantly by inhalation of peppermint essential oil. Standard deviation of normal to normal (SDNN), a parameter of total activity of autonomic nervous system also was not changed significantly. High frequency (HF) power level, an indicator of parasympathetic nervous system activity was not changed by peppermint. These results indicate that action mechanism of peppermint essential oil on blood pressure is different by the method of administration, oral or inhalation.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.251-256
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• 1997

Toluene inhalation increases glutamate level and its receptor in various brain regions. In this study, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities were investigated in various rat brain regions using NADPH diaphorase staining method which examined histochemical changes of NOS in the neural cells. Also, in vitro LDH leakage assay and MTT test were performed to investigate the toxic influences of toluene in cultured granule cell of rat cerebellum which was significantly affected with toluene in vivo. Rats were exposed to toluene of 10000 ppm for 3 days. 7 days and 14 days by 20 min $\times$ 2 times a day. NADPH diaphorase staining was processed in the different brain regions after inhalation. NADPH diaphorase staining density was not significantly changed at 3 days inhalation group, but the density decreased in proportion to the duration of toluene inhalation. Over 30% of staining density was decreased at 14 days group which was maximum duration of inhalation in this study. The tendency of staining density decrease was significant in granule cell of cerebellum. Cell death by toluene exposure was observed in cultured cerebellar granule cell. $EC_{50}$ measured with LDH leakage assay and MTT test were 43 mM and 72 mM respectively.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effects of aroma inhalation therapy on pain post tonsillectomy. Method: A non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design was used. The research instruments used in this study were a pain perception measurement and vital signs (systolic & diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate levels). Twenty-five patients in the experimental group went through aroma inhalation therapy for ten minutes after the tonsillectomy. The aroma inhalation therapy used was a blended oil, a mixture of Lavender and Loman chamomile in the ratio of 2:1. The 25 patients in the control group did not receive the therapy. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for pain (pain perception and vital signs). Collected data were processed with the SPSS WIN. Ver. 14.0 program and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and ANCOVA. Results: Pain perception of patients was not significantly reduced. However systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were significantly reduced. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that aroma inhalation is a partially effective nursing intervention to reduce the post-operative tonsillectomy pain.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.292-301
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• 2021

Objectives: Wearing medical masks has been recommended since the declaration of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) as a pandemic disease. Certified medical masks are evaluated according to filtration efficiency and facial inhalation resistance. However, some people use non-certified common masks. This study aimed to evaluate various non-certified commercial masks based on the certification criteria for medical masks. Methods: Twenty mask products (three anti-droplet, three disposable dental, eight fashion, three cotton, and three children's masks) were selected. For performance evaluation, filtration efficiency and facial inhalation resistance tests were conducted. The evaluation method followed the certification method for KF-certified masks of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and the N95 respirator of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Results: None of the 20 masks met the KF94 certification standard set by the MFDS. Four and three masks respectively met the KF80 certification standard and the N95 standard of NIOSH. Filtration efficiency was significantly higher in three-layer masks than in single layer masks. Pleated-type masks had higher filtration efficiency than cone-type masks. There was no correlation between the structure of masks and facial inhalation resistance. Conclusion: While no masks complied with the KF94 certification standard, a few masks met the KF80 and the N95 certification standards of NIOSH. Although some people wear non-certified commercial masks, protection from aerosols is not guaranteed by such masks. Evaluation of the protection efficiency of non-certified mask against microbiological infection is needed for the prevention of infectious disease.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1123-1134
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of aromatherapy on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension. Method: There were fifty-two subjects divided into an essential oil group, placebo group, and control group by random assignment. The application of aromatherapy was the inhalation method of blending oils with lavender, ylangylang, and bergamot once daily for 4 weeks. To evaluate the effects of aromatherapy, blood pressure and pulse were measured two times a week and serum cortisol levels, catecholamine levels, subjective stress, and state anxiety were measured before and after treatment in the three groups. Data was analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and $X^2-test$ using the SPSS 10.0 program. Results: The blood pressure, pulse, subjective stress, state anxiety, and serum cortisol levels among the three groups were significantly statistically different. The differences of catecholamine among the three groups were not significant statistically Conclusion: The results suggest that the inhalation method using essential oils can be considered an effective nursing intervention that reduces psychological stress responses and serum cortisol levels, as well as the blood pressure of clients with essential hypertension.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.32-41
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to identify the effects of aroma inhalation therapy on heart rate variability and anxiety in the context of urodynamics study. Method: The data were collected from 64 patients who were receiving urodynamics at the C University Medical Center in Seoul, 23 in the experimental group, 22 in the placebo group and 19 in the control group. In the experiment, the subjects of the experimental group inhaled a mixture of lavender and bergamot for 5 min, the subjects of the placebo group inhaled geranyl acetate oil for 5 min and the subjects of the control group relaxed for 5 min. The instruments used in this study included the state anxiety inventory and heart rate variability. Result: The score of state anxiety was no significant differences between the three groups after aroma-inhalation. Also, the sympathetic nerve activity and parasympathetic nerve activity was no significant differences between the three groups after aroma-inhalation. Autonomic nerve balance was maintained significantly in the experimental group as compared to the control groups after aroma-inhalation. Conclusion: The aroma inhalation therapy was very effective in balancing the autonomic nervous system in the patients undergoing urodynamic study.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.410-418
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effects of Aroma inhalation therapy on test anxiety, stress and serum cortisol in nursing students. Methods: The study design was a pre posttest randomized design with a pre-survey, a 5-day experimental treatment (2012.11.17-21) and a post survey. Participants were 65 students - 31 in the aromatic inhalation group and 34 in the control group. The pre-survey included general demographic characteristics and test anxiety, stress and serum cortisol levels for all students. The experimental group received the aromatic inhalation using aroma oil (mixed Maychang, lavender, rosewood essence - ratio of 3:5:2). Results: The experimental group treated with aromatic inhalation scored significantly lower for test anxiety (t=-2.330 p=.023), physical stress (t=-2.910 p=.005) and psychological stress (t=-3.285 p=.002) compared to the control group. However, there were no differences in serum cortisol levels (t=0.228 p=.820). Conclusion: Results indicate that Aromatic inhalation, using maychang, lavender and rosewood essential oils, contributes significantly to reducing anxiety and stress among nursing students, and can therefore be an effective intervention for anxiety and stress.

• 분석과학
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2012

4급 암모늄 계열의 대표적인 살균제인 didecyldimethylammonium chloride(DDAC)는 흡입 경로에 의해 폐 섬유화 등의 폐질환을 일으킬 가능성이 높은 물질로, 흡입독성시험을 위하여 전신 흡입노출 챔버 내에 에어로졸 형태로 분무된 DDAC의 포집 및 분석방법을 검토하였다. DDAC의 포집 회수율은 아세토니트릴을 사용하여 탈착한 XAD 흡착제의 회수율이 87.8%로 실리카겔의 경우보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이온크로마토그라프-전기전도도 검출기로 분석한 DDAC의 검출한계(MDL, method detection limit)는 0.18 ${\mu}g/mL$이었으며, 정량한계(LOQ, limit of quantitation)는 0.54 ${\mu}g/mL$였다. 공기 포집량 240 L를 기준으로 챔버 내 공기 중 농도로 환산하면 MDL이 2.97 ${\mu}g/m^3$, LOQ가 8.92 ${\mu}g/m^3$로, 챔버 내 발생 농도인 70~900 ${\mu}g/m^3$ 농도 수준의 모니터링에 적절하였다. 분석의 재현성은 0~20 ${\mu}g/mL$ 농도범위에서 상대오차 7.8% 내외였으며 시료 분석에 소요되는 시간은 5분 이내였다. 따라서 XAD를 사용한 DDAC의 포집 및 이온크로마토그라피를 이용한 분석방법은 실험동물을 사용한 전신 흡입노출 챔버 내 DDAC 농도의 신속하고 편리한 모니터링에 적절한 것으로 나타났다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2018

본 연구는 근골격계 수술을 앞두고 있는 환자를 대상으로 라벤더를 이용한 향기흡입이 수술전 불안 감소에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위해 시행되었다. 연구설계는 비동등성 대조군 전-후 설계의 유사실험연구(Quasi-experimental design)이다. 연구의 대상은 척추마취나 부분마취로 근골격계 수술을 받는 대상자 60명으로 실험군 30명 대조군 30명이었다. 연구도구는 활력징후 중 혈압과 맥박, 수술 전 불안 자가평가 도구 APAIS(Amsterdam preoperative anxiety information scale)이다. 자료분석은 PASW(SPSS)20.0을 이용하여 실험군과 대조군간의 동질성 검증을 t-test, $x^2$검증, Fisher's exact test, paird t-test를 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과에서 라벤더 향기흡입이 근골격계 수술환자의 수술전 불안을 감소시키고, 향기요법 시행 후에 수축기 혈압과 이완기 혈압의 유의미한 감소를 보이는 결과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 수술을 앞둔 환자에게 비약물적 중재를 통해 불안의 감소 및 혈압과 맥박을 안정화시키기 위한 간호전략으로 향기요법을 사용할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2011

Objectives: Carbon nanotubes are an important new class of technological materials that have numerous novel and useful properties. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which is a nanomaterial, is now in mass production because of its excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Although MWCNTs appear to have great industrial and medical potential, there is little information regarding their toxicological effects on researchers and workers who could be exposed to them by inhalation during the handling of MWCNTs. Methods: The generation of an untangled MWCNT aerosol with a consistent concentration without using surfactants that was designed to be tested in in vivo inhalation toxicity testing was attempted. To do this, MWCNTs were dispersed in deionized water without the addition of any surfactant. To facilitate the dispersion of MWCNTs in deionized water, the water was heated to $40^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, and $80^{\circ}C$ depending on the sample with ultrasonic sonication. Then the dispersed MWCNTs were atomized to generate the MWCNT aerosol. After aerosolization of the MWCNTs, the shapes of the NTs were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Results: The aerosolized MWCNTs exhibited an untangled shape and the MWCNT generation rate was about 50 $mg/m^3$. Conclusion: Our method provided sufficient concentration and dispersion of MWNCTs to be used for inhalation toxicity testing.