• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 2017

This study analyzes the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. Gini coefficient (market income), the deciles income inequality index and per capita real GDP were analyzed. Furthermore, various cointegration tests were tried to improve the reliability of the test results. From the weak exogeniety test of between per capita real GDP and the Gini coefficient (market income), per capita real GDP has a weak exogeneity while the Gini coefficient is endogenous. From the various cointegration tests, we found out that there is a cointegration between Gini coefficient and per capita real GDP. Moreover, it is estimated that per capita real GDP has a positive effect on the Gini coefficient (market income). In the VAR Granger causal analysis, per capita real GDP affects the Gini coefficient (market income), but it is difficult to say that the Gini coefficient (market income) always has an effect on per capita real GDP. Also, the impulse-response function of the VAR model shows that per capita real GDP temporarily reduces the Gini coefficient (market income), and then increases it over time. Accordingly, it is necessary for the policies to improve not only the distribution structure but also income distribution through economic growth.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.245-252
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• 2022

This study examines the strength of the impact of fiscal policy tools on economic wellbeing as measured by per capita income in Malaysia from 1996 to 2020. The impact of fiscal policy instruments on economic wellness, represented by real income per capita, is measured using the autoregressive distributed lags model. The speed of adjustment from short-run disequilibrium to long-run equilibrium is also measured to assess the strength of the fiscal instruments' impact on per capita income. Empirical results exhibit the existence of co-integration relationships between per capita income, tax revenue, and government spending. The findings provide strong support for the presence of a long-run positive impact on government spending and a long-run negative impact of tax revenue on per capita income. The coefficient of ECT_t-1 indicates that deviations from a short-run disequilibrium to a long-run equilibrium from the current to the future period are corrected with a speed of 76% (equivalent to a duration of 1.5-2 years to return to equilibrium). The practical and policy implication of the results is fiscal instruments play a significant role, mainly in alleviating the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the long run.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-37
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• 2019

This study investigates the convergence in per capita $CO_2$ emission by income group for an unbalanced panel of 152 countries from 1980 to 2013 using beta and sigma convergence model. Absolute beta and sigma convergence differed by $CO_2$ emission reduction policies in each countries. Conditional beta convergence shows that per capita income has a negative effect on growth in per capita $CO_2$ emission. In particular, better-quality institutions and technology accelerated the negative effect of per capita income on the speed of convergence of per capita $CO_2$ emission in high-income countries. For middle-income countries, the growth of income affected the convergence of $CO_2$ emission per capita, but institutional quality has an insignificant impact. On the other hand, improvements in the level of technology have a mitigating effect on the negative impact of income in middle-income and low-income countries, contributing to the increase in $CO_2$ emission.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.613-624
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• 2021

This paper analyzes the relationship between income distribution and energy consumption from a Pareto optimal approach. For this purpose, the causality relationship between electricity consumption per capita (kWh) with respect to country groups and energy consumption per capita (kg of oil equivalent) along with gross domestic product per capita was analyzed. In addition to this purpose, a Pareto analysis was conducted to determine the countries with the highest per capita national income, how much of the world total energy they consume, and whether the law of power in the energy and electricity markets exists. Finally, the impact of official development assistance provided to low-income countries by high-income countries on the low-income countries' electricity and energy consumption was analyzed. In other words, it was questioned whether pareto redistribution policies serve the purpose or not. The Engle-Granger causality approach was used in the analysis of the causality relationship between variables. Our analysis indicated that, first, the energy data of the country groups may be inadequate in revealing income inequalities. Second, the existence of Pareto law of power and global income inequality can be explained based on energy data. Finally, Pareto optimal redistribution policies to eliminate income inequality remain inadequate in practice.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2015

Based on the work of Anand et al. (2013) we measure inclusive income growth, which combines growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and growth in the equity of the income distribution. Extending the work of Causa et al. (2014), we estimate a dynamic simultaneous structural equations model of GDP per capita and inclusive income on panel data for 63 countries over the 1990-2013 period. We estimate both equations in error correction form by difference GMM (generalized method of moments). Among the explanatory variables of the level and the distribution of GDP per capita we include R&D (research and development) expenditure per capita. In OECD countries we obtain a large positive effect of R&D on GDP. R&D is found to have a positive effect on the social mobility index but its impact on the income equity index at first decreases, then switches around to become slightly positive in the long run. In non- OECD countries, R&D is found to decrease inclusive income, mostly through a negative growth effect but also because of a slightly increasing income inequity effect.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.237-255
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate relations of resources and demands, family financial management and financial statement of urban households by applying a system approach. The results of this study were as follows; Saving rate had significant differences according to resources variables such as age, family life cycle, occupation of househead and housewife, ratio of employed to family member, and to demands variabels such as subjective prospect of business cycle, and value orientation, whereas total saving amount had significant differences according to resources vaiables such as age, family life cycle, educational level, percapita income, occupation of househead, type of income and to demand variable, perception of relative income. Also average monthly saving amount had significant differences according to resources vaiables such as educational level, per capita income, occupation of housewife, housing ownership, ratio of employed to family member, ratio of dependent to employed, and to demands variable, perception of relative income. The stocks had significant differences according to resources variables such as age, family life cycle, educational level, per capita income, occupation of househead, type of income, and housing ownership. Finally, real estate had significant differences according to resources variables such as age, family life cycle, educational level, percapita income, occupation of househead, type of income, housing ownership, and to demands variable, perception of relative income. Financial Statement among urban households according to family financial management had significant differences. And among all variables affecting financial statement among urban households, per capita income had the highest effect and perception of relative income was the second.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.103-117
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate causal relations of resources and demands, family financial management and subjective financial wee-being among urban households by applying a system's approach. The data were collected through the questionnaire whose respondent were 455 housewives in Seoul. The data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as Frequency. Percentile, ANOVA , F-test, T-test, Pearson's correlation analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis. Path Analysis. The results of this research were as follows. 1) The level of subjective financial wee-being among urban households exceeded the middle level. It had significant differences according to resource variables such as age of housewife. education level of housewife, housewife's occupation, househead's occupation. per capita income, debt/net asset ratio, and according to demand variables such as aspiration, expectancy, perception of financial progress, relative deprivation. 2) The level of subjective financial well-being among urban households according to level of family financial management capability has significant differences. Therefore, the higher family financial management capability, the higher level of subjective financial well-being. 3) Among all variables affecting the subjective financial well-being among urban households. aspiration had the highest relative influence on the subjective financial well-being and per capita income, occupation of househead and family financial management variables were in this order. 4) Among all variables affecting the subjective financial well-being among urban households aspiration, occupation of househead, per capita income and finacial management variables had direct effect on subjective financial well-being . Besides housewife's education level, aspiration and per capita income had indirect effect on it through family financial management.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.649-657
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• 2021

This paper aims to study the impact of natural disasters on per capita income in Vietnam both the short and long-term, specifically impact loss of income caused by the extreme drought 2013 for agriculture, forestry and fishery in Phu Yen Province, Central Vietnam. The study valued economic damage by applying the synthetic control method (SCM), which is a statistical method to evaluate the effect of an intervention (e.g. natural disasters) in different case studies. It estimates what would have happened to the treatment group if it had not received the treatment by constructing a weighted combination of control units (e.g. control provinces). The results showed that the 2013 drought caused a decrease in income per capita, mainly in the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sector in Phu Yen. The reduced income was estimated to be VND 160,000 (1 USD = 23,500 VND (2021)) for one person per month, accounting for 11% of total income per capita and continued to affect the income 6 years later. Therefore, authorities need to invest in preventive solutions such as early and accurate warnings to help people to be more proactive in disaster prevention.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.573-588
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• 2018

This study analyzed per capita consumption expenditure by the consumption quintile of Middle and Older Elderly Households and the variables that affected it. Sample of 2,983 households was collected from the 6th KLoSA in 2016. First, when comparing the HH's living expenses by the number of family members, two persons to a person ratio, more than six persons to a person ratio were 2.007 and 4.148, respectively. The ratio increased as the number of family member increased; however, the rate of ratio increase decreased. Second, the per capita living expenses for the first and fifth quintile were 5.11 million won and 16.93 million won at the per capita living expenses that applied the OECD's equivalence scale to the HH's living expenses. The per capita living expenses for the fifth quintile was 3.31 times higher than in the first quintile. Third, among the variables influencing per capita living expenses by the consumption quintile, the marital status was the significant for all consumption quintiles; however, HH's income, HH's total asset, HH's financial asset, pension, subjective perception of the economy class, home ownership, residence (metropolitan or small city), education (elementary school), participation groups were significant in some quintiles among all quintiles. Fourth, of the significant variables influencing per capita living expenses, the most influential variables were first quintile followed by second quintile, third quintile, fourth quintile, marital status, HH's income, home ownership, HH's total asset, participation groups, residence (metropolitan), subjective perception of the economy class, in order.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2010

This paper analyzes the factors of renewable energy consumption in Korea, China and Japan. We consider renewable energy consumption per capita as dependent variable, GDP per capita, $CO_2$ emissions per capita and real oil prices as independent variables. To analyze this model, this paper uses three econometric methods such as OLS, fixed effect model and panel GLS, utilizing data from 1990 to 2006 in Korea, China and Japan. According to the results by OLS for each country, an increase in GDP per capita or $CO_2$ emissions per capita or oil prices leads to an increase in renewable energy consumption. According to the results by fixed effect model, an increase in GDP per capita or $CO_2$ emissions per capita leads to an increase in renewable energy consumption. And real oil prices do not have a significant impacts on this model. According to the results by panel GLS, an increase in real GDP per capita as a proxy of income leads to an increase renewable energy consumption. And both $CO_2$ emissions per capita and real oil prices do not correlated closely with renewable energy consumption. Thus oil is not substituted to renewable energy in Northeast asian countries.