• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.237-244
• /
• 2001

Purpose : To assess the tolerance, complete response rate, bladder preservation rate and survival rate in patients with muscle-invading bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation protocol. Method and Materials : From October 1990 to June 1998, twenty six patients with muscle-invading bladder cancer (clinical stage T2-4, N0-3, M0) were enrolled for the treatment protocol of bladder preservation. They were treated with maximal TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumor) and 2 cycles of MCV chemotherapy (methotrexate, crisplatin, and vinblastine) followed by $39.6\~45\;Gy$ pelvic irradiation with concomitant cisplatin. After complete urologic evaluation (biopsy or cytology), the patients who achieved complete response were planed for bladder preservation treatment and treated with consolidation cisplatin and radiotherapy (19.8 Gy). The patients who had incomplete response were planed to immediate radical cystectomy. If they refused radical cystectomy, they were treated either with TURBT followed by MCV or cisplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The median follow-up duration is 49.5 months. Results : The Patients with stage T2-3a and T3b-4a underwent complete removal of tumor or gross tumor removal by TURBT, respectively. Twenty one out of 26 patients $(81\%)$ successfully completed the protocol of the planned chemo-radiotherapy. Seven patients had documented complete response. Six of them were treated with additional consolidation cisplatin and radiotherapy. One patient was treated with 2 cycles of MCV chemotherapy due to refusal of chemo-radiotherapy. Five of 7 complete responders had functioning tumor-free bladder. Fourteen patients of incomplete responders were further treated with one of the followings : radical cystectomy (1 patient), or TURBT and 2 cycles of MCV chemotherapy (3 patients), or cisplatin and radiotherapy (10 patients). Thirteen patients of them were not treated with planned radical cystectomy due to patients' refusal (9 patients) or underlying medical problems (4 patients). Among twenty one patients, 12 patients $(58\%)$ were alive with their preserved bladder, 8 patients died with the disease, 1 patient died of intercurrent disease. The 5 years actuarial survival rates according to CR and PR after MCV chemotherapy and cisplatin chemoradiotherapy were $80\%\;and\;14\%$, respectively (u=0.001). Conclusion : In selected patients with muscle-invading bladder cancer, the bladder preservation could be achieved by MCV chemotherapy and cisplatin chemo-radiotherapy. All patients tolerated well this bladder preservation protoco. The availability of complete TURBT and the responsibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy were important predictors for bladder preservation and survival. The patients who had not achieved complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy should be immediate radical cystectomy. A randomized prospective trial might be essential to determine more accurate indications between cystectomy or bladder preservation.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.99-116
• /
• 2016

We herein performed animal safety assessment in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations with the aim of developing sialic acid from glycomacropeptide (hereafter referred to as "GMP") as an index ingredient and functional component in functional foods. GMP is a type of whey protein derived from milk and a safe food, with multiple functions, such as antiviral activity. A test substance was produced containing 7% (w/w) sialic acid and mostly-hydrolyzed whey protein (hereafter referred to as "7%-GNANA") by enzymatic treatment of substrate GMP. The maximum intake test dose level was selected based on 5,000 mg/kg/day dose set for male NOEL (no-observed-effect-level) and female NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect-level) determined by a dose-range finding (DRF) test (GLP Center of Catholic University of Daegu, Report No. 15-NREO-001) that was previously conducted with the same test substance. To evaluate the toxicity of a repeated oral dose of the test substance in connection with the previous DRF study, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg of the substance were administered by a probe into the stomachs of 6-week-old SPF Sprague-Dawley male and female rats for 90 d. Each test group consisted of 10 male and 10 female rats. To determine the toxicity index, all parameters, such as observation of common signs; measurements of body weight and food consumption; ophthalmic examination; urinalysis, electrolyte, hematological, and serum biochemical examination; measurement of organ weights during autopsy; and visual and histopathological examinations were conducted according to GLP standards. After evaluating the results based on the test toxicity assessment criteria, it was determined that NOAEL of the test substance, 7%-GNANA, was 5,000 mg/kg/day, for both male and female rats. No animal death was noted in any of the test groups, including the control group, during the study period, and there was no significant difference associated with test substance, as compared with the control group, with respect to general symptoms, body weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematological and serum biochemical examination, and electrolyte and blood coagulation tests during the administration period (P<0.05). As assessed by the effects of the test substance on organ weights, food consumption, autopsy, and histopathological safety, change in kidney weight as an indicator of male NOAEL revealed up to 20% kidney weight increase in the high-dose group (5,000 mg/kg/day) compared with the change in the control group. However, it was concluded that this effect of the test substance was minor. In the case of female rats, reduction of food consumption, increase of kidney weight, and decrease of thymus weight were observed in the high-dose group. The kidney weight increased by 10.2% (left) and 8.9% (right) in the high-dose group, with a slight dose-dependency compared with that of the control group. It was observed that the thymus weight decreased by 25.3% in the high-dose group, but it was a minor test substance-associated effect. During the autopsy, botryoid tumor was detected on the ribs of one subject in the high-dose group, but we concluded that the tumor has been caused by a naturally occurring (non-test) substance. Histopathological examination revealed lesions on the kidney, liver, spleen, and other organs in the low-dose test group. Since these lesions were considered a separate phenomenon, or naturally occurring and associated with aging, it was checked whether any target organ showed clear symptoms caused by the test substance. In conclusion, different concentrations of the test substance were fed to rats and, consequently, it was verified that only a minor effect was associated with the test substance in the high-dose (5,000 mg/kg/day) group of both male and female rats, without any other significant effects associated with the test substance. Therefore, it was concluded that NOAEL of 7%-GNANA (product name: Helicobactrol) with male and female rats as test animals was 5,000 mg/kg/day, and it thus was determined that the substance is safe for the ultimate use as an ingredient of health functional foods.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.323-331
• /
• 2000

Purpose: Brain metastases are present in approximately 10-16% of small cell lung cancer patients at diagnosis. Brain metastasis is an important clinical problem associated with increasing the survival rate, with a cumulative incidence of up to 80% in patients surviving 2 years. Prophylactic cranial irradiation(PCI) reduces the incidence of brain matastasis and may prolong survival in patients with limited small-cell lung cancer who achieved complete remission. This study was performed to analyze the incidence of brain metastasis, survival and clinical aspects after PCI in patients with limited small-cell lung cancer who achieved complete remission. Methods : Between 1989 and 1999, forty-two patients with limited small-cell lung cancer who achived achieved complete remission after therapy were enrolled into this study retrospectively. All patients received etoposide and cisplatin(VPP) alternating with cytoxan, adriamycin, and vincristine(CAV) every 3 weeks for at least 6 cycles initially. All patients received thoracic radiotherapy: concurrent(38.1%) and sequential(61.9%). All patients received late PCI. Results : Most patients(88.1%) were men, and the median age was 58 years. The median follow-up duration was 18.1 months. During the follow-up period, 57.1% of the patients developed relapse. The most frequent site of relapse was chest(35.7%), followed by brain(14.3%), liver(11.9%), adrenal gland(44%), and bone(2.2%). With the Kaplan-Meier method, the average disease-free interval was 1,090 days(median 305 days). The average time to development of brain relapse after PCI and other sites relapse(except brain) were 2,548 days and 1,395 days(median 460 days), respectively. The average overall survival was 1,233 days(median 634 days, 21.1 months), and 2-year survival rates was 41.7%. The average overall survival in the relapse group was 642 days(median 489 days) and in the no relapse group was 2,622 days(p<0.001). The average overall survival in the brain relapse group was 928 days(median 822 days) and in the no brain relapse group was 1,308 days(median 634 days)(p=0.772). In most patients(85.7%), relapse(except brain) or systemic disease was the usual cause of death. Brain matastasis was the cause of death in 14.3% of the cases. Conclusions : We may conclude that PCI reduces and delays brain metastasis in patients with limited small cell lung cancer who achieved complete remission. We found decreased survival in relapse group but, no significant survival difference was noted according to brain matastasis. And relapse(except brain) or systemic disease was the usual cause of death. In order to increase survival, new treatment strategies for control methods for relapse and systemic disease are required.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2000

The Low Birth Weight infant birth rate in this country is a little more than 15 percent and is being increased. The survival rate of Low Birth Weight infant is over 90 percent and recently the rate runs is getting. However, because of the high risk of Low Birth Weight infant for handicap in growth, a preventive nursing intervention program for Low Birth Weight infant and their mother is considered to be necessary. Touch and massage, thus sensory stimulation has been considered to be important ensuring a normal growth of Low Birth Weight infant During the past decades sensory stimulation program has been used for premature and Low Birth Weight infants. Recently a study on the sensory stimulation for Low Birth Weight infants has bee n done in this country. Mother and infant relationship has a great influence on child's development. Especially, mother and infant interaction during one year after birth plays important role in child's social. affective and cognitive developments. But in the study of Low Birth Weight infants, the mother and infant interaction has been rare yet. However, there was no study effectiveness of the sensory stimulation on mother and infant interaction. In this respect, this study based on the importance of the nursing intervention, is intended to measure the effectiveness of the massage therapy in the aspects of weight, daily feeding amount, cortisolurine stress hormone and mother and infant interactions. This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group pretestposttest design in quasi experimental basis and Low Birth Weight infants from NICU of two Medical University Hospitals located in Taegu Metropolitan were selected in experimental group of 21 infants and control group of 20 infants. Data has been collected from May 1, 1999 to September 5, 2000. For the experimental group Field's sensory stimulation(tactile and kinesthetic stimulation) was applied 2 times a day for 10 days(10:00 - 11:00 hours in the morning and 19:00 - 20:00 in the afternoon) by nurse and mother. The electronic indicator scale (Cas Co. Korea) was used to measure infant's body weight. To determine urine cortisol concentration level under stress, rad immuno assay method was used. And to determine mother and infant interactions during feeding, tools developed by Kim Mi-Ye (1999) were used. Collected data were analyzed with SAS program using x-test, t-test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Findings were as follows : 1. For the daily mean weight gain, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, even though, there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 2. For the amount of daily mean feeding, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, while there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 3. The level of wine cortisol concentration was increased in both groups, while no Statistical significance was shown between the two groups. 4. Mothers in experimental group were more likely to have higher mean scores in mother and infant interaction during feeding than mothers in the control group. Statistical significance was shown between the two groups(t= 5.78, P=.001). In conclusion, the massage therapy in this study showed with regard to even though through there was no statistically significance in the weight gain and urine stress hormone concentration. there was Statistical significantly higher in the mother and infant interaction during feeding. Based on the result of this study, it is considered that the massage therapy should be applied clinical practice and home to help a developmental growth and interaction of Low Birth Weight infants and mothers during the period of recovery.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.187-198
• /
• 1996

The cut-off values and related factors for total cholesterol of serum in normal Korean adults were studied from March to October, 1995, based on the data of 1,818 healthy adults of human involved the male and female. The comparisons of the serum total cholesterol levels were analyzed by sex, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body weight, height, PIBW, BMI and other biochemical tests. 1. The serum total cholesterol level were 194.4 mg/dl in total group, 186.9 mg/dl for male, and 197.6 mg/dl for female. 2. There was no significant differences by sex among the 21 to 50 ages group, but significantly higher in women than in men over 51 years old. 3. In general, the levels of serum total cholesterol were increased with age, the highest level in men was 192.7 mg/ dl in 51 to 60 years old, and 210.5 mg/dl in more than 60 years old in women. 4. The cut-off values of serum total cholesterol for moderate risk were 191 mg/dl in 21 to 30 years group, 195 mg/dl in 31 to 40 years,214 mg/dl in 41 to 50 years, 227 mg/dl in 51 to 60 years, and 222 mg/dl in more than 61 years. The cut-off values of serum total cholesterol for high risk were 214 mg/dl dl in 21 to 30 years group, 214 mg/dll in 31 to 40 years, 239 mg/dl in 41 to 50 years, 213 mg/dl in 51 to 60 years, and 248 mg/dl in more than 61 years. 5. The mean values of serum total cholesterol were showed positive correlation with age, PIBW, BMI, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. 6. Serum total cholesterol level of drinking group(188.9$\pm$34.85mg/dl) was showed love. than those of non-drinking group(196.0$\pm$36.0 mg/dl). 7. Serum total cholesterol levels of regular excercise group(192.1$\pm$33.3 mg/dl) was significantly lower than those of non regular excercise group(195.8$\pm$37.0 mg/dl).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.608-614
• /
• 2005

The object of this research is to analyze and classify the dining-out behavior and preference on Korean food by age groups and to make counter proposals for better marketing and planning strategies. Major dining out motives were lack of time, the easiness of preparation, and schedule. For lunch, the schedule was the major dining-out motive. For dinner, the respondents in their 30s and below answered social gathering was their major dining-out motive (40.7% and 31.3% respectively). On the other hand, for the respondents in their 40s and 50s, the family gathering was the major dining motive (50.4% and 55.3% respectively) (${\chi}^{2}=68.081,\;p<0.001$). For dining out frequency, 1-2 dining out per a week had the highest percentage, among which the respondents in their 30s was 42.9% (the highest) and the respondents in their 50s was 18% (the lowest). For the dining-out cost, the respondents in their 30s and below spent more on dinner rather than breakfast or lunch. For the menu preference of Korean foods, Doenjangjigae had the highest percentage. In case of Kimchi, the respondents in their 40s showed higher preference than the respondents in their 30s. Interestingly, the preference for Kimchi was higher in the respondents younger than 30 rather than in the respondents in their 30s. and the respondents older than 40 (p<0.05). Preference for Jangachi was considerably low in the respondents younger than 40, which implies that younger people don't incline to traditional Korean Mitbanchan. The dining-out motive was different in each age group. Now, the dining out motive is not restricted to home meal replacement. Social gatherings are increasing and the consumers of dining-out industry are being diversified. These suggest the increased need for classifying and analyzing the consumers by age groups to get more information on consumer behavior and tastes.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.293-306
• /
• 2008

The essential factor of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), an acute lung injury accompanied commonly by sepsis syndrome is accumulation of neutrophils in lung tissue. The study attempted to confirm whether a lung injury would be decreased with the anti-inflammatory effect of germanium by the treated germanium prior to the development of ARDS and whether nitric oxide influence in suppressing a lung injury. Test groups were divided in the following structure for experiment; CON that has been administered with sodium chloride to airway, LPS administered with endotoxin for 5 hours in the same amount and 5 hours of endotoxin administered Ge+LPS following 1 hours of pre-treated germanium. The result of a test using experimental animals, infilteration of neutrophils (p<0.001) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was significantly decreased, the structure of lung tissue was preserved relatively well, and much neutrophils with distinct positive were observed on tunel staining which showed increase of apoptotic neutrophils in the pre-treated germanium group compare to the endotoxin administrated group. In observation of ultrastructural changes of cell in BALF, phagocytic alveolar macrophage was increased in alveolar space, the nucleus of most engulfed neutrophils were condensed, and some apoptosis neutrophils appears to be DNA fragmentation and effacement of cellular organelles were found in intercellular matrix in the pre-treated germanium group. However, the nitric oxide showed increase in all the groups excluding CON, and the nitric oxide effect such as degranulation diminishing of mast cells and apoptosis increase of neutrophils in the pre-treated group only. The situation appears that there was change in internal environment of the experimental animal by the pre-treated germanium before the nitric oxide is produced and the anti-inflammatory effect activated the pre-processed germanium by nitric oxide which activated following the change. Therefore, the nitric oxide created from macrophage in accordance with the pre-treated germanium appears to influence in alleviating a lung injury. Accordingly, acute lung injury is alleviated by the anti-inflammatory effect of germanium such as inhibition of neutrophils migration, induction of neutrophil apoptosis and increase of phagocytic function of phagocyte, and the nitric oxide produced from activated macrophage by germanium would influence in suppressing a lung injury.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2004

To investigate the effect of eating habits and lifestyle on the food intake of university students in Daejeon, 104 male students(26.75％) and 282 female students(73.75％) were surveyed about their food intake, eating habits, and lifestyle using the questionnaire. The major food served as breakfast was steamed rice(76.05％) and there was a little significant difference between male and female. The major food served as lunch was also steamed rice(73.77％) and male students ate it more than female ones. According to the survey, 41.95％ of the subjects had breakfast regularly, and 24.35％ seldom, which showed no significant difference between male and female. In case of lunch, the percentile of subjects(54.55％) who had regularly eaten lunch was more than that of breakfast, and there was a little significant difference between male and female. The survey said most subjects(49.22％) had eaten dinner irregularly, which rate was higher in male students. The meal skipped usually was the breakfast(24.35％), which rate was higher in female students. The reason why the subjects skipped the meal was mainly due to the lack of sufficient time for breakfast and lunch, and for dinner to the weight loss. Among the subjects, 80％ said they were non-smokers; 96.44％ in female students and 35.58％ in male ones. In case of drinking, most subjects said they sometimes drank(67.19％) and the frequency of drinking was once or twice a month(51.99％), which showed the significant difference between male and female. In the aspects of effects of drinking and smoking on the food intake, the drinking practice after eating was shown to be the highest(55.98％); smoking generally affected the food intake, which showed the difference between male and female. Food intake during the examination period didn't show any differences to the usual one or increased a little bit, which showed a difference between male and female. Losing appetite during the examination period was shown mainly in the female students. When they felt blue or tired, the food intake decreased, which showed a significant difference between male and female was shown. When feeling good, the food intake significantly increased, which showed a significant difference between male and female. Therefore, there was a significant difference between male and female in the actual eating habits and in the aspects of food intake.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.51-69
• /
• 2000

This dissertation was to research how some metal level within SipJeonDaeBo - Decoction, one of oriental prescriptions, influence Sprague-Dawley animals. 1. Under the experiment with drinking waters there was no metal ${\sim}0.65\;mg/L$ detected. A metal with feed found 0.001-376.983mg/kg. 2. In the mice's kidney, brain, bones used experiment, As searched 0.474 mg/kg, 0.486 mg/kg, 0.314 mg/kg 0.834 mg/kg respectively ; Cd 0.060 mg/kg, 0.045 mg/kg, 0.030 mg/kg, 0.353 mg/kg, ; Co 0.105 mg/kg, 0.063 mg/kg, 0.030 mg/kg, 0.399 mg/kg, ; Cr 0.292 mg/kg, 0.304 mg/kg, 0.234 mg/kg, 0.962 mg/kg, ; Cu 4.201 mg/kg, 3.759 mg/kg, 1.923 mg/kg, 0.484 mg/kg, ; Fe 57.535 mg/kg, 150.571 mg/kg, 17.178 mg/kg, 281.506 mg/kg, ; no Hg, Mn 0.612 mg/kg, 2.968 mg/kg, 0.528 mg/kg, 4.205 mg/kg, ; Ni 0.094 mg/kg, 0.072 mg/kg, 0.078 mg/kg, 27.714 mg/kg, ; Pb 0.269 mg/kg, 0.293 mg/kg, 0.283 mg/kg, 43.142 mg/kg ; Zn 4.149 mg/kg, 21.861 mg/kg, 8.088 mg/kg, 226.283 mg/kg respectively. 3. In level of hazardous metal within idney control group searched 0.194 {\pm}\; 0.052 mg/kg, experimental I g개up $0.189{\pm}0.036\;mg/kg$, experimental I group $0.264 {\pm}{\pm}\;0.179\;mg/kg$. In level of non hazardous metal control group searched $15.917{\pm}5.575\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $17.064{\pm}2.246\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $16.892{\pm}3.586\;mg/kg$. Besides in total level of metal control g.cup detected $6.484{\pm}2.258\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $6.940{\pm}0.914\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $6.915{\pm} 1.508\;mg/kg$ There all was no statistical significance. 4. In level of hazardous metal within the liver control group searched $0.187{\pm}0.048\;mg/kg$, experiment I g개up $0.168[\pm}0.079\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $0.277{\pm}0.159\;mg/kg$. In level of non hazardous heavy metal control group detected $44.925{\pm}18.468\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $39.917{\pm}12.772\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $49.525{\pm}33.484\;mg/kg$. Besides in total concentration control group searched $18.082{\pm}7.395\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $16.068{\pm}5.128\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $19.977{\pm}13.443\;mg/kg$. There was no statistical significance but hazardous metal gets more level in the experilnent group than in the control group. 5. In level of hazardous metal within brain control group searched $0.145{\pm}0.056\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $$0.167{\pm}0.030\;mg/kg, erperiment II group $0.172{\pm}0.123\;mg/kg$. In level of non hazardous heavy metal control group detected $6.488{\pm}0.965\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $7.290{\pm}0.588\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $7.010{\pm}1.627\;mg/kg$. Besides in total concentration control group searched $2.683{\pm}7.395\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $3.017{\pm}0.238\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $2.908 {\pm} 0.711\;mg/kg$. Therefore there was no statistical significance. 6. In level of hazardous metal within bone control group searched $8.172{\pm}5.195 \;mg/kg$, experiment I group $9.128{\pm}4.143\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $9.401{\pm}6.924\;mg/kg$. There is statistical significance(p<0.05). In level of non hazardous metal control group detected $94.065{\pm}36.035\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $147.563 {\pm}79.939\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $142.730{\pm}77.374\;mg/kg$. Besides in total level control group searched $48.530{\pm}16.523\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $64.502{\pm}31.078\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $62.733 {\pm}34.641\;mg/kg$. Therefore there was no statistical significance. 7 In the correlative research as to how each metal influences to ingestion Cd and Co searched 0.954 and Pb and Ni -0.0884 from kidney. Co and Cd was 0.995 and Zn and As -0.190 from liver. Co and Cd were 0.995 and Zn and Cu -0.393 from brain. Co and Cd were 0.998 and Zn and Mn -0.206 from bones

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 2007

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is a group of musculoskeletal conditions characterized by pain in the pre-auricular area, limitation of jaw movement and palpable muscle tenderness. Thermography is a nonionizing, noninvasive diagnostic alternative for the evaluation of TMD. This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of thermography in the assessment of TMD. Methods: Thermography was conducted on the 61 patients who had been diagnosed with TMD, and on the 34 normal symptom-free volunteers. The temperature differences between opposite sides of the temporomandibular joint (${\Delta}T_{TMJ}$) and the masseter muscle (${\Delta}T_{MST}$) were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity of thermography was calculated at the cut off values of 0.2, 0.3, and $0.4^{\circ}C$. Results: In the patient group, the ${\Delta}T_{TMJ}$ was $0.42{\pm}0.38^{\circ}C$ and the ${\Delta}T_{MST}$ was $0.38{\pm}0.33^{\circ}C$, whereas in the control group the ${\Delta}T_{TMJ}$ was $0.10{\pm}0.07^{\circ}C$ and the ${\Delta}T_{MST}\;0.15{\pm}0.10^{\circ}C$. In addition, the patient group demonstrated a significantly lower level of thermal symmetry than the control group (P < 0.001) in both the temporomandibular joints and the masseter muscles. The sensitivity of thermography at the cut off values of 0.2, 0.3 and $0.4^{\circ}C$ was 67.2, 49.2, and 42.6% in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and 60.7, 49.2 and 37.7% in the masseter muscle, respectively. The specificity of thermography at the cut off values of 0.2, 0.3 and $0.4^{\circ}C$ was 88.2, 100, and 100% in the TMJ and 61.8, 91.2 and 100% in the masseter muscles, respectively. The accuracy of thermography at the cut off values of 0.2, 0.3 and $0.4^{\circ}C$ was 74.7, 67.4, and 63.2% in TMJ and 61.1, 64.2 and 60.0% in the masseter muscles, respectively. Conclusions: Temperature differences exist between the opposite sides of the TMD and masseter muscles in patients with TMD. Although the sensitivity of thermography in the diagnosis of TMD is low, it has high specificity in the evaluation of TMD, and is therefore applicable to patients with TMD.