• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.116-131
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• 2001

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of whole and processed corns on in situ disappearance rates of nutrients in the rumen and in vitro degradability of dry matter by rumen microorganisms. Whole corn(WC) was processed into four different types; ground corn(GC), cracked corn(CC), flaked corn(FC), and soaked corn(SC). In the in situ experiment, the rate of ruminal DM disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC(76.1%) and lowest in WC and SC(12% ; P<0.01). The rate of ruminal CP disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC and CC(48 and 38%, respectively; P<0.01). The rate of ruminal OM disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC(76.14%) and lowest in WC and SC(11.82 and 12.26%, respectively; P<0.01). In the in vitro experiment, the two-stage incubation technique was used to measure digestibilities of whole and processed corns. The digestibility of DM was higher in GC, CC and FC(86.95, 85.84 and 82.29%, respectively) than in WC(15.36%; P<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.241-256
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• 2021

The current study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Phyllostachys bambusoides (PHB) as a feed additives and investigate whether its antioxidant activity could be helpful for increasing rumen fermentation characteristics and methane reduction. The antioxidant activity results showed that total polyphenols and flavonoids contents were 43.54 ± 8.68 mg CE/g and 17.13 ± 0.45 mg QE/g, respectively, and the IC₅₀ values for 1,1-diphenyl-2-prcrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were 163.13 ± 19.25 ㎍/mL and 97.07 ± 4.46 ㎍/mL, respectively. Two heads of cannulated Hanwoo (450 ± 30 kg), consuming timothy hay and a commercial concentrate (60:40, w/w) twice daily (at 09:00 and 17:30) at 2% of body weight, with free access to water and a mineral block, were used as rumen fluid donors. An in vitro incubation experiment was performed after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr with PHB added at concentration of 2, 4, and 6% of timothy hay basis. Total gas emission decreased as the amount of PHB addition increased at 6 and 24 hr of incubation. However, PHB addition did not affect total volatile fatty acid production, and methane and carbon dioxide emission also decreased as the amount of addition increased at 48 hr of incubation. Therefore, PHB was expected to be used as methane reducing additives in the ruminants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of replacing basic total mixed ration (TMR) with fermented soybean curd, Artemisia princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal, and spent coffee grounds by-product on rumen microbial fermentation in vitro. Soybean in the basic TMR diet (control) was replaced by the following 9 treatments (3 replicates): maximum amounts of soybean curd (SC); fermented SC (FSC); 3, 5, and 10% FSC + fermented A. princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal (1:1, DM basis, FSCS); and 3, 5, 10% FSC + fermented coffee meal (1:1, DM basis, FSCC) of soybean. FSC, FSCS, and FSCC were fermented using Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 496, Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 1493, Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC 1048, and Lactobacillus casei IFO 3533. Replacing dairy cow TMR with FSC treatment led to a pH value of 6 after 8 h of incubation-the lowest value measured (p<0.05), and FSCS and FSCC treatments were higher than SC and FSC treatment after 6 h (p<0.05). Gas production was higher in response to 3% FSC and FSCC treatments than the control after 4-10 h. Dry matter digestibility was increased 0-12 h after FSC treatment (p<0.05) and was the highest after 24 h of 10% FSCS treatment. $NH_3-N$ concentration was the lowest after 24 h of FSC treatment (p<0.05). Microbial protein content increased in response to treatments that had been fermented by the Lactobacillus spp. compared to control and SC treatments (p<0.05). The total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was increased after 6-12 h of FSC treatment (p<0.05), while the highest acetate proportion was observed 24 h after 5% and 10% FSCS treatments. The FSC of propionate proportion was increased for 0-10 h compared with among treatments (p<0.05). The highest acetate in the propionate ration was observed after 12 h of SC treatment and the lowest with FSCS 3% treatment after 24 h. Methane ($CH_4$) emulsion was lower with A. princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal and spent coffee grounds treatments than with the control, SC, and FSC treatments. These experiments were designed to replace the by-products of dairy cow TMR with SC, FSC, FSCS, and FSCC to improve TMR quality. Condensed tannins contained in FSCS and FSCC treatments, which reduced $CH_4$ emulsion in vitro, decreased rumen microbial fermentation during the early incubation time. Therefore, future experiments are required to develop a rumen continuous culture system and an in vivo test to optimize the percentages of FSC, FSCS, and FSCC in the TMR diet of the dairy cows.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bacterial inoculation (Lactobacillus plantarum or combo inoculant mixed with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri) and addition of fibrolytic enzyme on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of whole crop barley (WCB) and triticale (TRT) silage, their ruminal in vitro fermentation, and digestibility. In TRT silage, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.01) decreased NDF content compared to no enzyme addition treatment. Organic acids such as lactate and acetate contents in WCB and TRT silages were significantly (p<0.01) higher compared to those in the control. Particularly, lactate content was the highest in L. plantarum treatment. Fibrolytic enzyme treatment on both silages had relatively higher lactic acid bacteria content, while mold content was lower in both treatments compared to that in the control. In vitro dry matter digestibility was generally improved in WCB silages. It was higher (p<0.01) in TRT with mixed treatment of L. plantarum, L. buchneri, and enzyme compared to others. In vitro ruminal acetate production was relatively higher in treatments with both enzyme and inoculant additions compared to that in the control. Therefore, the quality of silage and rumen fermentation could be improved by inoculants (L. plantarum and L. buchneri) regardless whether whole crop barley (WCB) or triticale (TRT) silage was used. Although it was found that fibrolytic enzyme addition to both silages had various quality and rumen fermentation values, further study is needed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2008

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ruminally protected amino acids (Methionine and Lysine) on in vitro ruminal parameters, and in vivo milk yield and milk composition in mid-lactating cows. In the first in vitro experiment, there were no statistical significances between treatments in ruminal pH and dry matter digestibility during various incubation times. In the second in vivo experiment, milk yield decreased by 11.92% in control and 5.68% in the treatment respectively, but decrease rate of milk yield in the treatment was lower than control. Milk yields naturally decreased as time goes by since the DIMs(Days in milk) of the cows in experiment were in mid-lactation period. 4% FCM(Fat corrected milk) and milk protein yields also, respectively, decreased by 11.25% and 11.09% in control and 6.16% and 5.47% in the treatment as compared with the intial. Milk protein and milk fat production were higher in the treatment(0.90kg, 1.10kg) than those of control(0.66kg, 0.79kg). Milk fat content significantly increased with supplementing protected amino acids as compared to control(P<0.05). From the above results, protected amino acids were positively utilized in the performances of mid-lactating cows without inhibiting rumen fermentation. Further investigation is suggested for essential amino acid composition and intestinal digestion rate out of rumen bypass protein in dietary protein to be estimated.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.139-151
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• 2017

This study was conducted to confirm the rumen fermentation characteristics of large-scale CoenzymeQ10(CoQ10) producing bacteria R. spharoides in rumen. We conducted in vitro continuous culture test to investigate the characteristics of rumen fermentation with 5% R. spharoides as a direct fed microorganism. A rumen microbial fermentation characteristic has stability at after 12 days for 15 day of experimental period. pH value, NH₃-N, microbial protein synthesis, ADF digestibility and NDF digestibility were not shown significantly differences between control and treatment. However, UDP was significantly higher in treatment than control (p<0.05). CoQ10 concentration was 336.0mg/l with 5% R. spharoides. On the other hands, CoQ10 was not detected without R. spharoides. Our study was shown that R. spharoides can produce CoQ10 in rumen environment without harmful effects on rumen fermentation parameter. CoQ10 in rumen may transfer into cow milk through cow metabolism. This strategy might be helpful for producing functional dairy cow milk.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1555-1561
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• 2007

In order to know the effects of scoria, germanium, charcoal, ginger, stevia, and CLA(Conjugated Linoleic Acid) as biologically active materials on pathogenic microbes and rumen anaerobic microbes, the growth rate of pathogens (including Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella paratyphi, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and in vitro lumen microbial growth, gas production, ammonia concentration, carboxymethyl-cellulase (CMCase) activity, and microbial populations were investigated. The growth of pathogenic microbes was inhibited by the supplement of 0.10% ginger. Ginger had powerful antimicrobial properties on all the pathogens used in this experiments. Additionally in the antibacterial assay by paper disc method, we could observe the clear zone of similar area with the positive control(antibiotics) for E. coli as applied with the 10% stevia or the 10% CLA only. The supplements of ginger, stevia and CLA in vitro rumen fermentation inhibited populations of rumen bacteria and protozoa. Particularly supplement of ginger resulted in remarkable reduction of the protozoa population, which means it might serve as a source inhibiting material of methane creation in the rumen.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.775-787
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate for the natural methane emission inhibitor as a feed additive no adversely effect on rumen fermentation. Five different Control (Wheat barn (0.05 g), MRA(Methane Reduction Additive)-1 (Allium fistulosum L. (0.05 g)), MRA-2 (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (0.025 g) + Wheat barn (0.025 g) mixed), MRA-3 (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (0.025 g) + Wheat barn (0.025 g) mixed), and MRA-4 (Allium fistulosum L. (0.02 g) + Tannic acid (0.02 g) + Wheat barn (0.01 g) mixed) contents were used to perform 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation for in vitro fermentation. Ruminal pH values were ranged within normal ruminal microbial fermentation. Dry matter digestibility was not significantly different across the treatments during the whole fermentation time. Also, the result of microbial growth had no adversely effect on during the whole fermentation time. At 24 h, methane emission was significantly lower (P<0.05) than all treatments except to MRA-1. Especially, MRA-4 carbon dioxide emission was significantly lower (P<0.05) than control at 9, 24 and 48 h incubation. In addition MRA-4 propionate concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) than control at 24 h incubation. The result of RT-PCR Ciliate-associated methanogens were significantly lower (P<0.05) at MRA-1, MRA-3 and MRA-4 than control at 24 h incubation. Based on the present results, MRA-4 could be suggestible methane emission inhibitor as a natural feed additive.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.625-636
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine effects of different ratios (3.5, 3.0 and 2.5) of nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) to ruminally degradable protein (RDP) on in vitro fermentation and lactation performance of dairy cows and optimum ratio of NFC to RDP in dairy rations. In vitro trial was conducted up to 12 hr with ruminal fluidtaken from ruminally cannulated Holstein cows. The level of dietary NFC did not affect ruminal pH. The ammonia-N concentration was not significantly different among treatments until 6 hr incubation, however, it was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased on 9 and 12 hr incubation. For volatile fatty acids, concentrations of both acetate and propionate were significantly (P < 0.05) increased on 3 hr incubation as dietary NFC contents of treatments increased, in other incubation times, they had no significant differences among treatments. Valerate and A:P ratio were not affected by the ratio of NFC to RDP. Isoacids and total VFAs were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing dietary NFC contents and their values were highest in the treatment of 3.0 ratio. Meanwhile, for in vivo trial, 18 Holstein lactating cows were allotted to treatments in three groups of 6 cows. They were employed for 24 weeks to investigate nutrient intakes, and milk yield and composition according to different ratios of dietary NFC to RDP. Intakes of dry matter and energy were significantly (P < 0.01) increased, but NDF intake was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased. Milk yield for the ratio of 3.5 (32.7 kg) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of other treatments. Milk fat (%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the treatments of 3.0 (3.79 %) and 2.5 (3.79 %) than that (3.48 %) for the ratio of 3.5, but milk fat yield was not different among treatments. Contents and yields for milk protein and solids-not fat were linearly (P < 0.01) increased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased. However, milk urea nitrogen concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with increasing dietary NFC levels. Our results showed that the increasing level of NFC in the diet of dairy cows enhanced ruminal fermentation, N utilization and milk production and suggested that maximal fermentation and lactation performance were achieved when the dietary ratio of NFC to RDP was more than 3.0 in dairy rations.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.757-768
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• 2002

These study were conducted to determine the effects of a whole or steam-flaked corn based diet on rumen microbial fermentation in vitro and ruminal metabolism in the Korean Native Goat(KNG) in vivo. The experiments consisted of two dietary treatments: control, steam-flaked corn(SFC) based diet(80%) + rice straw mixed(20%)(SFCR); 100% whole corn based diet(WC). The first experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of whole corn on ruminal metabolism in vitro for 0 to 48 h. pH values were optimally maintained during incubation time, and were not significantly different between treatments. Gas production of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). $NH_3$-N concentration tended to increase for WC, but not significantly different between treatments. The mean value of total volatile fatty acid concentration of WC was significantly lower than SFCR(p<0.01), but SFCR and WC linearly increased as the time of incubation approached 48 h. Mean value of acetate concentration of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). Propionate concentration of WC for the total incubation time was significantly higher than SFCR(p<0.01). The digestibility of dry matter was not significantly different between treatments, but SFCR was somewhat higher than WC. The second experiment was conducted to effect of whole shelled corn based diet on rumen metabolism in KNG. pH values tended to decrease through all treatments. There was not a significantly difference between treatments. Microbial protein yield of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). $NH_3$-N concentration of WC was significantly (p<0.01) higher than SFCR. Total VFA and propionate concentration of WC was significantly higher than SFCR(p<0.01), but acetate concentrate of WC was not significantly higher than SFCR. The mean value of total lactate concentration was significantly(p<0.01) different but the value of SFCR and WC were lower than the average concentration of acidosis. In sacco DM disappearance rate of SFC was significantly(p<0.01) higher than WC.