• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.95-109
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• 2009

This study focused on the development of a scale to measure the ability of consumers to use credit cards. The purposes of this study were to develop a tool which would be able to measure consumer knowledge, consumer skills and consumer attitudes. Data were collected from 313 credit card using consumers and were analyzed by employing a goodness of fit test, principal component analysis & confirmatory factor analysis(Amos 5.0), multiple regression. The results from this study were as follows: 1) Six factors of consumer knowledge(16-items) were identified: damage salvation; credit delinquency; personal credit information; credit provision period; credit & credit card issuance; credit delinquent striking out a record & credit rating. The total variance was 55.86%. 2) Three factors of consumer skills(17-items) were identified: credit delinquency & over-consumption; credit card management; and loss & damage salvation. The total variance was 62.90%. 3) Three factors of consumer attitudes(16-items) were identified: credit delinquency & credit; credit card issuance & use; and credit card management. The total variance was 58.75%.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.140-143
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• 2005

This study was concerned with the optimization of liquid culture conditions for mycelial growth and polysaccharide production and its physicochemical properties in Cordyceps militaris. The one factor at a time method was adopted to investigate the effects of medium composition, environmental factors and C/N ratio. Among the these varialbles, glucose 80g/L, yeast extract 10g/L, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_{2}O\;0.5g/L$, $KH_{2}PO_4\;0.5g/L$ were proved to be the most suitable carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources, respectively. The optimal temperature, initial pH, working volume were identified to be $24^{\circ}C$, 7.0 and 100ml, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the strategies in shake flask culture and 5L jar fermentor led to mycelial growth of 29.43 g/L, 28.88g/L and polysaccharide production of 2.53g/L, 6.38 g/L, respectively. Among the phisicochemical properties, relative concentrations(w/v) of total sugar, uronic acid, protein and hexoseamine were identified to be 74.07%, 1.13%, 0.91%, and 0.46%, respectively. The fraction of neutral and acidic polysaccharide were identified to be 81.9% and 18.1%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.67-70
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• 2000

Mechanical properties of (10%$AI_20_3{\cdot}SiO_2$+5%Ni)/Al hybrid composites fabricated by the reaction squeeze casting were compared with those of (15%$AI_20_3{\cdot}SiO_2$)/Al composites. Intermetallic compound formed by reaction between molten aluminum and reinforcing powder was uniformly distributed in the Al matrix. These intermetallic compounds were identified as $Al_3$NI using EDS and X-ray diffraction analysis. Microhardness and flexural strength of hybrid composites were higher than that of (15%$AI_20_3{\cdot}SiO_2$)/Al Composite. In-Situ fracture tests were Conducted on (15%$AI_20_3{\cdot}SiO_2$)/Al Composites and (10%$AI_20_3{\cdot}SiO_2$+5%Ni)/Al hybrid composites to identify the microfracture process. It was identified from the in-situ fracture test of (10%$AI_20_3{\cdot}SiO_2$+5%Ni)/Al composites, microcracks were initiated mainly at the short fiber / matrix interfaces. As the loading was continued, the crack propagated mainly along the separated interfacial regions and the well developed shear bands. It was identified from the in-situ fracture test of (10%$AI_20_3{\cdot}SiO_2$+5%Ni)/Al hybrid composites, microcracks were initiated mainly by the short fiber/matrix interfacial debonding. The crack proceeded mainly through the intermetallic compound clusters

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 1995

Severity of panicle blast disease on the leading cultivars of rice was investigated at nine locations of Korea during summer in 1993 with frequent raining and low temperature conditions. Incidence of panicle blast was 26% on Jinmibyeo, 23% on Chuncheongbyeo and 40% on Odaebyeo. Race distribution of Pyricularia grisea was examined from 1993 to 1994. A total of 1,098 isolates of the fungus obtained from the blast nurseries and framers; fields were screened using Korean differential varieties. Twenty one races were identified in 1993 and 19 races in 1994. KI-181, KJ-103, KJ-104, KI-241 and KI-209 were identified as new races, and KJ-301 (15%), KJ-201 (13%), KJ-105 (12%) and KI-409 (12%) were major races during 1993 and 1994. Race KI-197, which has a wide spectrum of virulence on rice cultivars, was isolated in a ratio of 8.3% and evenly distributed in the whole country. Some of the major and newly identified races during 1993∼1994 were used for spray-inoculation on leading cultivars and differential varieties in a greenhouse. We found that most of the cultivars were resistant to the major races, KJ-301 and KI-409, but were very susceptible to the new races, KI-241, KI-209, KI-181 and KJ-103.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.293-301
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• 2001

A patient-specific musculoskeletal model, whose parameters can be identified noninvasively, was developed for the automatic generation of patient-specific stimulation pattern in FES. The musculotendon system was modeled as a torque-generator and all the passive systems of the musculotendon working at the same joint were included in the skeletal model. Through this, it became possible that the whole model to be identified by using the experimental joint torque or the joint angle trajectories. The model parameters were grouped as recruitment of muscle fibers, passive skeletal system, static and dynamic musculotendon systems, which were identified later in sequence. The parameters in each group were successfully estimated and the maximum normalized RMS errors in all the estimation process was 8%. The model predictions with estimated parameter values were in a good agreement with the experimental results for the sinusoidal, triangular and sawlike stimulation, where the normalized RMS error was less than 17%, Above results show that the suggested musculoskeletal model and its parameter estimation method is reliable.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.337-344
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• 1996

Caring is being rediscovered as a central and unifying concept of the nursing. Traditionally, nursing profession has emphasized spirit and activities of caring. But there is little efforts to study the caring phenomena scientifically and systematically in nursing, and then the concept of caring is still remained unclear and ambiguous. Changes of social, and health care environment are threatening the philosophy and practice of caring, so it is urgent to identify caring more scientifically and to rediscover the nature of nursing discipline. Knowledge of the caring is essential component for the development of nursing as a science and a profession. The first thing to study a concept is thought to be the analysis of the concept. So in this study, concept analysis of caring was performed to clarify the concept of caring as a basis for the study of caring afterward. The approach used for the concept analysis of caring was the approach presented by Walker and Avant. The defining(or critical) attributes of caring identified in this study were (1) a series of activities for helping others, (2) concern and devotion. (3) interpersonal relationship, and (4) scientific and systematic process. The identified antecedents of caring were (1) awareness of other's needs for help, and (2) moral and cognitive motivation for helping others. The identified consequences of caring were (1) healing, (2) satisfaction, and (3) growth. And the consequences of caring were revealed to both of the care giver and the care receiver. The empirical referents of caring could be the behaviors of interpersonal relationship through scientific and systematic process with concern and devotion for others.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 2014

Dental professionals are repeatedly exposed to many microorganisms present in both blood and saliva. Thus, dental professionals are at a greater risk of acquiring and spreading infections, and the implementation of infections control guidelines is necessary. Cellular phones have become a necessary device for communicating in hospitals. Cellular phones contaminated with bacteria may serve as a fomite in the transmission of pathogens by the hands of medical personnel. Nevertheless, studies about rate and levels of bacterial contamination of cellular phones have been extremely limited with regards to dental personnel. The purpose of this study was to identify bacterial flora on the cellular phones of dentists by a molecular biological method using the 16S rRNA cloning and sequencing method. We acquired total 200 clones from dentists' cell phones and identified the bacterial species. Pseudomonas (34.6%), Lactobacillus (18.5%), Azomonas (11.5%), and Janthinobacterium (6%) were the dominant genera on dentists' cell phones. The oral bacteria identified were Anaerococcus lactolyticus, Gibbsiella dentisursi, Lactobacills leiae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oligofermentans, and Streptococcus sanguinis. Pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogens such as Carnobacterium funditum, Raoultella planticola, Shigella flexneri, Lactobacillus iners, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were also identified.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 1998

Rearing is important to the growth and development of the child. Traditionally, nurturing is a maternal role which is expressive role. Maternal role was composed of mothering and maternicity. Rearing is a key concept of psychology, education and sociology discipline. Knowledge of the rearing is an essential component for the development of nursing as a science and a profession. The first thing to study a concept is thought to be a concept analysis. So, in this study, concept analysis of the rearing was performed to clarify a concept of the rearing as a basis for the study of rearing afterward. The approach used for the concept analysis was the approach presented by Walker and Avant (1993). The defining attributes of rearing, identified in this study were (1) a series of caring activities in parent-child relation, (2) an essential of the growth and development of a child, (3) changeable according to time, place and object, (4) effort is necessary to the rearing, (5) positive or negative aspects (6) attitude, behavior, environment is sub-concepts of the rearing concept. The identified antecedents of the rearing was child-birth. The identified consequences of rearing were desirable or undesirable outcomes. Desirable outcome was the emotional satisfaction and growth in parent-child relation. Undesirable outcome was the emotional disorder and social maladaptation of the child. The empirical referents of the rearing could be the caring phenomena in parent-child relation.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.482-487
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• 2012

To identify the novel inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death, we performed a high throughput assay with a chemical library containing a total of 3,280 bioactive small molecules. Cyclosporine A and bromocriptine were identified as potent inhibitors of thapsigargiin-induced cell death (cut-off at $4{\sigma}$ standard score). However, U74389G, the potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation had lower activity in inhibiting cell death. The inhibition effect of cyclosporine A and bromocriptine was specific for only thapsigargin-induced cell death. The mechanism of inhibition by these compounds was identified as modification of the expression of glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP-78/Bip) and inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, these compounds did not inhibit the same events triggered by tunicamycin, which was in agreement with the cell survival data. We suggest that the induction of protective unfolded protein response by these compounds confers resistance to cell death. In summary, we identified compounds that may provide insights on cell death mechanisms stimulated by ER stress.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.226-231
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• 2007

Housekeeping genes are widely used as internal controls in a variety of study types, including real time RT-PCR, microarrays, Northern analysis and RNase protection assays. However, even commonly used housekeeping genes may vary in stability depending on the cell type or disease being studied. Thus, it is necessary to identify additional housekeeping-type genes that show sample-independent stability. Here, we used statistical analysis to examine a large human microarray database, seeking genes that were stably expressed in various tissues, disease states and cell lines. We further selected genes that were expressed at different levels, because reference and target genes should be present in similar copy numbers to achieve reliable quantitative results. Real time RT-PCR amplification of three newly identified reference genes, CGI-119, CTBP1 and GOLGAl, alongside three well-known housekeeping genes, B2M, GAPD, and TUBB, confirmed that the newly identified genes were more stably expressed in individual samples with similar ranges. These results collectively suggest that statistical analysis of microarray data can be used to identify new candidate housekeeping genes showing consistent expression across tissues and diseases. Our analysis identified three novel candidate housekeeping genes (CGI-119, GOLGA1, and CTBP1) that could prove useful for normalization across a variety of RNA-based techniques.