• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.353-360
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the effects of backrest elevation of 0 degree and 30 degrees that minimize the risk of increasing ICP when CVP is measured. Methods: Subjects were sixty-four patients who stayed in the neurosurgical intensive care unit after brain surgery at two university-based hospitals. CVP, blood pressure, heart rate and ICP were measured along with position changes in order of backrest position with primary 30 degrees backrest position, 0 degree backrest position and secondary 30 degrees backrest position. For data analysis, one-group, repeated-measures analysis of variance design was used in SAS program. Results: Backrest elevations from 0 degree to 30 degrees did not alter the CVP without increasing the ICP. Therefore, 30 degrees backrest position is a preventive position without increasing ICP. Conclusion: 30 degrees backrest position might be appropriate for brain injury patients when CVP is measured.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1415-1420
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• 2005

The spectral interferences of OH from aqueous solvents in ICP-AES have been studied and eliminated using a cryogenic argon trap. The prominent lines of Bi I 306.772 nm, Al I 309.271 nm, and V II 310.230 nm, which are very seriously overlapped with the OH band, were examined. With an extended torch and high tangential flow of 20 L/min, water vapor from air entrainment was prevented. The combination of a condenser and argon cryogenic trap was able to eliminated most of water vapor carried by the argon sample gas. Removal of OH spectral interference could extend the linearity of the calibration curve 5-10 times on the lower concentration for ICP-AES. Interference Equivalent Concentration (IEC) has been reduced to 5.6, 5.9, and 12.4 times for Bi, Al and V, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.3195-3198
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• 2014

An ultra-sensitive detection method for small molecules such as antibiotics was developed using ICP-MS with magnetic and $TiO_2$ nanoparticles. Since most of the antibiotics are too small to employ a sandwich-type extraction through an immunoreaction, a non-specific platform was employed, in which the target was extracted by magnetic separation, followed by tagging with $TiO_2$ nanoparticles of 11.2 nm for ICP-MS measurement. The detection limit for salinomycin obtained from spiked serum samples was $0.4ag\;mL^{-1}$ (${\pm}10.3%$), which was about $1.5{\times}10^6$ times lower than that of LC-MS/MS and about $1.2{\times}10^{11}$ times better than that of ELISA. Such an excellent sensitivity enabled us to study the toxicity of antibiotics exposed to human beings by determining them in serum.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.503-509
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to identify optimal head elevation and position in the care of the neurosurgical patient with a cerebral aneurysm. The effects of 0°. 15° and 30° head elevation and three positions (supine, side tying position opposite to the operation site, and side tying position on the same side as the operation site) on ICP was studied in fourteen neurosurgical patients with cerebral aneurysms. The results are as follows : 1. The mean intracranial pressure was significantly lower when the patient's head was elevated at 30° as compared to 0° and 15°. 2. The mean intracranial pressure was significantly lower when the patient was positioned in the supine as compared to side tying position opposite to the operation site and side tying position on the same side as the operation site. The data indicate that head elevation to 30° and the supine position reduce ICP in neurosurgical patients with cerebral aneurysm.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.741-754
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• 2014

The conventional PHC pile-footing connection is the weak part because the surface area and stiffness are sharply changed. The Composite PHC pile reinforced with the transverse shear reinforcing bars and infilled-concrete, hereafter ICP pile, has been developed for improving the flexural and shear performance. This paper investigates the cyclic behavior and performance of the ICP pile-footing connection. To investigate the behavior of the connection, one PHC and two ICP specimens were manufactured and then a series of cyclic loading tests were performed. From the test results, it was found that the ICP pile-footing connection exhibited higher cyclic behavior and connection performance compared to the conventional PHC pile-footing connection in terms of ductility ratio, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.489-497
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• 2011

The proposed method for an effective assay of Cd, Cr and Pb in several polymer samples has been validated. The determination was carried out using ICP-OES after a high pressure asher (HPA) digestion at pressure and temperatures up to 13 MPa and $320^{\circ}C$, respectively. Polymer based materials were totally oxidized with nitric acid in a HPA chamber and determined by ICP-OES. Validation parameters such as linearity, matrix effect, limit of dectection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy and precision (repeatibility, intermediate precision and reproducibility) were assessed. The LOD and LOQ in the sample were ranged from 0.98 to 1.18 mg $kg^{-1}$ and 2.93 to 3.55 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively, relying on the analyte. The proposed method had a good accuracy and precision for repeatability, intermediate precision with respect to days and analysts and reproducibility expressed as inter-laboratory study. The developed method was simple to use, suitable and applicable to various kinds of polymers.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.360-365
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• 2015

Spatial distributions of magnetic flux density in a newly designed magnetized inductively coupled plasma (M-ICP) etcher were investigated. Radial and axial magnetic flux densities as well as the magnetic flux density on the center of the substrate holder were controllable by placing multiple circular coils around the etcher properly. The plasma density non-uniformity in M-ICP (25 Gauss) can be reduced (1.4%) compared to that in ICP (16.7%) when the neutral gas pressure was 0.67 Pa and a right-hand circularly polarized wave (R-wave) can be propagated in to the etcher by making magnetic flux density increases both radially and axially from the center of the substrate holder.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 1996

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP/AES) is a versatile modern instruments for the multi-element analysis, but quantitative analysis using ICP/AES with normal pneumatic nebulizer is not applicable for the measurement of elemental concentrations in water down to the drinkining water standard level except a few elements because of poor detection limits. However, the detection limit can be lowered enough to measure drinking water standard, if ultrasonic nebulizer and/or hydride vapor generator is attached. This method is tested with groundwater samples from Tajeon area. It is confirmed that the elemental concentrations in these samples are within the limit of drinking water standard for the most elements. However, uranium concentration is very high in some samples compared with the concentrations suggested by Environmental Protection Agency of U.S.A. There is no standard concentration level to this element in Korea and it should be prepared immediately.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.502-502
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• 2012

반도체 공정 중 플라즈마를 이용하는 식각 공정의 경우, 실제 식각률이나 profile의 특성은 RF Bias power에 의해 기판에 당겨지는 이온 선속에 의해 큰 영향을 받는다. 때문에 플라즈마 발생장치 내에서 기판에서의 이온에너지 분석이 중요해지고 있다. 이온에너지 분석을 위해 다양한 형태의 이온에너지 분석기가 나와있으나 기판 위에 얹혀있는 양상이었다. 이에 본 발표에서는 실제 기판 안에 이온에너지 분석기를 설치함으로써 실제 기판에서 wafer가 받는 이온들의 양상에 더 가깝게 접근했다. 이렇게 제작 된 이온에너지 분석기를 이용해 대면적 M-ICP(Magnetized-Induced Coupled Plasma)에서 아르곤 가스를 이용한 플라즈마에서 기판 이온 에너지 분포를 확인해 보았다. 압력의 변화, ICP Source power의 변화, 일정한 Source power에서 기판에 가해지는 Bias power의 변화에 대해 측정함으로써 각각의 조건 변화에 따른 이온들의 변화양상에 대한 이해를 할 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2012

Device 제작에 사용된 graphene은 일반적인 lithography 공정에서 resist residue에 의한 오염을 피할 수 없으며 이로 인하여 graphene의 pristine한 성질을 잃어버린다. 본 연구에서는 graphene을 저밀도의 argon inductively coupled plasma (Ar-ICP)를 통해 처리함으로서 graphene based back-gated field effect transistor (G-FET)의 특성변화를 유도한 결과에 대해서 보고한다. Argon capacitively coupled plasma (Ar-CCP)은 에 노출된 graphene은 강한 ion bombardment energy로 인하여 쉽게 planar C-C ${\pi}$ bonding (bonding energy: 2.7 eV)이 breaking되어 graphene의 defect이 발생되었다. 하지만 우리의 경우 저밀도의 Ar-ICP가 적용될 때 graphene의 defect이 제한되며 이와 동시에 contamination 만을 제거할 수 있었다. 소자의 전기적 측정 (Gsd-Vbg)을 통하여 contamination으로 인하여 p-doping된 graphene은 pristine 상태로 회복되었으며 mobility도 회복됨이 확인되었다. Ar-ICP를 이용한 graphene cleaning 방법은 저온공정, 대면적 공정, 고속공정을 모두 만족시키며 thermal annealing, electrical current annealing을 대체하여 graphene 기반 소자를 생산함에 있어 쉽고 빠르게 적용할 수 있는 강점이 있다.