• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.376-387
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• 2010

Recently, speedy, convenient and easy detection technologies have been developed rapidly and on the contrary, studies on development of traditional detectors applying biochemical characteristics has gradually been decreased. This review examined trend in current studies on detection of food-borne pathogenic microorganisms in the fields of selective media, immuno-assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), microarray, terahertz spectroscopy & imagination and so on. Most traditional methods to detect the organisms from food matrix rely on selective media and such a method have disadvantages like long time requirement and distinguishing one species only from each selective medium although they are highly economical. Various new convenient methods such as Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA), paper-strip kit, fluoroimmunoassay etc. have been developed. The most ideal method for detecting food-borne pathogenic microorganisms in foods should be accurate, convenient, rapid and economical. Additionally, it is needed that capabilities of quantitative analysis and automation to be applied to industries.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.43-57
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• 1997

Educational goals of SPH were two-fold : One was to train a health professions who should take charge of a leading roles, another were to educate the researchers of public health. There were strong demands to evaluate whether these goals had been effectively achieved through the master's course of SPH or not. According to the educational goals of SPH, public health is an applied science to be applicable to health-related fields. The curriculum of SPH has to be built under this principle and be evaluated by someone regularly. Who evaluates that? The most pertinent appraiser is the graduates of public health currently working at health-related jobs. It was the purpose of the study to let the graduates evaluate their education and the curriculum that they had undertaken during master's course at SNU. If the results of the evaluation by the graduates were not satisfactory, we should find the actual causes of low scored apraisal and reform the curriculum of SPH as the process of problem solving. During September and October 1996, a postal survey was undertaken of the 293 SNU graduates of public health who had been engaged in the health related jobs. As 198 graduates answered out of 293, the response rate was 67.6%. The questionnaire was designed to ascertain how well the SNU master's course of public health had helped their practice. The SAS package was used for statistical analysis and $x^2$-test as a test of statistical significance. Major findings of the study were summarized as follows: $\cdot$ The health related abilities consisted of three categories, which were health administration abilities composed of 14 items, health education abilities composed of 5 items, health research abilities composed of 10 items. $\cdot$ The respondents had acquired 'Worldwide trends of health policy', 'evaluation concepts of health projects', 'interpersonal relationships in professional life', and 'communication through writings' moe than other detailed items in the category of health administration abilities. $\cdot$ 'Establishment of educational and learning golas' was the most acquired item of 5 detailed items of health education abilities. $\cdot$ Respondents indicated that they had acquired ability 'to search reference', ' to understand health problems', 'to establish study plannings', and 'to collect health related data' more than other detailed items in the category of health research abilities.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.41-68
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• 2011

Objectives: After organizing segmentations related to obesity from classics and each studies, we would like to examine the value of wild ginseng, bovis calculus, ursi fel and moschus as a obesity medicine. Methods: We found out 4 drugs which are wild ginseng, bovis calculus, ursi fel and moschus from the classics, such as "Shin-Nong-Bon-Cho-Kyung", "Myoung-Eui-Byul-Lok", "Bon-Cho-Gang-Mok", "Bon-Cho-Jong-Shin", "Bon-Cho-Bi-Yo", "Bon-Cho-Gu-Jin" and "Deuk-Bae-Bon-Cho", we searched websites such as RISS, Korean traditional knowledge portal, the society of Korean medicine for obesity research, Korean pharmacopuncture institute, the Korean academy of oriental rehabilitation medicine and Korean acupuncture & moxibustion society as well. Results: 1. We couldn't find the contents related to the efficacy of improving obesity through wild ginseng, bovis calculus, ursi fel and moschus from the classics. 2. Wild ginseng had a study dealing with the efficacy of anticancer, obesity, toxicity, immunity, sulfation, diabetes, plasma proteins, depression, hypertension, endometriosis and hair loss. Especially among 6 studies related to obesity, apart from the study that treated extract of wild ginseng directly to the cell or oral administration to the animals, also have studies that had an efficacy of improving obesity through injecting pharmacopuncture to acupuncture point and vein, etc. 3. Bovis calculus had a study about efficacy related to arthritis, liver, inflammation of cornea, obesity, anticancer, immunity, antacid, heart, lumbar pain, hypertension, toxicity, a digestive organ and sasang constitution, especially in case of obesity, had each studies about oral administration of complex prescription and about cell unit experiment of pharmacopuncture. 4. Ursi fel had a study about efficacy related to liver, arthritis, inflammation of cornea, immunity, obesity, anticancer, antacid, lumbar pain, digestive organ, toxicity, cell protection, skin ailment, etc. Especially in case of obesity, had each studies about oral administration of animal experiment and about cell unit experiment of pharmacopuncture. 5. Moschus had a study about efficacy related to liver, the central nervous system, arthritis, inflammation of cornea, immunity, obesity, anticancer, hypertension, heart, lumbar pain, etc. Especially in case of obesity, had one study about oral administration of complex prescription. Conclusion: Through the result of probability as a obesity medicine of wild ginseng, bovis calculus, ursi fel and moschus, we could identify the possibility of each drug as a obesity medicine. Also in the future, it is considered that studies about one or complex prescription and pharmacopuncture as a obesity medicine will be needed.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.2
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• pp.42-89
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• 2000

Industrial ceramic of Korean industrial design, especially tableware show different characteristics in their forms between 1940s-1960s, and 1970s-1990s. The shift of such changes can be verified objectively by module measurement. The validity of the results applying this method is supported by the investigation of the change of aesthetic modes in Korean society. The most obvious change in the figurative characteristics of tableware is in the outline of their external shapes. 'Module' is used to describe and analyze the changes of such an external shape more strictly as the objective method and measuring the module is employed. This method was developed by the combination of the method analyzing figurative art works by Re Corbuise who uses 'module' with Hambidge's method to describe and analyze the works by means of the golden section. The shift of flgurative changes of tableware could be examined objectively and elaborately by such a newly developed method. The industrialization of tableware production in Korea was begun in 1940s. Then its design was not activated, but as the society has been stabilized through the liberation and civil war, design was settled in 1960s. After that, the design has played the essential roles in 1970s. And as the importance of design in producing goods has been recognized according to the economic growth. The design of tableware shows a remarkable difference based on 1960s and 1970s in such an economic growth. It is resulted from the scientific data analysis of the design since 1940 without any preference. According to the results which analyze the external shapes of tableware for last 50 years, the tableware designs show much differences between 1940s-1960s, and 1970s-1990s. The figurative changes of Korean tableware show the similar trends to the transitional aspects of the society. Design is the manifestation of aesthetic modes which have been developed in a close relationship to society and especially economy. In Korea the development of design was initiated by the economic growth and the Korean aesthetic modes were also changed with the economic growth. The transitional shift of aesthetic modes shown in the figurative characteristics of tableware which are divided on the basis of 1960s and 1970s was peak in 1970s with the development of economy and design started in 1960s.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.379-393
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• 2015

The fire damage has been increased as the frequency of fire incidence decreases with increasing in death and economic loss. Local governments are dependent on the activities of fire-fighters with crude preparedness and prevention for fire incidence. Most of researches on fire safety have focused on descriptive statistics which show general trends in fire incidence and condition. Here we tried to make a mutual causal model for fire damage, to make three big hypotheses with laying three small hypotheses under each big hypothesis. Five years statistics from public domains in the form of hardcopy or softcopy were collected and fifteen independent variables were selected to explain the number of death, the number of fire incidence and the amount of economic loss from fire incidence. The significances of statistics are different among the regional characteristics. The hypotheses were partially rejected and the meanings of rejected factors will refresh the tentative prejudice. It is necessary to revise the principle that the number of population and size of area are regarded as the most important criteria to allocate resources for fire control and to have the criteria flexible with results of our research such as the number of the weak to fire disaster.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2008

Pharmaceutists are interested in drugstores which are selling, the sundries, cosmetics, medical devices, with drugs. Because drug stores without prescription issued by doctor have faced on finacial difficulties since speciality between doctors and pharmaceutists set us law. There are two types of drugstore which is a type of common drugstore, other is a type of traditional drugstore based on pharmaceuties in steady of big size of store based on studies, cosmetics and so on. Expansion of business for drugstore show us that most of customer are who are very sensitive in circumstance. Since 2,000 it has been expanded to large scale, so market analysts expect that volume of market will be increased to 10 times within 5 years. Drugstores have several kinds of merchandises which customers can take a choice for their demands, so most of customers the young generations. However, market customers will be changed to medium, and old generations as drugstores set freely. Furthermore everybody will enjoy in at drugstores effectively this reports that include of counter based on proposals and validities. This study show examples that have been executed successfully by the advanced countries, moreover big companies in domestic market have been expanding their market share for drugstore business. Through out change of circumstance surrounding drugstores, this report indicate how to induce the large drugstore with validities and trends. Since speciality of pharmaceutists and doctors executed, direction and a forecast of developing drugstores under change of distribution of them and may be suggested. I hope that this research will be helpful of interesting in drugstores, and also lot of distributors focuses on drugstores to develop the drugstores in future.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.327-336
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• 2012

The Korea government has recently announced "A Master Plan for Smart Education", including application of digital textbooks and composition of education system using cloud computing. Our education system in future circumstance, over the conventional e-learning methods, needs the smart education solutions which enable students to study and communicate on various types of devices. The ongoing government project related with the digital textbook has been performed as mid- and long-term goals, whereas PDF-based e-textbook project, similar to e-book model and, has been already completed for the short-term goal. For the purpose of improved future smart education circumstance, however, a specific strategy is required in the following areas: flexibility of format conversion and independency of original text sources among the multiple device platforms. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a standardization scheme for e-textbook format based on e-book structure. To do this, we survey trends in e-book technologies, and research on standardization of e-book format for digitalization of textbooks, based on the analysis of existing textbooks. Moreover, we produce an example e-book content using our proposed standard method. As a result, our approach can be applied to the future smart education circumstance, and we may say that it will be efficiently applicable to the long-term digital textbook project.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2017

CuO(x)/0.3Al-0.7Ce catalysts with different CuO loadings (x = 2~20 wt%) were prepared by impregnation method and investigated the effects of CuO loadings on the low temperature CO oxidation. Of the used catalysts, the CuO(10)/0.3Al-0.7Ce catalyst showed the highest catalytic performance in the absence or presence of water vapor. In the presence of water vapor, the catalytic performance was drastically decreased, with a temperature of 50% CO conversion ($T_{50%}$) shifted to higher temperature by $50^{\circ}C$ compared to the those in dry conditions because of the competitive adsorption of water vapor on the active sites. The copper metal surface area calculated from $N_2O$-titration analysis and the oxygen capacity from CO-pulse experiments were increased with the CuO loadings and showed a maximum at 10 wt%CuO/0.3Al-0.7Ce catalyst. These trends are in good agreement with the tendency of $T_{50%}$ of the catalysts. From these characteristic aspects, it could be deduced that the catalytic performance was closely related to the oxygen capacity and the copper metallic surface area.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.501-520
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• 2019

This study compared and analyzed Korean, American, Singaporean, and Japanese middle school mathematics curriculum standards and the learning contents in statistics. Through a comparative analysis of the curriculums of these four countries, I found several overall features and differences between the curriculums. First, all four countries emphasized statistical education in a real-life context. Second, all four countries emphasized the use of technological tools. Third, there is a middle school grade in which only Korea does not deal with statistical domains. Fourth, the statistical areas of the United States, Singapore, and Japan focused on identifying trends or variability in data distribution. Fifth, I have found some contents that only Korea does not deal with. Based on this, the following recommendations were developed for the development of the next curriculum and new textbooks in Korea. First, the statistics curriculum should be changed from one that focuses on understanding statistical concepts to one that focuses on statistical activity that utilizes these concepts. Second, in terms of middle school statistical curriculum contents, the addition of interquartile range (IQR) and box plots as learning contents should be considered. IQR and box plots are simple and practical techniques for the comparison of multiple sets of data that can be easily learned and drawn by middle school level students and applied to real-life-related statistical data to expand statistical literacy. Through this study, it is suggested that IQR and box plots need to be included in the statistical curriculum of middle schools in Korea.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.125-133
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• 2017

Time comparison is necessary for the verification and synchronization of the clock. Two-way satellite time and frequency (TWSTFT) is a method for time comparison over long distances. This method includes errors such as atmospheric effects, satellite motion, and environmental conditions. Ionospheric delay is one of the significant time comparison error in case of the carrier-phase TWSTFT (TWCP). Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) from Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) is used to compare with Bernese. Thin shell model of the ionosphere is used for the calculation of the Ionosphere Pierce Point (IPP) between stations and a GEO satellite. Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) and Koganei (KGNI) stations are used, and the analysis is conducted at 29 January 2017. Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) which is generated by Bernese at the latitude and longitude of the receiver by processing a Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) observation file that is generated from the receiver has demonstrated adequacy by showing similar variation trends with the CODE GIM. Bernese also has showed the capability to produce high resolution IONosphere map EXchange (IONEX) data compared to the CODE GIM. At each station IPP, VTEC difference in two stations showed absolute maximum 3.3 and 2.3 Total Electron Content Unit (TECU) in Bernese and GIM, respectively. The ionospheric delay of the TWCP has showed maximum 5.69 and 2.54 ps from Bernese and CODE GIM, respectively. Bernese could correct up to 6.29 ps in ionospheric delay rather than using CODE GIM. The peak-to-peak value of the ionospheric delay for TWCP in Bernese is about 10 ps, and this has to be eliminated to get high precision TWCP results. The $10^{-16}$ level uncertainty of atomic clock corresponds to 10 ps for 1 day averaging time, so time synchronization performance needs less than 10 ps. Current time synchronization of a satellite and ground station is about 2 ns level, but the smaller required performance, like less than 1 ns, the better. In this perspective, since the ionospheric delay could exceed over 100 ps in a long baseline different from this short baseline case, the elimination of the ionospheric delay is thought to be important for more high precision time synchronization of a satellite and ground station. This paper showed detailed method how to eliminate ionospheric delay for TWCP, and a specific case is applied by using this technique. Anyone could apply this method to establish high precision TWCP capability, and it is possible to use other software such as GIPSYOASIS and GPSTk. This TWCP could be applied in the high precision atomic clocks and used in the ground stations of the future domestic satellite navigation system.