• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.99-111
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the location, shape, environment, and vegetation of the Village Forest in Gyeonggi-do and to evaluate the ecological integration and changes of the Village Forests to figure out the measures for conservation and management. There were 23 Village Forests remain in Gyeonggi-do. Ten Village Forests were established based on Feng-shui background. Many of them were found in Yongin area and southeast of Icheon. The Village Forests were owned by local community at 9 village and privately owned at 8 villages. Most Village Forests were managed by local communities except for the two managed by private person. Fifty-two percent of the Village Forests were in strip shape, and most of them were established by Feng-shui background or for the prevention of disasters. The average size of the Village Forests was relatively small at 3,046m2. The most frequent tree species found at the Village Forest were Zelkova serrata and Pinus densiflora. Over half of the number of Village Forests showed vertical structure of overstory trees only or overstory-sub overstory combination, which seemed to be resulted from the loss of understory plants by the activities of local residents. The Village Forests that had over 30% of damaged trees were found at 7 villages. The damages were caused by the road construction close to the groves, soil compaction, and tree death by covering lower stem with soil. The vitality of the damaged trees seemed to be significantly low compared to that of the undamaged. There were factors that determined the changes in the Village Forests: community ritual, institutional protection, designation as a water resource protection district, road construction, land use change, windstorm hazards, and development of forest areas. In order to conserve and manage the Village Forests appropriately, it is necessary to limit excessive use of the grove areas and maintain proper tree growing conditions by improving the soil environment. The development of neighborhood areas need to be controlled and community activities should be encouraged to maintain or restore the original landscape of the groves. Protection measures and supporting policies need to be enforced to keep the Village Forests from disappearing in near future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Reliability Society Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.277-278
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• 2001

The successful operation of a product In service depends upon the effective provision of logistic support in order to achieve and maintain the required levels of performance and customer satisfaction. Logistic support encompasses the activities and facilities required to maintain a product (hardware and software) in service. Logistic support covers maintenance, manpower and personnel, training, spares, technical documentation and packaging handling, storage and transportation and support facilities.The cost of logistic support is often a major contributor to the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of a product and increasingly customers are making purchase decisions based on lifecycle cost rather than initial purchase price alone. Logistic support considerations can therefore have a major impact on product sales by ensuring that the product can be easily maintained at a reasonable cost and that all the necessary facilities have been provided to fully support the product in the field so that it meets the required availability. Quantification of support costs allows the manufacturer to estimate the support cost elements and evaluate possible warranty costs. This reduces risk and allows support costs to be set at competitive rates.Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) is a management method by which all the logistic support services required by a customer can be brought together in a structured way and In harmony with a product. In essence the application of ILS:- causes logistic support considerations to be integrated into product design;- develops logistic support arrangements that are consistently related to the design and to each other;- provides the necessary logistic support at the beginning and during customer use at optimum cost.The method by which ILS achieves much of the above is through the application of Logistic Support Analysis (LSA). This is a series of support analysis tasks that are performed throughout the design process in order to ensure that the product can be supported efficiently In accordance with the requirements of the customer.The successful application of ILS will result in a number of customer and supplier benefits. These should include some or all of the following:- greater product uptime;- fewer product modifications due to supportability deficiencies and hence less supplier rework;- better adherence to production schedules in process plants through reduced maintenance, better support;- lower supplier product costs;- Bower customer support costs;- better visibility of support costs;- reduced product LCC;- a better and more saleable product;- Improved safety;- increased overall customer satisfaction;- increased product purchases;- potential for purchase or upgrade of the product sooner through customer savings on support of current product.ILS should be an integral part of the total management process with an on-going improvement activity using monitoring of achieved performance to tailor existing support and influence future design activities. For many years, ILS was predominantly applied to military procurement, primarily using standards generated by the US Government Department of Defense (DoD). The military standards refer to specialized government infrastructures and are too complex for commercial application. The methods and benefits of ILS, however, have potential for much wider application in commercial and civilian use. The concept of ILS is simple and depends on a structured procedure that assures that logistic aspects are fully considered throughout the design and development phases of a product, in close cooperation with the designers. The ability to effectively support the product is given equal weight to performance and is fully considered in relation to its cost.The application of ILS provides improvements in availability, maintenance support and longterm 3ogistic cost savings. Logistic costs are significant through the life of a system and can often amount to many times the initial purchase cost of the system.This study provides guidance on the minimum activities necessary to Implement effective ILS for a wide range of commercial suppliers. The guide supplements IEC60106-4, Guide on maintainability of equipment Part 4: Section Eight maintenance and maintenance support planning, which emphasizes the maintenance aspects of the support requirements and refers to other existing standards where appropriate. The use of Reliability and Maintainability studies is also mentioned in this study, as R&M is an important interface area to ILS.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.129-145
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• 2012

This study investigated factors of creativity and interaction between factors that are revealed when gifted students designed scientific experiments. For this, we firstly developed items which required the written process of designing experiments to explore creativity factors. Then, we used these items as a part for letters of self-introduction to students who applied for 2011 correspondence education of general physics for the Korea Physics Olympiad. 513th letters of self-introduction which were analyzed to investigate factors of creativity in view of creativity definition after researchers' consultation, which specifically means a combination of divergent and convergent thinking. The results were as follows; (1) in the step of hypothesis building, we could not only find Originality and the Flexibility & Fluency, which were factors of divergent thinking, but also Coherency and Elaborateness, which were factors of convergent thinking. (2) in the step of the hypothesis testing, we could explore Originality, Flexibility & Fluency in divergent thinking and Coherency, Reliability, Clarity, Elaborateness in convergent thinking. (3) we also figured out three creativity types of gifted students from the viewpoint that creativity is a consequence of interaction between divergent thinking and convergent thinking; a) Type A showed divergent and convergent factors of creativity in the step of hypothesis building. However, type A did not include divergent factors of creativity on the process of the hypothesis testing. b) Type B had divergent and convergent factors of creativity on the process of the hypothesis testing, but it had not convergent factors of creativity on the step of hypothesis building. c) Finally, in Type C, only divergent factors of creativity appeared on the process of the hypothesis testing, but convergent factors of creativity could be found on the step of hypothesis building and hypothesis testing.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to develop a teaching-learning process plan for sustainable residing creating with neighbors and to apply it to the housing section of Technology-Home Economics according to the 2007 Revised Curriculum. Teachinglearning method solving practical problems was used for the teaching-learning process plans of 6-session lessons according to the ADDIE model. In the development stage, 17 activity materials and 15 teaching learning materials (6 reading texts, 6 moving pictures, 2 internet and 1 image materials) were developed. for the 6-session lessons, based on the stages of solving practical problems. The plans applied to the 3 classes of 8, 9, and 10th grade of the H. junior and senior high school in Myun district in Kyungbook during Sept. 1st to 14th, 2009. The results showed that students actively participated when the contents and materials were related to their own experience. The 6-session lessons about sustainable residing creating with neighbors was significantly increased the sense of community between before and after. Each of the 4 stages of the teachinglearning method solving practical problems were highly participated by the students. The satisfaction with the contents and methods of the 6-session lessons were evaluated over medium to somewhat higher levels. The practical activities to solve the community space and programs were got positive comments. Problem solving process and presentation and discussion were needed to learn more. Those results might support that the teachinglearning process plan this research developed. would be appropriate to the lessons for sustainable residing creating with neighbors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.862-869
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• 2009

This research was performed to acquire fundamental data to be used in developing school foodservice monitoring programs by investigating the actual operational conditions and views of dietitians and students' parents on foodservice monitoring. A questionnaire was provided to the parents and the dietitians of 100 school foodservice establishments in Ulsan area for one month (June, 2007). The questionnaires of 51 foodservice establishments from dietitians and parents were collected (response rate 51%). The collected data from the questionnaires were statistically analyzed using the SAS package program. In terms of the study subjects, 98.0% of the school foodservices were direct managed. The knowledge of HACCP of the students' parents included 'know well' (52.6%), 'know a little bit' (8.8%), and 'do not know' (38.6%). 90.2% of the subjects were monitoring school foodservice regularly. The performance rates of school foodservice monitoring by the students' parents were in the order of: inspecting food materials (95.4%), food preparation (92.7%), and cleaning and facilities sanitation (88.1%). Of the students' parent respondents, 64.1% received preliminary monitoring education regularly, in the order of inspecting food materials (70.9%), food preparation (67.5%), and cleaning and facilities sanitation (60.9%); menu planning (45.5%) was the most highly required item for preliminary education. The understanding degree, in terms of the foodservice preliminary education, was 3.10 points, and the effects evaluation scores of the preliminary education by the dietitians was 3.18 points out of 5 points. The evaluation results for both the importance and performance about the foodservice monitoring items, as evaluated by the students' parents, indicating that importance was higher than performance in 7 of the foodservice monitoring items. The highest item for both importance and performance was 'food preparation'. There were no differences between the importance and performance of the foodservice monitoring items, regardless of whether or not the students' parents had preliminary education, suggesting that the preliminary education of the students' parents was not effective so far. In conclusion, in order to maximize the effectiveness of students' parent foodservice monitoring programs, it is necessary that students' parents participate voluntarily and perform foodservice monitoring regularly. Also, the preliminary education should be offered prior to performing monitoring, considering the demands and the characteristic of the students' parents.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.401-407
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• 2018

For the treatment of heavy metals in the mine drainage from the closed mine area, various methods such as passive, active and semi-active treatments are considered. Among contaminated elements in the mine drainage, Mn is one of the difficult elements for the treatment because it needs high pH over 9.0 for its concentration to be reduced. In this study, the efficiency of various slag complex reactors (slag (S), slag+limestone (SL) and slag+Mn coated gravel (SG)) on Mn removal in the presence of Fe, which is a competitive element with Mn, was evaluated to investigate effective methods for the treatment of Mn in mine drainage. As a result of experiments on Mn removal without Fe during 358 days, using influent with $30{\sim}50Mn{\cdot}mg/L$ and pH 6.7 on the average, S reactor showed continuously high Mn removal efficiency with the average of 99.9% with pH 8.9~11.4. Using the same reactors, Mn removal experiments with Fe during 237 days were conducted with the influent with $40{\sim}60Mn{\cdot}mg/L$. The pH range of effluent reached to 6.1~10.0, which is slightly lower than that of effluent without Fe. S reactor showed the highest range of pH with 7.1~9.9, followed by S+L and S+G reactor. However, the efficiency of Mn removal showed S+L>S>S+G with the range of 94~100%, 68~100% and 68~100%, respectively in spite of relatively low pH range. S+L reactor showed the most resistance on Fe input, which means other mechanisms such as $MnCO_3$ formation by the carbonate prouced from the limestone or autocatalysis reaction of Mn contributed to Mn removal rather than pH related mechanisms. The evidence of reactions between carbonates and Mn, rhodochrosite ($MnCO_3$), was found from the X-ray diffraction analysis of precipitates sample from S+L reactor. From this study, the most effective reactors on Mn removal in the presence of Fe was S+L reactor. The results are expected to be applied for the Mn containing mine water treatment in the presence of Fe within the relatively low range of pH.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.553-571
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• 2015

Mathematical, verbal, and spatial abilities are known as three important indicators for the success in the STEM disciplines. In this study, Purdue Spatial Visualization Test-Rotation, College Entrance Scholastic Aptitude Test- Math and Verbal score of engineering freshmen students have been used to find the relationships among these areas. In addition, gender differences in spatial visualization, verbal achievement and mathematical achievement have been investigated, too. In this research, I found that gender difference was highest in spatial visualization ability, followed by verbal achievement and smallest in mathematical achievement. Substantial number of male students possess high level of spatial abilities, but only half of female students were at the same level where their male colleagues were. The correlation between spatial ability and mathematical ability was negligible, contrary to former researches on elementary and middle school students. But the correlation was stronger for female students than male students. The correlation between mathematical achievement and verbal achievement was negative. It reflects the fact that when one section of SAT score is low, score of other sections should be higher to get admitted to college. Gender difference in mathematics was smallest for high achieving spatial ability group. For low spatial ability group gender difference in mathematics achievement has been observed, too. To find the combined contribution of spatial and verbal abilities to mathematics achievement, students were divided into 4 ability groups. Mathematics achievement decreased in the order of (1) high spatial -low verbal group, (2) low spatial - low verbal group, (3) high spatial - high verbal group, (4) low spatial - high verbal group.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.5 no.1 s.8
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• pp.113-133
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• 2002

Objective: To investigate effects of Cervi Cornu on Adjuvant Athritis in rats, the edema inhibit rate, the anaJgesic effects, the number of WBC, RA facter, Platelet, the quantity of CRP, total protein, albumin and globuline in the blood serum were measured in the arthritis part. Results: The results obtained as fonows ; 1. After arthritis of Sprague dawley(SD) rats was induced by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant for 2 weeks, any treatment was not for Control group, acupunctured for Treat Ⅰ group. normal saJine was ora] administrated for the Treat Ⅱ group, Cervi Cornu Ex. was oral administrated for Treat Ⅲ, and Cervi Cornu Herbal-acupullcture was injected for Trea Ⅳ group during 2 weeks every other day. Selected point was on pressure pain point in both groups. And then the edema inhibit rate were checked. The edema inhibit rate was $46.03\%$ in Treat I group, $43.24\%$ Treat IV group, $37.44\%$ in Treat III. there was significance in the edema inhibit rate between Control group and Treat group, in order of Treat Ⅰ, Ⅳ, Ⅲ.(p<0.05) 2. The analgesic effects was $7.58{\pm}1.80$(${\times}10$gm) in Control group. $11.00{\pm}1.10$(${\times}10$gm) in Treat Ⅰ group. $99.92{\pm}1.28$(${\times}10$gm) in Treat Ⅲ group and $14.67{\pm}1.03$(${\times}10$gm) in Treat Ⅳ group. There was significance in the analgesic effects between Control group and Treat group(p<0.05) 3. The number of WBC was $14.72{\pm}1.48$(${\times}10^3$㎕) in control Group, $10.26{\pm}1.13$(${\times}10^3$㎕) in Treat Ⅰ group, $11.00{\pm}1.13$(${\times}103$㎕) in Treat Ⅱ Group and $9.63{\pm}1.75$(${\times}10^3$㎕) in Treat Ⅳ group. There was significance in the number of WBC between Control group and Treat group(p<0.05) 4. The content of total protein in the blood serum were $6.13{\pm}0.05$g/dl in control group, $5.73{\pm}0.14$g/dl in Treat I group, $5.88{\pm}0.13$g/dl in Treat Ⅲ group and $5.90{\pm}0.13$g/dl in Treat IV group. There was significance in The content of total protein in the blood serum between Control group and Treat group(p<0.05) 5. The contests of albumin in the blood serum were $2.32{\pm}0.12$g/dl in the Control group, $2.35{\pm}0.05$g/dl in Treat Ⅰ group, $2.35{\pm}0.05$g/dl in Treat Ⅱ group, $2.30{\pm}0.06$g/dl in Treat Ⅲ group, $2.42{\pm}0.08$g/dl in Treat IV group. There was no significance in The content of albumin in the blood serum between Control group and Treat group(p<0.05) 6. The contests of globulin in the blood semm were $3.68{\pm}0.08$g/dl in the Control group, $3.43{\pm}0.12$g/dl in Treat Ⅰ group, $3.55{\pm}0.10$g/dl in Treat IV group. There was significance in The content of globulin in the blood serum between Control group and Treat group(p<0.05) 7. The numbers of RA factor were $3.47{\pm}0.54$IU/ml in Control group and $2.38{\pm}0.50$IU/ml in Treat Ⅱ group. There was significance inThe numbers of RA factor between Control group and Treat group(p<0.05) 8. The numbers of platelet were $1126.33{\pm}1126.33{\pm}85.93{times}10^3$/㎕ in Control group, $1043.33{\pm}80.80{times}10^3$/㎕ in Treat Ⅰ group, $1116.82{\pm}77.93{times}10^3$/㎕ in Treat Ⅱ group, $1164.17{\pm}94.02{times}10^3$/㎕l in Treat Ⅲ group, $1076.67{\pm}54.84{times}10^3$/㎕ in Treat Ⅳ group. There was no significance in The numbers of platelet between Control group and Treat group(p<0.05) 9. The quantity of CRP were $0.05{\pm}0.01$mg/ml in Control group, $0.05{\pm}0.01$mg/ml in Treat Ⅰ group, $0.06{\pm}0.01$mg/ml in Treat Ⅱ group, $0.05{\pm}0.00$mg/ml in Treat Ⅲ group, $0.05{\pm}0.00$mg/ml in Treat Ⅳ group. There was no significance in The quantity of CRP between Control group and Treat group(p<0.05) Concluslon : From these results, it is shown Cervi Comu Herbal-acupuncture more efffective thaJJ Cervi Cornu Ex. on Adjuvant Arthritis in rats.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.24
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• pp.91-123
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• 2010

The threat factors available for occurrence given G20 Summit Meeting are expected leader terrorism, hostage terrorism, bomb terrorism, public facilities terrorism, and aircraft terrorism. As for the threat groups, which are expected in Korea, the North Korea, Islam extremist group, and the group such as NGO organization of being opposed to international meeting are regarded as having possibility of causing hazard. Thus, the purpose of this study is to suggest VIP Security-measure plans in the main site in preparation for G20 Summit Meeting. Accordingly, each country in the world is adopting 'the principle of Triple Ring' in common. Thus, it elicited a coping plan by 1st line(inner ring) 2nd line(middle ring) 3rd line(outer ring) based on this principle, and proposed even an opinion together that will need to be reflected in light of policy for the VIP security measures. In conclusion, as for the VIP Security-measure plans in the main site in preparation for G20 Summit Meeting, In the inner ring(safety sector), first, an intercepting measure needs to be devised for a spot of getting into and out of vehicles given the Straight Street. Second, the Walking Formation needs to be reinforced boldly in the exposed area. In the middle ring(security sector), first, the control plan needs to be devised by considering particularity of the main site. Second, there is necessity for adopting the efficient security badge operation plan that is included RFID function within security badge. In the outer ring(aid protective sector), first, there is necessity of preparing for several VIP terrorisms, of collecting information and intelligence, and of reinforcing the information collection system against terrorism under the cooperation with the overseas information agency. Second, the urgent measure training in time of emergency needs to be carried out toward security agent event manpower. Third, to maintain the certain pace in VIP motorcade, the efficient traffic control system needs to be operated. Finally, as for what will need to be reflected in light of policy for VIP security measures, first, there is necessity for allowing VIP residence to be efficiently dispersed to be distributed and controlled. Second, there is necessity for allowing impure element to misjudge or attack to be failed by utilizing diverse deception operations. Third, according to the reorganization in North Korea's Organization of the South Directed Operations, the powerful 'military-support measure' needs to be driven from this G20 Summit Meeting. For this, the necessity was proposed for further reinforcing the front back defense posture under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense and for positively coping even with detecting and removing poison in preparation for CBR (chemical, biological, and radio-logical) terrorism.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.872-893
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• 2006

In this study, I classify the elements of physiognomic judgment of character with regard to form and meaning from a visual perspective based on physiognomic judgment of character study in 'the cosmic dual forces and the Five Elements theory'. Individual characters for each type are designed using graphic data. Based on that, design system of individual characters for each personality type is investigated using Neural Network system. Faces with O-Haeng (Five Elements) shapes are shown to constitute the system with ${\pm}0.3%$ degree of error tolerance for the non-loaming input data. For the shapes of Chinese characters 'tree, fire, soil, gold and water', their MSE(Mean Square Error) are 0.3, 0.3, 0.2, 0.5, 0.2. It seems to be the best regarding the scoring system which ranges from 0 to 5. Therefore, this system might be regarded to produce the most accurate facial shape of character automatically when we input character's personality we desire to make.