• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.487-509
• /
• 2022

본 연구는 고등학교 진학을 위한 입시라는 독특한 수학 교실 배경이 있는 중국 중학교 수학 교실에서 일어나는 교실 담화를 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 수학 교실 담화를 시작 발화로서 교사 발문 통계와 교사 발문 유형별 에피소드를 분석하였고, 교실 담화 구조 분석으로는 특히 다섯 가지 IRF 하위 유형을 밝혀낼 수 있었다. 중국 귀주성 귀양시에 위치한 H학교에 재직 중인 세 명의 수학 교사가 녹화했던 수학 수업 총 15개의 녹취록과 교사 서면 인터뷰 내용을 중심으로 자료를 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과를 보면, 차시별로 평균 20개 교사 발문이 관찰되었고 교사 발문의 사회적 스케폴딩 역할이 있었으며, 교사 발문 유형은 확인형 발문(이해확인 발문, 설명요구 발문, 상세요구 발문, 재확인 발문)과 정보형 발문(정보제시 발문)으로 분류되었다. 그리고 교실 담화 분석에 따르면 IR형 담화 구조는 거의 관찰되지 않았으며, IRF형 담화 구조의 경우는 단편적인 평가, 평가 및 이유, 근거 설명, 평가 및 학생 반응 재진술, 다른 사고나 해법 안내, 그리고 학생 답 수정이나 교사 의견 제시로 구분되었다.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 2022

Despite considerable efforts, cancer remains an aggressive killer worldwide. Chemotherapeutic drugs that are currently in use lead to destructive side effects and have not succeeded in fulfilling expectations. For centuries, medicinal plants are used for treating various diseases and are also known to have anticancer activity. The main aim of this research was to evaluate antiproliferative activity of saffron, clove, fenugreek, and green tea on Vero and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and to subsequently analyze the effect of these extracts on IRAK-4, TAK1, IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, NF-Kappa B, IRF3, IRF7 genes in Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) pathway. Antiproliferative assay was done by Neutral Red Dye uptake assay. Methanolic extract of green tea was found to be most effective against both cell lines as IC₅₀ was achieved at least concentration of the extract. For molecular studies, MDAMB-231 cells were sensitized with methanolic extract of green tea at same IC₅₀, and RT-PCR was performed to determine the relative expression of genes. Expression of IRAK-4, TAK1, IKK-beta, NF-Kappa B, IRF3 genes was down regulated and IRF7 and IKKalpha was upregulated. Green tea has a potential cytotoxic effect on both cell lines which was demonstrated by its effect on the expression of (TLRs) pathway genes.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the international symposium on the fusion technology
• /
• pp.352-361
• /
• 2003

We have evaluated the extent of saltwater intrusion from electrical resistivity distribution in a coastal aquifer system in the southeastern part of Busan, Korea. This aquifer system is divided into four layers according to the hydrogeologic characteristics and the horizontal extent of intruded saltwater is determined at each layer through the geostatistical interpretation of electrical resistivity data. In order to define the statistical structure of electrical resistivity data, variogram analysis is carried out to obtain best generalized covariance models. IRF-k (intrinsic random function of order k) kriging is performed with covariance models to produce the plane of spatial mean resistivities. The kriged estimates are evaluated by cross validation to show a good agreement with the true values and the statistics of cross validation represented low errors for the estimates. In the resistivity contour maps more than 5 m below the surface, we can see a dominant direction of saltwater intrusion beginning from the east side. The area of saltwater intrusion increases with depth. The northeast side has low resistivities less than 5 ohm-m due to the presence of saline water in the depth range of 20 m through 70 m. These results show that the application of geostatistical technique to electrical resistivity data is useful for assessing saltwater intrusion in a coastal aquifer system.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.219-228
• /
• 2008

Objective : The present study was designed to investigate whether the water extract of the root of Scutellaria baicalensis could regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced type 1 interferon. Methods : To evaluate of type 1 interferon inhibitory effect of the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, we examined type 1 interferon in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, Interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) - 1, 7 expression level were examined to study the inhibition mechanisms. Results 1. Extract from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis didn't have any cytotoxity itelf. 2. Extract from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis inhibited interferon-a,b in dose dependant- and type 1 interferon production in time dependant manner. 3. Extract from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis reduced IL-10 and IRF-1, 7 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : The extract from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis down-regulated LPS-induced type 1 interferon through suppression of IL-10 and IRF-1, 7 expression. This results suggested that the extract from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis may be a beneficial drug against inflammatory diseases.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.53-64
• /
• 2011

The present study considers multi-level approach for the analysis of parametric roll phenomena. Three kinds of computation method, GM variation, impulse response function (IRF), and Rankine panel method, are applied for the multi-level approach. IRF and Rankine panel method are based on the weakly nonlinear formulation which includes nonlinear Froude-Krylov and restoring forces. In the computation result of parametric roll occurrence test in regular waves, IRF and Rankine panel method show similar tendency. Although the GM variation approach predicts the occurrence of parametric roll at twice roll natural frequency, its frequency criteria shows a little difference. Nonlinear roll motion in bichromatic wave is also considered in this study. To prove the unstable roll motion in bichromatic waves, theoretical and numerical approaches are applied. The occurrence of parametric roll is theoretically examined by introducing the quasi-periodic Mathieu equation. Instability criteria are well predicted from stability analysis in theoretical approach. From the Fourier analysis, it has been verified that difference-frequency effects create the unstable roll motion. The occurrence of unstable roll motion in bichromatic wave is also observed in the experiment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.226-232
• /
• 2021

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging phlebovirus of the Phenuiviridae family that has been circulating in the following Asian countries: Vietnam, Myanmar, Taiwan, China, Japan, and South Korea. Despite the increasing infection rates and relatively high mortality rate, there is limited information available regarding SFTSV pathogenesis. In addition, there are currently no vaccines or effective antiviral treatments available. Previous reports have shown that SFTSV suppresses the host immune response and its nonstructural proteins (NSs) function as an antagonist of type I interferon (IFN), whose induction is an essential part of the host defense system against viral infections. Given that SFTSV NSs suppress the innate immune response by inhibiting type I IFN, we investigated the mechanism utilized by SFTSV NSs to evade IFNmediated response. Our co-immunoprecipitation data suggest the interactions between NSs and retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) or TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Furthermore, confocal analysis indicates the ability of NSs to sequester RIG-I and related downstream molecules in the cytoplasmic structures called inclusion bodies (IBs). NSs are also capable of inhibiting TBK1-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) interaction, and therefore prevent the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 for the induction of type I IFN. The ability of SFTSV NSs to interact with and sequester TBK1 and IRF3 in IBs demonstrate an effective yet unique method utilized by SFTSV to evade and suppress host immunity.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제31권8호
• /
• pp.1145-1157
• /
• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 초등 과학영재 수업에서 나타나는 언어적 상호작용의 특징을 살펴보고 현장에서 언어적 상호작용 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 주고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 지역 교육지원청 영재교육원 수업 3곳의 총 27차시 수업에 참여하여 녹화하였으며, 전사 및 코딩의 과정을 거쳐 분석하였다. 분석에 사용된 분석틀은 Sinclair와 Coulthard(1975)의 이론에 근거한 정민수 등(2007)의 분석틀에서 교사 피드백 부분을 김영순(2010)의 분석틀로 일부 수정한 언어적 상호작용 분석틀이었다. 분석 후 분석결과 확인 및 언어적 상호작용에 대한 인식을 알아보고자 수업자와의 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 초등 과학영재 수업에서 가장 많이 나타난 IRF 패턴 유형은 관리적 질문-단답형 응답 유형이었다. 이러한 결과의 원인을 수업 외적인 측면으로 인식하고 있었다. 또한 수업 사례를 통해 과학영재의 창의적 사고를 이끌어 내는데 효과적인 몇 가지 패턴 유형을 확인하였는데, 이를 통하여 언어적 상호작용 전략은 막연히 개방적 질문, 지연적 피드백을 따로 구분하여 각각 좋다는 인식보다 학습 내용의 난이도 및 학생의 수준 등을 고려하여 상황에 적합한 패턴 전략으로 적용되어야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 교사 3명은 평소 초등 과학영재 수업에서의 언어적 상호작용 전략에 대하여 막연히 편안한 분위기, 개방적 질문과 지연적 피드백 정도로 인식하거나 전략이 아예 없는 것으로 나타났다. 앞으로 초등과학영재 담당 교사들의 언어적 상호작용 전략에 대한 연수 등 다양한 전문성 향상 기회가 마련되어야할 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.193-202
• /
• 2011

Objective: We found previously that $interferon$ $regulatory$ factor ($Irf$)-1 is a germinal vesicle (GV)-selective gene that highly expressed in GV as compared to metaphase II oocytes. To our knowledge, the function of $Irf-1$ in oocytes has yet to be examined. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between retinoic acid (RA) and RA-mediated expression of $Irf-1$ and the mouse oocyte maturation. Methods: Immature cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were collected from 17-day-old female mice and cultured $in$ $vitro$ for 16 hours in the presence of varying concentrations of RA (0-10 ${\mu}M$). Rate of oocyte maturation and activation was measured. Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cytokine secretion in the medium was measured by Bio-Plex analysis. Apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results: The rates of oocyte maturation to metaphase II and oocyte activation increased significantly with RA treatment (10 nM-1 ${\mu}M$). With 100 nM RA treatment, lowest level of $Irf-1$ mRNA and cumulus cell's apoptosis was found. Among 23 cytokines measured by Bio-Plex system, the substantial changes in secretion of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, macrophage inflammatory protein-$1{\beta}$, eotaxin and interleukin-12 (p40) from COCs in response to RA were detected. Conclusion: We concluded that the maturation of oocytes and $Irf-1$ expression are negatively correlated, and RA enhances the developmental competence of mouse immature oocytes $in$ $vitro$ by suppressing apoptosis of cumulus cells. Using a mouse model, results of the present study provide insights into improved culture conditions for $in$ $vitro$ oocyte maturation and relevant cytokine production and secretion in assisted reproductive technology.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.986-992
• /
• 2009

Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical mediators of the innate immune system to defend viral infection. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) play critical roles in type I IFN production in response to viral infection. Luteolin is natural polyphenolic compounds that have anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anti-carcinogenic effects. However, the mechanism of action and impact of luteolin on innate immunity is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of luteolin on the lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. Luteolin inhibited Type I IFNs expression of mRNA and increased interleukin(IL)-10 expression of mRNA. Next, we examined the protective effects of IL-10 using IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA). Blockade of IL-10 action didn't cause a significant reduction of Type I IFNs than LPS-induced luteolin pretreatment. Pretreatment of luteolin inhibited the level of IRF-1, and IRF-7 mRNA and the nuclear translocation of IRF-3. Also, luteolin reduced the activation of STAT - 1, 3. Theses results suggest that luteolin inhibits LPS-induced the production of Type I IFNS by both IRFs and STATs not IL-10 and may be a beneficial drug for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 2017

Background: BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies. Methods: We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses, reporter gene assays involving overexpression of toll-like receptor adaptor molecules, and immunoblotting analysis. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to measure the antioxidative activity. We cotransfected adaptor molecules, including the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-receptor domain containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-${\beta}$ (TRIF), to measure the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Results: BIOGF1K suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered NO release in macrophages as well as DPPH-induced electron-donating activity. It also blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA levels of interferon-${\beta}$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, BIOGF1K diminished the translocation and activation of IRF3 and NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50 and p65). This extract inhibited the upregulation of NF-${\kappa}B$-linked luciferase activity provoked by phorbal-12-myristate-13 acetate as well as MyD88, TRIF, and inhibitor of ${\kappa}B$ ($I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$) kinase ($IKK{\beta}$), and IRF3-mediated luciferase activity induced by TRIF and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Finally, BIOGF1K downregulated the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway by blocking $IKK{\beta}$ and the IRF3 pathway by inhibiting TBK1, according to reporter gene assays, immunoblotting analysis, and an AKT/$IKK{\beta}$/TBK1 overexpression strategy. Conclusion: Overall, our data suggest that the suppression of $IKK{\beta}$ and TBK1, which mediate transcriptional regulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF3, respectively, may contribute to the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of BIOGF1K.