• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 1997

The morphological development of lungs in fetuses of 60, 90 and 120 days of gestation and neonates of Korean native goats was investigated by light, scanning and transmission electron mictroscope. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Gross findings ; In the 60-days-old fetus, the lung was developed and differentiated into six lobes. 2. Light microscopic findings : The gland-like bronchioles were formed in loose mesenchyme at 60 days of gestation and the bronchial wall contained smooth muscles. The loose mesenchyme had been replaced by compact parenchymal tissue at 90 days of gestation and the cartilage plates appeared in bronchial wall which contained blood vessels, submucosal glands and smooth muscles. The lung parenchyma consisted of a fine network of alveoli at 120 days of gestation and the bronchial wall contained well-developed blood vessels, submucosal glands, cartilage plates and smooth muscles. In neonates, the lung tissue was similar to the mature lung tissue and the bronchial wall contained well developed cartilage plates. 3. Scanning electron microscopic findings : The epithelial cells lining the tubules were composed of cuboidal or columnar at 60 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining the large airways were often ciliated : some were covered with stubby microvilli. The epithelial cells lining the canals were cuboidal at 90 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining the bronchioles were ciliated cells or nonciliated(clara) cells, The clara cells contained row microvilli. The alvealor development of this stage was rapidly progressed ; the subdivision of canals by alveolar crests and assosiated wall attenuation resulted alveoli at 120 days of gestation and the respiratory bronchioles were lined by ciliated or nonciliated epithelial cells. In neonates, the epithelial cells lining the alveolar walls were mainly covered with pneumocyte type I ; Some were covered with pneu-mocyte type II. 4. Transmission electron microscopic findings : The epithelial cells lining the tubules were adhered with tight junction at apical borders of the adjacent cells at 60 days of gestation, which contained few organells and glycogen. The epithelial cells lining the canals were composed mostly of cuboidal cell at 90 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining of the bronchioles were ciliated of nonciliated cell, which contained few organelles and abundant glycogen. The epithelial cells lining the alveolar walls were composed of pneumocyte type I and a few pneumocyte type II at 120 days of gestation. The epithelial cells lining of the bronchioles were ciliated or nonciliated cells. In neonates, pneumocyte type I was observed as flat and thin cytoplasmic extension in shape. Otherwise, pneumocyte type II was observed as cuboidal type with apical microvilli and contained osmiophillic lamellar inclusion bodies. Putting these various experiment results together, the lung development was slowly progressed at early stage, which was rapidly progressed in the late stage of gestation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.26-51
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• 1995

The present study was designed to examine effect of long term weight-training on aging atrophy in the rat skeletal muscle. Male rats of 8, 15, and 24 month old were used. Each age groups included control and weight-training for 5 months by using body press apparatus. The histo- and cytochemical, ultrastructural and stereological changes in aging skeletal muscles of the rat were observed in the present study. During the training period the body weight and muscular weight in all groups except the rectus femoris and the gastrocnemius in young age groups remained constant, but muscular weights were increased in the rectus femoris and the gastrocnemius muscles in young age groups. In trained rat, the volume density of muscle fiber type IIA and IIB were increased, but those of type IIC was decreased. Type I remained constant in 8 and 15 month old age groups, but reduced in the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles in the 24 month old groups. Some histotological and ultrastructural changes associated with age were found: numerical increase of cytiplasmic vacuoles, lysosomes, lipofuscins, and irregularity of myofibrils. At 24 month old groups some unusual formation of contraction band and muscle splitting were observed. After weight-training, ultrastructural degenerative changes occured in the type I muscle fiber, such as splitting of muscle fiber, disorganization of myofilaments, swelling of mitochondria, accumulation of many lipid droplets, appearance of many lysosomes and residual bodies and necrotic fibers, in the old age groups. But, in the type II muscle fibers hypertrophy of muscle fiber appeared without any noticible damage as the type I. The activities of $Mg^{++}$ -ATPase decreased with age and this enzyme activities in the trained rat were significantly decreased with age. Activities of the acid phosphatase were increased with age and significantly in the trained rat. In stereological analysis, volume density of the myofibrils and the tubular system were increased, on the other hand there mitochondrial capacity was decreased. These experimental results suggested that old rats are not susceptible to be affected by weight-training as young rats, and that physical capacity of the rats must be considered when old rats are exercised for training.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.335-339
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• 2009

The very low density apolipoprotein-II (apoVLDL-II) gene is closely related with the constitution of the lipoprotein in various tissues. The apoVLDL-II gene have main functions for reducing fat elements from tissues and muscles. Previous results indicated that the polymorphisms in apoVLDL-II gene were positively related with growth and body composition traits in chicken. In this study, we analyzed previously identified apoVLDL-II gene polymorphisms using the PCR-RFLP method and investigated allele and genotype frequencies in three chicken breeds. Data indicated that Korean native chicken and Korean Oge chicken have similar B and F gene frequencies, indicating that this marker can be used for the improvement of growth and body composition traits in those breeds and can be used as marker assisted selection with further verifications.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2012

This study evaluated the possible use of white muscle from cooked skipjack tuna as a constituent of diet foods. White muscles from the belly and dorsal area of cooked skipjack tuna were identified as anterior, median, and posterior. The skipjack tuna white muscle contained more moisture and ash (except for part I in both the belly and dorsal muscles) than chicken muscle, while it had less crude protein and crude lipid (except for part II in belly muscle). The yield was the highest in part I of both the dorsal and belly parts among the various parts of white muscles. The skipjack tuna white muscle contained 14-18% fewer calories than chicken breast muscle. Part I from both the belly and dorsal muscles had higher total amino acid contents than the other parts, but lower contents than chicken breast muscle. White muscle of skipjack tuna was rich in minerals, such as phosphorus, iron, and zinc. The total free amino acid content of part I in the belly and dorsal muscles was 1,152.1 and 1,215.7 mg/100 g, respectively, and was 1.7-1.8 times higher than in chicken breast muscle. The major amino acids in the white muscles from skipjack tuna were taurine, histidine, anserine, and carnosine. Based on these results, if it is possible to mask the fish odor, all parts of the white muscle from skipjack tuna could be used as constituents of diet foods.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.276-281
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• 1989

Selective inhibition of seven new PDE inhibitors on cyclic nucleotide PDE isozymes was investigated. Three PDE isozymes (PDE I, II and III) of guinea pig left ventricular muscles were used. All tested agents inhibited cyclic AMP hydrolysis by PDE III IN A concentration-dependent manner. Some agents represented more potent and selective inhibitory effect on PDE III than that of imazodan.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.421-429
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• 2007

Some researchers suggested that tactile sensor system would be useful in evaluating masticatory muscles of TMD patients, but there were few studies on the effects of chewing with time. The aim of this study was to investigate the change of elasticity and stiffness for masseter and temporal muscles of normal subjects before, during and after gum chewing and to obtain the baseline data for further researches on the elasticity and stiffness for masticatory muscles of TMD patients. Stiffness and elasticity of their anterior temporalis and inferior masseter muscle were measured bilaterally by a tactile sensor system. Each subject was instructed to sit on a chair for evaluation of masticatory muscles. Before operating the sensor, the thickest skin area over anterior temporalis and inferior masseter muscles were selected as the points to be pressed by a tactile sensor, and marked with a pen. While the teeth of subjects were lightly contacted, the probe of the tactile sensor was placed perpendicularly over the marked point over the skin, followed by computer-controlled movement including gently pressing straight down on the muscle for a second and retracting. All subjects were instructed to chew gum (Excellent Breath, Taiyo Co., Japan) bilaterally with a velocity of 2 times per second for 40 minutes after the first measurement had been performed for the baseline data of all subjects. The measurements had been repeated during chewing with 10 minutes of interval and continued for 40 minutes with same interval after chewing. Resultantly, the decrease of elasticity and the increase of stiffness in masticatory muscles can be seen significantly within 10 minutes after chewing and those were maintained during chewing without significant change with chewing time. The elasticity of muscles was recovered within 10 minutes after stopping chewing, but the stiffness was recovered more lately than elasticity by about 10 minutes. Based on these results, it can be concluded that elasticity and stiffness of muscles would be good indicators to evaluate the masticatory muscles objectively, when more supported by further researches.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 1995

When applying FES to patients, proper evaluation must be performed prior to treating patient. Patients with thoracic lesions between $T_4{\sim}T_{12}$ are suitable for FES. However, these patients must have excitability of the leg muscles. Thus, excitability testing is an essential part of the screening program(stimulation at 80V gives a response). Before standing or walking is attempted the patients must perform restrengthening exercise, so that the Quadriceps muscle group minimum strength is 40 Nm (corresponding to a manual grade of F+ to G). After that walking and standing can be attempted. The effects of FES are as follows: prevents pressure sores; development and maintenance of muscle properties; prevents disuse atrophy and contractures.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2004

It was carried out to compare the residual materials by EEC 4-plate, Charm II and HPLC method in the muscles of cattle and pigs from slaughter-houses in Seoul from 2000 to 2003. Residual materials were detected from $1.10\%$(73/6,623) samples by EEC 4-plate method, and $10.93\%$(55/503) samples by Charm II method. The highest residual concentration(ppm) of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine, penicillin and sulfamonomethoxine were 25.5, 3.46, 3.26, 1.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.14, and 0.07, respectively. Eighty nine samples were classified as 58($65.17\%$) only tetracyclines, 20($22.47\%$) only sulfonamides, 3($3.37\%$) only ${\beta}$-lactams, 2($2.25\%$) only chloramphenicol, 4($4.49\%$) tetracyclines and sulfonamides simultaneously, 1($1.12\%$) chloramphenicol and sulfonamides simultaneously, and 1($1.12\%$) chloramphenicol, sulfonamides and tetracyclines simultaneously.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.222-228
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• 2017

Objective: To evaluate soft- and hard-tissue changes in the mandibular angle area after the administration of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection to patients with masseteric hypertrophy by using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (3D-CBCT). Methods: Twenty volunteers were randomly divided into two groups of 10 patients. Patients in group I received a single BoNT-A injection in both masseter muscles, while those in group II received two BoNT-A injections in each masseter muscle, with the second injection being administered 4 months after the first one. In both groups, 3D-CBCT was performed before the first injection and 6 months after the first injection. Results: Masseter muscle thicknesses and cross-sectional areas were significantly reduced in both groups, but the reductions were significantly more substantial in group II than in group I. The intergonial width of the mandibular angle area did not change significantly in either group. However, the bone volume of the mandibular gonial angle area was more significantly reduced in group II than in group I. Conclusions: The repeated administration of BoNT-A injections may induce bone volume changes in the mandibular angle area.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was aimed to widen range of comprehesion about meridian muscle system through myological study of meridian muscle system and comparison with deep front arm line in anatomical train Methods : We have studied the similarity and difference between Hand Great Yin Lung Meridian Muscle System and Deep Front Line in Anatomical Train through Principles of Meridians & Acupoints, publications about myology, Anatomical trains. Results : I. Like another advanced studies, muscular system of hand great yin showed similarity to deep front line in anatomical train. II. It is considered that muscular system of hand great yin contains Musculus abductor pollicis brevis, Musculus extensor hallucis longus, Musculus brachioradialis, Musculus biceps brachii, Musculus subclavius, Musculus pectoralis major. III. Comparing muscular system of hand great yin to deep front arm line in anatomical train it showed similarity to part of muscles and pathological symptoms. But it showed difference to part of muscles and pathological symptoms. Conclusions : Hand Great Yin Lung meridian muscle system showed similarity and difference to deep front arm line in anatomical train. Further studies would be needed.