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Air Pollution and Its Effects on E.N.T. Field (대기오염과 이비인후과)

  • 박인용
    • Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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    • 1972.03a
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    • pp.6-7
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    • 1972
  • The air pollutants can be classified into the irritant gas and the asphixation gas, and the irritant gas is closely related to the otorhinolaryngological diseases. The common irritant gases are nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrogen carbon compounds, and the potent and irritating PAN (peroxy acyl nitrate) which is secondarily liberated from photosynthesis. Those gases adhers to the mucous membrane to result in ulceration and secondary infection due to their potent oxidizing power. 1. Sulfur dioxide gas Sulfur dioxide gas has the typical characteristics of the air pollutants. Because of its high solubility it gets easily absorbed in the respiratory tract, when the symptoms and signs by irritation become manifested initially and later the resistance in the respiratory tract brings central about pulmonary edema and respiratory paralysis of origin. Chronic exposure to the gas leads to rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and olfactory or gustatory disturbances. 2. Carbon monoxide Toxicity of carbon monoxide is due to its deprivation of the oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin. The degree of the carbon monoxide intoxication varies according to its concentration and the duration of inhalation. It starts with headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting and tinnitus, which can progress to respiratory difficulty, muscular laxity, syncope, and coma leading to death. 3. Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide causes respiratory disturbances by formation of methemoglobin. In acute poisoning, it can cause pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, and pneumonia due to its strong irritation on the eyes and the nose. In chronic poisoning, it causes chronic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary edema. 4. Ozone It has offending irritating odor, and causes dryness of na sopharyngolaryngeal mucosa, headache and depressed pulmonary function which may eventually lead to pulmonary congestion or edema. 5. Smog The most outstanding incident of the smog occurred in London from December 5 through 8, 1952, because of which the mortality of the respiratory diseases increased fourfold. The smog was thought to be due to the smoke produced by incomplete combustion and its byproduct the sulfur oxides, and the dust was thought to play the secondary role. In new sense, hazardous is the photochemical smog which is produced by combination of light energy and the hydrocarbons and oxidant in the air. The Yonsei University Institute for Environmental :pollution Research launched a project to determine the relationship between the pollution and the medical, ophthalmological and rhinopharyngological disorders. The students (469) of the "S" Technical School in the most heavily polluted area in Pusan (Uham Dong district) were compared with those (345) of "K" High School in the less polluted area. The investigated group had those with subjective symptoms twice as much as the control group, 22.6% (106) in investigated group and 11.3% (39) in the control group. Among those symptomatic students of the investigated group. There were 29 with respiratory symptoms (29%), 22 with eye symptoms (21%), 50 with stuffy nose and rhinorrhea (47%), and 5 with sore thorat (5%), which revealed that more than half the students (52%) had subjective symptoms of the rhinopharyngological aspects. Physical examination revealed that the investigated group had more number of students with signs than those of the control group by 10%, 180 (38.4%) versus 99 (28.8%). Among the preceding 180 students of the investigated group, there were 8 with eye diseases (44%), 1 with respiratory disease (0.6%), 97 with rhinitis (54%), and 74 with pharyngotonsillitis (41%) which means that 95% of them had rharygoical diseases. The preceding data revealed that the otolaryngological diseases are conspicuously outnumbered in the heavily polluted area, and that there must be very close relationship between the air pollution and the otolaryngological diseases, and the anti-pollution measure is urgently needed.

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Effects of Boliing, Steaming, and Chemical Treatment on Solid Wood Bending of Quercus acutissima Carr. and Pinus densiflora S. et. Z. (자비(煮沸), 증자(蒸煮) 및 약제처리(藥劑處理)가 상수리나무와 소나무의 휨가공성(加工性)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • So, Won-Tek
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.19-62
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    • 1985
  • This study was performed to investigate: (i) the bending processing properties of silk worm oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) and Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) by boiling and steaming treatments; (ii) the effects of interrelated factors - sapwood and heartwood, annual ring placement, softening temperature and time, moisture content. and wood defects on bending processing properties; (iii) the changing rates of bending radii after release from a tension strap, and (iv) the improving methods of bending process by treatment with chemicals. The size of specimens tested was $15{\times}15{\times}350mm$ for boiling and steaming treatments and $5{\times}10{\times}200mm$ for treatments with chemicals. The specimens were green for boiling treatments and dried to 15 percent for steaming treatments. The specimens for treatments with chemicals were soaked in saturated urea solution, 35 percent formaldehyde solution, 25 percent polyethylene glycol -400 solution, and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution for 5 days and immediately followed the bending process, respectively. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The internal temperature of silk worm oak and Korean red pine by boiling and steaming time was raised slowly to $30^{\circ}C$ but rapidly from $30^{\circ}C$ to $80-90^{\circ}C$ and then slowly from $80-90^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. 2. The softening time required to the final temperature was directly proportional to the thickness of specimen. The time required from $25^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$ for 15mm-squared specimen was 9.6-11.2 minutes in silk worm oak and 7.6-8.1 minutes in Korean red pine. 3. The moisture content (M.C.) of specimen by steaming time was increased rapidly first 4 minutes in the both species, and moderately from 4 to 20 minutes and then slowly and constantly in silk worm oak, and moderately from 4 to 15 minutes and then slowly and constantly in Korean red pine. The M.C. of 15mm-squared specimen in 50 minutes of steaming was increased to 18.0 percent in the oak and 22.4 percent in the pine from the initial conditioned M.C. of 15 percent The rate of moisture adsorption measured was therefore faster in the pine than in the oak. 4. The mechanical properties of the both species were decreased significantly with the increase of boiling rime. The decrement by the boiling treatment for 60 minutes was measured to 36.6-45.0 percent in compressive strength, 12.5-17.5 percent in tensile strength, 31.6-40.9 percent in modulus of rupture, and 23.3-34.6 percent in modulus of elasticity. 5. The minimum bending radius (M.B.R.) of sapwood and heartwood was 60-80 mm and 90 mm in silk worm oak, and 260 - 300 mm and 280 - 300 mm in Korean red pine, respectively. Therefore, the both species showed better bending processing properties in sapwood than in heartwood. 6. The M.B.R. of edge-grained and flat-grained specimen in suk worm oak was 60-80 mm, but the M.B.R. in Korean red pine was 240-280 mm and 260-360 mm, respectively. Comparing the M.B.R. of edge-grained with flat-grained specimen, in the pine the edge-grained showed better bending processing property than the flat-grained. 7. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the rising of softening temperature from $40^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. The minimum softening temperature for bending was $90^{\circ}C$ in silk worm oak and $80^{\circ}C$ in Korean red pine, and the dependency of softening temperature for bending was therefore higher in the oak than in the pine. 8. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the increase of softening time as well as temperature, but even after the internal temperature of specimen reaching to the final temperature, somewhat prolonged softening was required to obtain the best plastic conditions. The minimum softening time for bending of 15 mm-squared silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen was 15 and 10 minutes in the boiling treatment, and 30 and 20 minutes in the steaming treatment, respectively. 9. The optimum M.C. for bending of silk worm oak was 20 percent, and the M.C. above fiber saturation point rather degraded the bending processing property, whereas the optimum M.C. of Korean red pine needed to be above 30 percent. 10. The bending works in the optimum conditions obtained as seen in Table 24 showed that the M.B.R. of silk worm oak and Korean red pine was 80 mm and 240 mm in the boiling treatment, and 50 mm and 280 mm in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing property of the oak was better in the steaming than in the boiling treatment, but that of the pine better in the boiling than in the steaming treatment. 11. In the bending without a tension strap, the radio r/t of the minimum bending radius t to the thickness t of silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen amounted to 16.0 and 21.3 in the boiling treatment, and 17.3 and 24.0 in the steaming treatment, respectively. But in the bending with a tension strap, the r/t of the oak and the pine specimen decreased to 5.3 and 16.0 in t he boiling treatment, and 3.3 and 18.7 in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing properties of the both species were significantly improved by the strap. 12. The effect of pin knot on the degradation of bending processing property was very severe in silk worm oak by side, e.g. 90 percent of the oak specimens with pin knot on the concave side were ruptured when bent to a 100 mm radius but only 10 percent of the other specimens with pin knot on the convex side were ruptured. 13. The changing rate in the bending radius of specimen bent to a 300 mm radius after 30 days of exposure to room temperature conditions was measured to 4.0-10.3 percent in the boiling treatment and 13,0-15.0 percent in the steaming treatment. Therefore, the degree of spring back after release was higher in the steaming than in the boiling treatment. And the changing rate of moisture-proofing treated specimen by expoxy resin coating was only -1.0.0 percent. 14. Formaldehyde, 35 percent solution, and 25 percent polyethylene glycol-400 solution found no effect on the plasticization of the both species, but saturated urea solution and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution found significant effect in comparison to non-treated specimen. But the effect of the treatment with chemicals alone was inferior to that of the steaming treatment, and the steaming treatment after the treatment with chemicals improved 10-24 percent over the bending processing property of steam-bent specimen. 15. Three plasticity coefficients - load-strain coefficient, strain coefficient, and energy coefficient - were evaluated to be appropriate for the index of bending processing property because the coefficients had highly significant correlation with the bending radius. The fitness of the coefficients as the index was good at load-strain coefficient, energy coefficient, and strain coefficient, in order.

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Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid(CLA) Feeding Levels and Periods on Textural Property and Fatty Acid Composition of Pork (Conjugated Linoleic Acid(CLA) 급여수준과 급여기간이 돈육의 조직감과 지방산 조성에 미치는영향)

  • Lee, J.I.;Ha, Y.J.;Kwack, S.C.;Lee, J.D.;Kim, D.H.;Kang, G.H.;Hur, S.J.;Park, G.B.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.1047-1060
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    • 2003
  • To investigate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid added diet feeding on CLA accumulation and quality characteristics of pork meat. The CLA used to add in diet was chemically synthesized by alkaline isomerization method with corn oil. Pigs were divided into 5 treatment groups(4 pigs/group) and subjected to one of five treatment diets(0, 1.25% CLA for 2 weeks, 2.5% CLA for 2 weeks, 1.25% CLA for 4 weeks and 2.5% CLA for 4 weeks, CLA diets; total fed diets) before slaughter. Pork loin were collected from the animals(110 kg body weight) slaughtering at the commercial slaughter house. Pork loin meat were aerobic packaged and then stored during 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, texture, TBARS, fatty acid composition, cholesterol and CLA content. CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) higher shear force value compared to those of control group at 11, 14 days of cold storage. All treatments were decreased significantly as the storage period passed. There was a not significantly difference in texture between control and CLA treatment groups. All CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) lower TBARS value than the control. TBARS value was increased significantly during storage in all treatment. CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) lower cholesterol content compared to those of control group. As dietary CLA was increased in feed, the content of CLA was increased, but the control was almost not detected. The contents of CLA were not significantly changed during chilled storage for 14 days. In the change of fatty acid composition, the contents of oleic, linoleic and arachidonic were decreased by dietary CLA-supplementation, whereas the increase level of CLA-supplementation resulted in the higher palmitic and stearic acid. In all results, CLA could be accumulated in pork meat and its antioxidant capability has been indicated. It was suggested that dietary CLA-supplementation could be produced high quality pork.

The Main Contents and Task in Future for the Air Transport Law Established Newly in the Korean Revised Commercial Law

  • Kim, Doo-Hwan
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.75-101
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    • 2012
  • As the Reublic of Korea revised the Commercial Code including 40 articles of air transport enacted newly on May 23, 2011, so Korea became first legislative examples in the Commercial Code of the developed and developing countries. I would like to explain briefly the main contents of my paper such as (1) history of enacting newly Part VI (air transport) in the Korea's revised commercial law, (2) legal background enacting newly Part VI (air transport) in the Korea's revised commercial law and the problems on the conditions of air transport, (3) every countries' legislative examples on the civil liability of aircraft's operator, (4) unlawful Interference Convention and general risk convention of 2009, (5) main contents and prospects of the revised Commercial Code for the liability of aircraft's operator etc as the followings. Meanwhile as the Aviation Act, Commercial Code and Civil Code in Korea and Japan did not regulated at all the legal basis of solution on the disputes between victims and offender for the amount of compensation for damage due to personal or property damage caused by aircraft accidents in Korea and Japan, so it has been raised many legal problems such as protection of victims, standard of decision in trial in the event of aircraft accident's lawsuit case. But the Korean Revised Commercial Code including Part VI, air transport regulations was passed by the majority resolution of the Korean National Assembly on April 29, 2011 and then the South Korean government proclaimed it on May 23 same year. The Revised Commercial Code enforced into tothe territory of the South Korea from November 24, 2011 after six month of the proclaimed date by the Korean Government. Thus, though Korean Commercial Code regulated concretely and respectively the legal relations on the liability of compensation for damage in the contract of transport by land in it's Part II (commercial activities) and in the contract of transport by sea in its Part V (marine commerce), but the Amended Commercial Act regulated newly 40 articles in it's Part VI (air transport) relating to the air carrier's contract liability on the compensation for damage caused by aircraft accidents in the air passengers and goods transport and aircraft operator's tort liability on compensation for damage caused by the sudden falling or collision of aircraft to third parties on the surface and so it was equipped with reasonable and unified system among the transport by land, marine and air. The ICAO adopted two new air law conventions setting out international compensation and liability rules for damage caused by aircraft to third parties at a diplomatic conference hosted by it from April 20 to May 2, 2009. The fight against the effects of terrorism and the improvement of the status of victims in the event of damage to third parties that may result either from acts of unlawful interference involving aircraft or caused by ordinary operation of aircraft, forms the cornerstone of the two conventions. One legal instrument adopted by the Conference is "the Convention on Compensation for Damage to Third Parties, Resulting from Acts of Unlawful Interference Involving Aircraft" (Unlawful Interference Convention). The other instrument, "the Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties" (General Risk Convention), modernizes the current legal framework provided for under the 1952 Rome Convention and related Protocol of 1978. It is desirable for us to ratify quickly the abovementioned two conventions such as Unlawful Interference Convention and General Risk Convention in order to settle reasonably and justly as well as the protection of the South Korean peoples.

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Community Analysis and Bological Water Quality Evaluation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate in Wangpi-cheon Watershed (왕피천 유역의 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집분석 및 생물학적 수질평가)

  • Park, Young-Jun;Jeon, Yong-Lak;Kim, Ki-Dong;Yoon, Hee-Nam;Nam, Sang-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.327-343
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    • 2013
  • The aim of this study is to perform community analysis and biological assessment of water quality using benthic macroinvertebrate from Wangpi-cheon watershed which is defined as conservation areas of ecosystem and landscape by ministry of environment in Korea. Field survey of the study area was carried out 2 times from June to September in 2012. As a result of the field survey, total 155 species of benthic macroinvertebrates in 74 families, 15 orders, 7 classes and 5 phyla were collected. The findings of community analysis using the classified species and individuals showed relatively low DI(Dominant Index) value of 0.22 and very high value of average H'(Diversity index) as 4.24. And the analyzed results of SI(Similarity Index) according to habitat types using functional feeding groups showed higher values of 94.51% and 93.19% respectively to tributary and main stream after the designation of conservation areas of ecosystem and landscape. These results infer that various species and lots of individual are widely distributed at Wangpi-cheon watershed and stream ecosystem of the study area is healthy and well maintained after the designation of conservation areas. And also, the calculated EPT value was 62.9% as high enough to explain the cleanness of Wangpi-cheon watershed. We evaluated environmental condition and biological water quality by using ESB(Ecological Score of Benthic macroinvertebrate community) and KSI(Korean Saprobic Index). The average evaluated ESB shows very high value of 208.2, therefore Wangpi-cheon watershed is designated as 'First priority protection waters' area and the value of KSI is 0.32 which meets the saprobic water quality standard as 'First class'.

Financial Characteristics Affecting the Accounting Choices of Capitalized Interest Costs (기업의 재무적 특성이 금융비용 자본화의 회계선택에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Hee-Woo;Shin, Hyun-Geol
    • 한국산학경영학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2004.11a
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    • pp.55-72
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    • 2004
  • Before 2003 the companies In Korea should capitalize the interest expenses that are attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying assets. However, according to the revised standard which should be applied from 2003, the companies can either capitalize the interest expenses or recognize as an expense when they are incurred. Therefore almost all the companies confronted with the decision making of accounting choices on the interest capitalization. This paper empirically examines which financial characteristics of the companies affect the accounting choice by using logistic regression model and reviews the sufficiency of the foot notes disclosures regarding the capitalized interest. The variables of the financial characteristics are change of debt-equity ratio, borrowing ratio, qualifying assets ratio, firm sire and income smoothing. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, among the financial characteristics, only qualifying asset ratio has the significant difference between capitalized companies and expensing companies. Second, the results of logistic regression indicate that qualifying asset ratio and firm size have the significant influence on the accounting choices. Therefore, I cannot find the evidence supporting that the companies use the accounting choice to manage the financial ratios.

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The Effect of the Dental Patients' Perception about Dental Hygienist on the Social Demand of Dental Hygienist (치과 내원환자들의 치과위생사에 대한 인식도가 치과위생사의 사회적 요구도에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Jung-Mi;Lee, Eun-Ju
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.392-403
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    • 2012
  • This study aims at providing the basic data to help establish the right identity of dental hygienist and develop the work of dental hygienists, and thereby investigating the effect of patients' perception of dental hygienist on their social demand of dental hygienist, by conducting a survey of 300 patients visiting dentists around Busan-Gyeongnam region from April 7, 2012 to April 25, 2012. The collected data is statistically analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Science 14.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). First, I analyzed the frequency by suggesting the demographic and descriptive characteristics of data, and conducted t-test and One-Way ANOVA at 5% of significance level to figure out the degree of perception and social demand of dental hygienists depending on customers' reason for visiting dentists, and also conducted regression analysis to find the effect of the perception of dental hygienist on patient's social demand of dental hygienist. The result suggests that as the perception of the dental hygienists' role, the social demand for dental hygienists' image increases, but as perception of dental hygienists' image increases, the social demand of dental hygienists' image decreases. Therefore, it suggests that as the knowledge about dental hygienists increases, patients demand their service more, while the perception of their image lowers the social demand for their image. It turns out that as the knowledge of dental hygienists increase, the social demand for the knowledge also increases.

Effect of Thyroxie and Propylthiouracil on the Responses of Plasma Corticosterone and Brain Norepinephrine to Swim-Stress (수영(水泳)-스트레스에 의한 혈장 Corticosterone 함량 및 뇌(腦) Catecholamine대사(代謝)의 변동(變動)에 미치는 Thyroxine 및 Propylthiouracil의 영향)

  • Shin, Kyung-Ho;Hong, Ki-Nam;Kim, Hyung-Gun;Chun, Boe-Gwun
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.13-21
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    • 1989
  • The circadian rhythm of spontaneous motor activity was not significantly altered by $T_4$(4mg/kg, i.p. inj. once a day for 5 days: $T_4$) and PTU (fed ad lib in 0.01% drinking water for 5 weeks: PTU). The plasma thyroxine level was markedly increased by $T_4$ but reduced by PTU, and the plasma thyrotropin level was markedly increased by PTU but moderately increased by $T_4$. Clonidine slightly increased the plasma CS level, but the clonidine effect was significantly enhanced by $T_4-pretreatment$. The brain NE and MHPG contents were little affected by $T_4$ but the NE content was significantly decreased by PTU. The SS-induced increase of plasma CS level was moderately decreased by PTU but increased by $T_4$. However, clonidine significantly inhibited the SS-induced increase, and the inhibitory effect of clonidine was not significantly affected by PTU and $T_4$, respectively. The brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE ratio were significantly decreased by clonidine but increased by SS. The clonidine- and SS-induced changes of brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE ratio were not altered by $T_4$. PTU did not affect the SS-induced increase of brain NE turnover but significantly attenuated the clonidine-induced decrease. The SS-induced increases of brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE rtatio were markedly inhibited by clonidine, and the inhibitory effect of clonidine was not affected by $T_4$ and PTU, respectively. These results suggest that the responses to swim-stress is not signigicantly affected by the alteration of thyroid function and that the hypothalamo-adenohypophysis-adrenocortical stimulation in response to swim-stress seems to be mediated via hypothalamic noradrenergic activation, and the stress response may be inhibited by the agonistic activity of clonidine on the presynaptic ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$.

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HYPER SUPRIME-CAMERA SURVEY OF THE AKARI NEP WIDE FIELD

  • Goto, Tomotsugu;Toba, Yoshiki;Utsumi, Yousuke;Oi, Nagisa;Takagi, Toshinobu;Malkan, Matt;Ohayma, Youichi;Murata, Kazumi;Price, Paul;Karouzos, Marios;Matsuhara, Hideo;Nakagawa, Takao;Wada, Takehiko;Serjeant, Steve;Burgarella, Denis;Buat, Veronique;Takada, Masahiro;Miyazaki, Satoshi;Oguri, Masamune;Miyaji, Takamitsu;Oyabu, Shinki;White, Glenn;Takeuchi, Tsutomu;Inami, Hanae;Perason, Chris;Malek, Katarzyna;Marchetti, Lucia;Lee, HyungMoK;Im, Myung;Kim, Seong Jin;Koptelova, Ekaterina;Chao, Dani;Wu, Yi-Han;AKARI NEP Survey team;AKARIAll Sky Survey Team
    • Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.225-230
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    • 2017
  • The extragalactic background suggests half the energy generated by stars was reprocessed into the infrared (IR) by dust. At z~1.3, 90% of star formation is obscured by dust. To fully understand the cosmic star formation history, it is critical to investigate infrared emission. AKARI has made deep mid-IR observation using its continuous 9-band filters in the NEP field ($5.4deg^2$), using ~10% of the entire pointed observations available throughout its lifetime. However, there remain 11,000 AKARI infrared sources undetected with the previous CFHT/Megacam imaging (r ~25.9ABmag). Redshift and IR luminosity of these sources are unknown. These sources may contribute significantly to the cosmic star-formation rate density (CSFRD). For example, if they all lie at 1< z <2, the CSFRD will be twice as high at the epoch. We are carrying out deep imaging of the NEP field in 5 broad bands (g, r, i, z, and y) using Hyper Suprime-Camera (HSC), which has 1.5 deg field of view in diameter on Subaru 8m telescope. This will provide photometric redshift information, and thereby IR luminosity for the previously-undetected 11,000 faint AKARI IR sources. Combined with AKARI's mid-IR AGN/SF diagnosis, and accurate midIR luminosity measurement, this will allow a complete census of cosmic star-formation/AGN accretion history obscured by dust.

Metabolic Changes on Occipital Cortex during Visual Stimulation with Functional MR Imaging and H MR Spectroscopy (기능적 자기공명영상법과 양성자 가지공명분광법을 이용한 시각자극에 의한 후두염 피질의 대사물질 변화)

  • Kim, Tae;Suh, Tae-Suk;Choe, Bo-Young;Kim, Sung-Eun;Lee, Heung-Kyu;Shinn, Kyung-Sub
    • Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.47-52
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    • 1999
  • Purpose : The purpose of this study was aimed to evaluate the BOLD(blood oxygen level dependent) contrast fMRI(functional MR imaging) in the occipital lobe and to compare with the metabolic changes based on H MRS (MR spectroscopy) and MRSI (MR spectroscopic imaging) before and after visual stimulation Materials and Methods : Healthy human volunteers (eight males and two females with 24-30 year age) participated in this study. All of the BOLD fMRI were acquired on a 1.5T MR with EPI during supervised visual stimulation in the occipital lobe. The red flicker with 8Hz was used for visual stimulation. After imaging acquisition, the MR images were transferred into unix workstation and processed with acquired from the same location based on the activation map. MRSI (magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging) was also acquired to analyze the lactate changes before and after stimulation. Results : The activation maps were successfully produced by BOLD effect due to visual stimulation. NAA (N-acetyle aspartate)/Cr (creatine) ratio varied only from $1.79{\pm}0.28{\;}to{\;}1.88{\pm}0.20$ in activation area before and after stimulation. However, the signal intensity of lactate was elevated $9.48{\pm}4.38$ times higher than before activation. Lactate metabolite images were consistent with the activation maps. Conclusion : The BOLD contrast fMRI is enough sensitive to detect the activated area in human brain during the visual stimulation. Lactate metabolite map presents the evidence of lactate elevation on the same area of activation.

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