• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.75-79
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• 2017

Purpose: Although trauma is the most common cause of death under age 18, Korean national pediatric trauma data has lack of clinical data. This study is to prepare manpower resources, equipment, and make a correct policy decision on pediatric trauma victims Methods: The study enrolled 528 patients under age 16 with traumatic injury visited Wonju Severance Christian Hostpital Trauma Center, from February 12, 2015 to December 31, 2016. We analyzed the distribution of gender, age, place and time of the accident, injury mechanism, injury severity, and injured organ by medical record. Results: The major injury mechanisms were blunt injury in 485 (91.90%), penetrating injury in 27 (5.10%), burn in 13 (2.50%), near drowning in 2 (0.40%), and foreign body ingestion in 1 (0.20%). Ninety-seven (18.4%) patients were injured at home and 67 (12.7%) patients were injured at school. The overall mortality rate was 1.13% (n=6). 5 mortalities were related to automobile accident and one was fall down. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 4 (2, 8). No statistical significance was observed in the mean ISS between each age group. The peak time of accident occurrence was between 16 and 17 o'clock. The mean ISS was higher in blunt injury group than penetrating injury with statistical significance ($6.50{\pm}7.60$ vs. $3.00{\pm}8.10$; p<0.05). The most common injury site was upper extremity. Mean ISS was highest in thorax injury. However, mean ISS of thorax injury was higher with statistical significance only compared with face, neck and upper extremity injury. Conclusions: We reported our pediatric trauma patients data of our hospital level I trauma center, which is the only one level I trauma center of Gangwon Province. These data is useful to prevent and prepare for pediatric trauma.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2009

The objective of this study was investigated to apply the fucoidan and laminarin extract from low-grade Undaria pinnatifida to real food product, a pork patty. Pork patties added with fucoidan and laminarin showed lower lipid oxidation and the inhibition against lipid oxidation was shown to be dependent on the irradiation doses. The Hunter color values of pork patty added with fucoidan increased significantly with an increase of irradiation dose. The hardness profiles of the patties with fucoidan and laminarin was decreased, but the amount of water in the patties was increased. Also, the combination of gamma irradiation and addition of fucoidan and laminarin was shown to be effective for the microbiological control. These results suggested that gamma irradiation and fucoidan and laminarin treatment showed the positive effect on microbial stability and quality of the pork patty.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.5
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• pp.335-340
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• 2011

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world in all age groups. Viral causes of CAP are less well characterized than bacterial causes. We analyzed the characteristics of hospitalized patients with CAP who had a viral pathogen detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: Multiplex real-time PCR was performed for respiratory viruses in samples collected from 520 adults who developed CAP at Chungnam National University Hospital. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological features at presentation as well as other epidemiological data were analyzed. Results: Of 520 patients with CAP, a viral pathogen was detected in 60 (11.5%), and influenza A was the most common. The virus detection rate in patients with CAP was highest in November. Two or more pathogens were detected in 13 (21.7%) patients. Seven patients had severe disease and were administered in the intensive care unit. Most patients (49/60, 81.7%) had comorbidities. However, nine (15%) patients had no comorbidities, and their age was <60 years. The ground glass opacity pattern was the most common radiological feature. Seven (11.7%) patients died from CAP. Conclusion: Viral pathogens are commonly detected in patients with CAP, and a respiratory virus may be associated with the severity and outcome of pneumonia. Careful attention should be paid to the viral etiology in adult patients with CAP.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.466-479
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to examine the level of physical activity and influencing factors in female college students. Method: Cross-sectional survey data including physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, social influences on physical activity, and perceived health status were collected from 213 subjects. Data from 204 subjects were analyzed. Results: The mean level of physical activity was 2,750.97 MET-min/week. Physical activity showed a positive association with exercise self-efficacy as well as social influences, and a negative association with age. Stepwise multiple regressions showed that physical activity among female college students was predicted by type of leisure activity, relative health status, social influences, and age. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a program for improvement of physical activity in female college students should include interesting and dynamic leisure activities and strategies for performing together with friends should be developed.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

By the trends of electronic package to be smaller, thinner and more integrative, the reliability of interconnection between Si chip and printed circuit board is required. This paper reports on a study of high speed shear energy of Sn-4.0wt%Ag-0.5wt%Cu (SAC405) solder joints with different the thicknesses of electroless Ni-P deposit. A high speed shear testing of solder joints was conducted to find a relationship between the thickness of Ni-P deposit and the brittle fracture in electroless Ni-P deposit/SAC405 solder. A focused ion beam (FIB) was used to polish the cross sections to reveal details of the microstructure of the fractured pad surface with and without $HNO_3$ vapor treatment. The high speed shear energy of SAC405 solder joint with $1{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit was found to be lower without $HNO_3$ vapor, compared to those of over $3{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit. This could be due to the edge of solder resist in $1{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit, which provides a fracture location for the weakened shear energy of solder joints and brittle fracture in high speed shear test. With $HNO_3$ vapor, the brittle fracture mode in high speed shear test decreased with increasing the thickness of Ni-P deposit. Then the roughness (Ra) of Ni-P deposits decreased with increasing its thickness. Thus, this gives the evidence that the decrease in roughness of Ni-P deposit for Eelectroless Ni/ Electroless Pd/ Immersion Au (ENEPIG) surface play a critical role for improving the robustness of SAC405 solder joint.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.521-530
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• 2016

Weather radar is observation equipment that transmits electromagnetic waves and receives backscattered signals from the targets. The weather radar systems of the Korea Meteorological Administration have a doppler mode that can extract the target's radial velocity. However, the radial velocity over the maximum unambiguous velocity(${\nu}_m$) for which is in a trade-off relationship with the maximum unambiguous range is folded. Therefore, a dual PRF mode of which transmits and receives signals using two different PRFs(high and low) must be used to extend the vm while maintaining the maximum unambiguous range. Using a dual PRF mode, vm can be extended to the amount of lowest common denominator of two observed vm from high and low PRF. For this extension, we have developed a velocity unfolding algorithm of which uses several criteria for classification considering observed velocity differences between high and low PRF and their error boundary. Then, correction factors are calculated for each class and are applied to unfold radial velocity. The developed algorithm was applied to the Yong-In Testbed(YIT) radar and the generated better performance of radial velocity extraction than those of the previous system.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2011

Meconium obstruction (MO) in neonates arises from highly viscid meconium and the poor motility of the premature gut. Recently the incidence of the MO in neonates has been Increasing, but, the diagnosis and treatment of this disease have not yet been clarified. Between March 2004 and April 2010, 24 neonates were treated for MO at Severance Children's Hospital. Their clinical characteristics and treatment were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty neonates were diagnosed with MO and 4 neonates were diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease (HD). The mean birth weight and gestational age of the 20 neonates with MO were $1.45{\pm}0.90kg$ and $31.1{\pm}4.6$ weeks, respectively. Thirteen neonates (65 %) diagnosed with MO weighed less than 1.5 kg and 10 neonates (50 %) weighed less than 1 kg. Half of the neonates with MO were treated by non-operative methods and the other half were treated by operative methods. Compared with the group that weighed over 1.5 kg, the group that weighed less than 1.5 kg were more frequently operated upon (61.5% vs. 28.5%), and contrast enemas were performed later and more frequently. Also the group that weighed less than 1.5 kg had a higher mortality rate (15.4% vs. 0%). Three of the four neonates with HD were diagnosed with long-segment aganglionosis. In conclusion, MO occurred in very low birth weight neonates more often and must be differentiated from HD. Also, MO in very low birth weight neonates should be treated with special attention due to more a complicated clinical course.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.136-144
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• 2010

Objectives : The $2^{nd}$ to $4^{th}$ digit length(2D : 4D) ratio reflects the amount of exposure and sensitivity to the prenatal sex hormone and it is considered to be the most convenient and useful way to understand the influence of sex hormone in the determination of human behavioral traits. This study was carried out to find the correlation between the 2D : 4D ratio and characteristics of temperament and character in Korean university students. We assumed that 2D : 4D ratio would show a strong correlation with temperament which is defined to be an inclination of an automatical emotional response to a stimulus. Methods : Participants were 104 university students who completed 2 self-report measures : Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), Temperament Test. We examined the 2D : 4D ratio of each subject by measuring the lengths of the $2^{nd}$ and $4^{th}$ fingers using a photocopy measurement. We performed statistical analyses using correlation test and t-test to examine the relationship between 2D : 4D ratio and psychological characteristics. Results : We found out the typical sex difference in 2D : 4D ratio. Women had significantly higher 2D : 4D ratio than men. TCI-Character factor(TCI-C) didn't show any significant correlation with the 2D : 4D ratio. TCI-Tempterament factor(TCI-T) and the item of Temperament Test showed a significant correlation with the 2D : 4D ratio. In correlation analysis of the total group including all women and men, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in a subscale(shyness with stranger) of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of women's group, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in two subscales( fear of uncertainty) and[shyness to stranger] of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of men's group, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant negative correlation with a sanguine temperament item of the Temperament Test. Conclusion : The results suggest that the amount of exposure to sex hormone in the prenatal period seems to have an impact on the determination of temperament and characteristics.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.201-206
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• 1998

IMRT optimization method on multiple slice has been developed by using gradient based algorithm. On about 10-30 CT slices including treatment region of a patient, dose optimization has been performed slice by slice to meet the condition that each organ should be exposed below maximum tolerable doses and that the tumor dose within the range of 100$\pm$5 %. Field size was limited to 8$\times$8 cm$^2$ and in this condition, beam divergence was not taken into account to calculate dose distribution. Total dose distribution was calculated by superposing each beamlet whose dose distribution had been precalculated. In order to investigate beam number dependency, dose optimization was performed for one, three, five, seven, and nine coplanar beams and then each optimization index was evaluated. It is found that optimization time was proportional to number of slices to be optimized, and the most efficient plan was obtained from the case of three-to-seven incident beams with respect to calculation time and optimization index. In conclusion, dose optimization of multiple slice was able to be obtained by repeating dose optimization of single slice under condition that the beam size is not too large to ignore beam divergence. And it turns out that result of dose optimization was so sensitive to the position of isocenter that some method to optimize isocenter position is needed to improve it.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.105-119
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• 2006

Objectives & Methods : This present study was performed to investigate the effect of Hwadamtongrak-Tang extract (HTT) on the regulation of cerebral hemodynamics in terms of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP)] in normal and cerebral ischemic rats. Also the effects of HTT on changes in local blood flow, inhibition of LD H activity in neuronal cells, and levels of cytokine production in the serum were determined in the ischemic rat model. The major findings are summarized below. Results : 1. HTT significantly increased rCBF in a dose-dependent manner, but MABP was not changed by HTT treatment. These results suggest that HTT may increase rCBF by dilating cerebral arterial diameter. 2. HTT-induced increase in rCBF was blocked by pretreatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (IDN, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and MABP was significantly increased by ID N. 3. Pretreatment of methylene blue $(MTB,\;10\;{\mu}g/kg,\;i.p.)$, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, significantly decreased both rCBP and MABP in HTT-treated rats. 4. HTT treatment significantly increased rCBP to a stable level during the period of cerebral reperfusion. 5. HTT significantly inhibited LD H activity in neuronal cells, suggesting a neuroprotection by HTT. 6. Serum interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ levels were significantly decreased in the femoral artery 1 hr after middle cerebral arterial occlusion in HTT-treated rats. IL-10 levels in the serum were significantly increased by HTT treatment whereas transforming growth factor $(TGF)-{\beta}$ levels were similar between HTT-treated and control groups. 7. Serum interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ levels were significantly decreased in the femoral artery 1 hr after reperfusion in HTT-treated rats. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly decreased in HTT-treated rats compared with the control group, and no significant changes in $(TGF)-{\beta}$ in the serum were observed by HTT treatment. Conclusions: The present data suggest that HTT may have an anti-ischemic effect via the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics and thus protect the brain from ischemic damage.