• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1625-1636
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• 2017

A power electronic transformer (PET) based on the cascaded H-bridge (CHB) and the isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter (IBDC) is capable of accommodating a large scale battery energy storage system (BESS) in the medium-voltage grid, and is referred to as a power electronic transformer based battery energy storage system (PET-BESS). This paper investigates the PET-BESS and proposes a coordinative control strategy for it. In the proposed method, the CHB controls the power flow and the battery state-of-charge (SOC) balancing, while the IBDC maintains the dc-link voltages with feedforward implementation of the power reference and the switch status of the CHB. State-feedback and linear quadratic Riccati (LQR) methods have been adopted in the CHB to control the grid current, active power and reactive power. A hybrid PWM modulating method is utilized to achieve SOC balancing, where battery SOC sorting is involved. The feedforward path of the power reference and the CHB switch status substantially reduces the dc-link voltage fluctuations under dynamic power variations. The effectiveness of the proposed control has been verified both by simulation and experimental results. The performance of the PET-BESS under bidirectional power flow has been improved, and the battery SOC values have been adjusted to converge.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.61-61
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• 2019

우리나라는 대부분이 산지(약 65%)로 구성되어 있어 강우 시 그 공간적 분포의 변동성이 매우 큰 편이며, 특히 전형적인 산지지형인 댐 유역의 경우 고도 변화 등에 기인한 지형특성 등에 따라 강우의 형태 및 패턴과 이에 따른 유출변화가 큰 복잡한 특성을 갖는다. 이로 인해 단순히 지점강우들을 공간보간(평균)한 면적강우를 홍수 유출모의 등에 활용할 경우 그 신뢰도가 매우 낮은 경우가 많아, 수문모의에 있어 레이더에 기반을 둔 공간 분포형 강우 등의 도입 검토가 요구된다. 한편, 최근 기상청에서는 보다 정확한 레이더 강수량 추정 값의 제공을 위해 "레이더-AWS 강우강도(Radar-AWS Rainrates, RAR)" 산출 기술을 지속적으로 개선하고 있으며, 이는 지상 우량계 대비 상당한 정확도를 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 산지지형을 대표하며, 타 댐 유역에 비해 비교적 수문(수위/유량)관측소와 자료가 많은 용담시험유역에 기상레이더 강수량 추정 값(RAR)을 적용해 산지지형 댐 유역에서 강우의 시공간적 변동성과 이에 따른 홍수량의 정확한 분석을 통해 홍수 시 댐 유입량의 정확한 산정 등에 활용할 목적으로 홍수 유출모의를 수행하고자 한다. 모의에는 최근 5년(2014~2018년)동안 발생한 비교적 독립적인 1~2개(연도별)의 홍수사상을 적용하였으며, 모형은 분포형 강우를 적용할 수 있는 비교적 간단한 모형인 HEC-HMS를 활용하였다. HEC-HMS는 주로 집중형 수문모형(Lumped Hydrologic Model)으로 분류되어 레이더 강우와 같은 분포형 자료의 입력을 주로 적용치는 않고 있지만, HEC-GeoHMS와 ModClark 방법을 활용하면 격자단위의 분포형 강우를 적용할 수 있는 형태의 모델 구축이 가능하다. 모의 결과는 기존 유역평균 강우를 적용한 방법과 비교를 통해 그 개선점을 검토하고자 하며, 이를 통하여 산지지역 댐 유역의 홍수특성을 보다 더 정확하게 분석해보고자 한다. 한편, ModClark을 적용한 홍수 유출모의는 단순히 소유역별 도달시간의 격자별 비율을 고려한 홍수추적으로 그 해석상의 한계가 있어, 최근 개발된 하이브리드 수문모형(Hybrid Hydrologic Model, Distributed-Clark) 등도 동일유역에 대해 도입 적용할 계획에 있다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.105-105
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• 2019

보나 여수로와 같은 수공구조물의 주변에서 발생하는 흐름 거동은 구조물 모서리에서 발생하는 흐름분리(flow separation)와 이에 따른 전단층(shear layer)과 재순환(recirculation) 흐름 영역의 발달 그리고 분리된 흐름의 재부착(reattachment)이 특징이다. 공학적으로 난류의 해석에 있어서 이러한 흐름 거동들을 정확하게 예측하는 것은 수공구조물 설계에 있어서 중요하다. 이 연구에서는 흐름 분리와 재순환 영역의 발달 그리고 흐름 재부착을 포함하는 후방계단(backward-facing step) 흐름을 155,000의 레이놀즈수 조건에서 하이브리드 RANS/LES 모델을 적용하여 해석결과를 평가한다. 하이브리드 모델로는 벽에 인접한 격자의 해상도에 상대적으로 민감하지 않은 SST(shear-stress transport) 난류 모델을 이용하는 DES(detached-eddy simulation) 기법을 적용하였다. 계단 높이가 h인 계산영역은 흐름방향 길이가 34h, 높이는 계단 상류와 하류에서 각각 1h와 2h 그리고 폭은 $2{\pi}$이다. 계단은 상류단으로부터 10h 하류부 지점에 위치한다. 경계조건으로 상부와 하부 벽면에 대해서는 비활조건을 적용한다. 상류부 수로에서 완전 발달한 흐름을 재현하기 위해서 유입경계조건은 유입부 하류 $2{\pi}h$ 지점에서 계산된 유속과 난류량을 매핑(mapping)기법을 이용하여 반복적으로 적용한다. 총 3.1백만개와 7.3백만개의 셀로 계산영역을 구현한 두 개의 계산격자 그리고 약 3.1백만개의 셀을 이용했지만 벽면 근처에서의 격자 구성을 다른 방식으로 설정한 두 가지 격자를 이용하여 격자 해상도가 DES 수치해석 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 수치해석결과는 본 연구에서 상류단 조건으로 적용한 매핑기법이 대상 수로에서 완전 발달한 흐름을 잘 재현함을 보여주며, 합리적인 DES 해석 결과를 얻기 위해서는 벽에 수직한 방향으로 적절한 격자의 해상도와 분포가 필요함을 보여준다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.962-977
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• 2019

The human voice is a convenient method of information transfer between different objects such as between men, men and machine, between machines. The development of information and communication technology, the voice has been able to transfer farther than before. The way to communicate, it is to convert the voice to another form, transmit it, and then reconvert it back to sound. In such a communication process, a vocoder is a method of converting and re-converting a voice and sound. The CELP (Code-Excited Linear Prediction) type vocoder, one of the voice codecs, is adapted as a standard codec since it provides high quality sound even though its transmission speed is relatively low. The EVRC (Enhanced Variable Rate CODEC) and QCELP (Qualcomm Code-Excited Linear Prediction), variable bit rate vocoders, are used for mobile phones in 3G environment. For the real-time implementation of a vocoder, the reduction of sound quality is a typical problem. To improve the sound quality, that is important to know the size and shape of noise. In the existing sound quality improvement method, the voice activated is detected or used, or statistical methods are used by the large mount of data. However, there is a disadvantage in that no noise can be detected, when there is a continuous signal or when a change in noise is large.This paper focused on finding a better way to decrease the reduction of sound quality in lower bit transmission environments. Based on simulation results, this study proposed a preprocessor application that estimates the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) using the spectral SNR estimation method. The SNR estimation method adopted the IMBE (Improved Multi-Band Excitation) instead of using the SNR, which is a continuous speech signal. Finally, this application improves the quality of the vocoder by enhancing sound quality adaptively.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.5723-5743
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• 2018

The evolving internet-based services demand high-speed data transmission in conjunction with scalability. The next generation optical network has to exploit artificial intelligence and cognitive techniques to cope with the emerging requirements. This work proposes a novel way to solve the dynamic provisioning problem in optical network. The provisioning in optical network involves the computation of routes and the reservation of wavelenghs (Routing and Wavelength assignment-RWA). This is an extensively studied multi-objective optimization problem and its complexity is known to be NP-Complete. As the exact algorithms incurs more running time, the heuristic based approaches have been widely preferred to solve this problem. Recently the software-defined networking has impacted the way the optical pipes are configured and monitored. This work proposes the dynamic selection of path computation algorithms in response to the changing service requirements and network scenarios. A software-defined controller mechanism with a novel packet matching feature was proposed to dynamically match the traffic demands with the appropriate algorithm. A software-defined controller with Path Computation Element-PCE was created in the ONOS tool. A simulation study was performed with the case study of dynamic path establishment in ONOS-Open Network Operating System based software defined controller environment. A java based NOX controller was configured with a parent path computation element. The child path computation elements were configured with different path computation algorithms under the control of the parent path computation element. The use case of dynamic bulk path creation was considered. The algorithm selection method is compared with the existing single algorithm based method and the results are analyzed.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.2496-2512
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• 2021

The requirements for powerful computing capability, high capacity, low latency and low energy consumption of emerging services, pose severe challenges to the fifth-generation (5G) network. As a promising paradigm, mobile edge networks can provide services in proximity to users by deploying computing components and cache at the edge, which can effectively decrease service delay. However, the coexistence of heterogeneous services and the sharing of limited resources lead to the competition between various services for multiple resources. This paper considers two typical heterogeneous services: computing services and content delivery services, in order to properly configure resources, it is crucial to develop an effective offloading and caching strategies. Considering the high energy consumption of 5G base stations, this paper considers the hybrid energy supply model of traditional power grid and green energy. Therefore, it is necessary to design a reasonable association mechanism which can allocate more service load to base stations rich in green energy to improve the utilization of green energy. This paper formed the joint optimization problem of computing offloading, caching and resource allocation for heterogeneous services with the objective of minimizing the on-grid power consumption under the constraints of limited resources and QoS guarantee. Since the joint optimization problem is a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem that is impossible to solve, this paper uses deep reinforcement learning method to learn the optimal strategy through a lot of training. Extensive simulation experiments show that compared with other schemes, the proposed scheme can allocate resources to heterogeneous service according to the green energy distribution which can effectively reduce the traditional energy consumption.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2021

과거 주로 게임과 동영상 재생에 있어 리얼함을 극대화하기 위해 사용되었던 HMD(Head Mount Display)의 수요가 증가하고, 그 활용 범위가 교육과 훈련 등으로 확대되면서, 기존 HMD의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 HMD의 각 화소 회로에 제어 신호를 보내는 gate driver의 성능을 향상시키기 위해 CNT를 포함한 트랜지스터를 활용하는 방법에 대해 논하고자 한다. 기존 gate driver의 버퍼부를 구성하는 트랜지스터를 CNT를 포함한 트랜지스터로 교체하는 회로 설계 방법을 제안하고, 그 성능을 회로 시뮬레이션을 통해 기존 트랜지스터로만 구성된 gate driver의 성능과 비교해 보고자 한다. 시뮬레이션 결과, gate driver에 CNT를 포함할 경우 12.5 GHz의 속도로 기존 gate driver 대비 약 0.3V 증가된 출력 전압(1.1V)을 얻을 수 있었으며, 최대 20배의 gate width를 줄일 수 있었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권5호
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• pp.599-610
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• 2021

Early detection of small concrete crack or reinforcement corrosion is necessary for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Global vibration based methods are advantageous over local methods because of simple equipment installation and cost efficiency. Among vibration based techniques, FRF based methods are preferred over modal based methods. In this study, a new coupled method using frequency response function (FRF) and proper orthogonal modes (POM) is proposed by using the dynamic characteristic of a damaged beam. For the numerical simulation, wave finite element (WFE), coupled with traditional finite element (FE) method is used for effectively incorporating the damage related information and faster computation. As reported in literature, hybrid combination of wave function based wave finite element method and shape function based finite element method can addresses the mid frequency modelling difficulty as it utilises the advantages of both the methods. It also reduces the dynamic matrix dimension. The algorithms are implemented on a three-dimensional reinforced concrete beam. Damage is modelled and studied for two scenarios, i.e., crack in concrete and rebar corrosion. Single and multiple damage locations with different damage length are also considered. The proposed methodology is found to be very sensitive to both single- and multiple- damage while being computationally efficient at the same time. It is observed that the detection of damage due to corrosion is more challenging than that of concrete crack. The similarity index obtained from the damage parameters shows that it can be a very effective indicator for appropriately indicating initiation of damage in concrete structure in the form of spread corrosion or invisible crack.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.353-364
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• 2021

Natural hazards like earthquakes, high winds, and tsunami are a threat all the time for multi-story structures. The environmental forces cannot be clogged but the structures can be prevented from these natural hazards by using protective systems. The structural control can be achieved by using protective systems like the passive, active, semi-active, and hybrid protective systems; but the semi-active protective system has gained importance because of its adaptability to the active systems and reliability of the passive systems. Therefore, a semi-active protective system for the earthquake forces has been adopted in this work. Magneto-Rheological (MR) damper is used in the structure as a semi-active protective system; which is connected to the current driver and proposed controller. The Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and reliable PID controller are two proposed controllers, which will actuate the MR damper and the desired force is generated to mitigate the vibration of the structural response subjected to the earthquake. PID controller and reliable PID controller are designed and tuned using Ziegler-Nichols tuning technique along with the MR damper simulated in Simulink toolbox and MATLAB to obtain the reduced vibration in a three-story benchmark structure. The earthquake is considered to be uncertain; where the proposed control algorithm works well during the presence of earthquake; this paper considers robustness to provide satisfactory resilience against this uncertainty. In this work, two different earthquakes are considered like El-Centro and Northridge earthquakes for simulation with different controllers. In this paper performances of the structure with and without two controllers are compared and results are discussed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.295-299
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 범퍼 스키드 플레이트 및 아웃사이드미러 하우징 부품에 적용되는 polypropylene (PP)와 acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) 소재를 활용하여 무도장 메탈릭 소재 구현에 대해 연구하였다. 금속 효과를 극대화하기 위해 알루미늄 입자의 종류, 크기, 함량을 최적화하였고 웰드 라인을 은폐하기 위해 종횡비가 상이한 하이브리드 알루미늄 입자를 사용하였다. 또한 부품 표면에 발생되는 플로우 마크를 개선하기 위해 유동성을 제어하였으며 사출 해석을 수행하였다.