• Title/Summary/Keyword: Husbandry Systems

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Free-range Poultry Production - A Review

  • Miao, Z.H.;Glatz, P.C.;Ru, Y.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.113-132
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    • 2005
  • With the demand for free-range products increasing and the pressure on the intensive poultry industry to improve poultry welfare especially in western countries, the number of free-range poultry farms has increased significantly. The USA, Australia and European countries have developed Codes of Practice for free-range poultry farming which detail the minimum standards of husbandry and welfare for birds. However, the performance and liveability of free-range birds needs to be improved and more knowledge is required on bird husbandry, feed supply, disease control and heat wave management. This review examines the husbandry, welfare, nutrition and disease issues associated with free-range poultry systems and discusses the potential of incorporating free-range poultry into a crop-pasture rotation system.

Development and Evaluation of a Simulation Model for Dairy Cattle Production Systems Integrated with Forage Crop Production

  • Kikuhara, K.;Kumagai, H.;Hirooka, H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.57-71
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    • 2009
  • Crop-livestock mixed farming systems depend on the efficiency with which nutrients are conserved and recycled. Home-grown forage is used as animal feed and animal excretions are applied to cultivated crop lands as manure. The objective of this study was to develop a mixed farming system model for dairy cattle in Japan. The model consisted of four sub-models: the nutrient requirement model, based on the Japanese Feeding Standards to determine requirements for energy, crude protein, dry matter intake, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A; the optimum diet formulation model for determining the optimum diets that satisfy nutrient requirements at lowest cost, using linear programming; the herd dynamic model to calculate the numbers of cows in each reproductive cycle; and the whole farm optimization model to evaluate whole farm management from economic and environmental viewpoints and to optimize strategies for the target farm or system. To examine the model' validity, its predictions were compared against best practices for dairy farm management. Sensitivity analyses indicated that higher yielding cows lead to better economic results but higher emvironmental load in dairy cattle systems integrated with forage crop production.

Effects of husbandry systems and Chinese indigenous chicken strain on cecum microbial diversity

  • Dong, Xiuxue;Hu, Bing;Wan, Wenlong;Gong, Yanzhang;Feng, Yanping
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.33 no.10
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    • pp.1610-1616
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    • 2020
  • Objective: This study was to evaluate the effect of husbandry systems and strains on cecum microbial diversity of Jingyang chickens under the same dietary conditions. Methods: A total of 320 laying hens (body weight, 1.70±0.15 kg; 47 weeks old) were randomly allocated to one of the four treatments: i) Silver-feathered hens in enrichment cages (SEC) with an individual cage (70×60×75 cm), ii) Silver-feathered hens in free range (SFR) with the stocking density of 1.5 chickens per ten square meters, iii) Gold-feathered hens in enrichment cages (GEC), iv) Gold-feathered hens in free range (GFR). The experiment lasted 8 weeks and the cecum fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing at the end of experiment. Results: i) The core microbiota was composed of Bacteroidetes (49% to 60%), Firmicutes (21% to 32%) and Proteobacteria (2% to 4%) at the phylum level. ii) The core bacteria were Bacteroides (26% to 31%), Rikenellaceae (9% to 16%), Parabacteroides (2% to 5%) and Lachnoclostridium (2% to 6%) at the genus level. iii) The indexes of operational taxonomic unit, Shannon, Simpson and observed species were all higher in SFR group than in SEC group while in GEC group than in GFR group, with SFR group showing the greatest diversity of cecum microorganisms among the four groups. iv) The clustering result was consistent with the strain classification, with a similar composition of cecum bacteria in the two strains of laying hens. Conclusion: The core microbiota were not altered by husbandry systems or strains. The free-range system increased the diversity of cecal microbes only for silver feathered hens. However, the cecum microbial composition was similar in two strain treatments under the same dietary conditions.

Development of Chemiluminescence Immunoassay(CIA) & ELISA for the Detection of Anti-sperm Antibodies in Male Serum (항정자 항체 검출을 위한 CIA 및 ELISA 개발을 위한 기초 연구)

  • Kim, S.C.;Lee, K.S.;Kim, Y.K.;Kim, C.K.;Choi, K.H.;Kwon, O.J.;Kim, J.B.
    • Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.71-80
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    • 1990
  • New immunoassay systems for the detection of anti-sperm antibodies were developed. For this, sperm surface protein was purified by the immunoaffinity column prepared by the coupling of rabbit anti-human IgG antibodies to Sepharose-4B. Fraction eluted by tris-HCI buffer containing SDS showed a single band having molecular weight of about 60KD on electrophoresis. Enzyme HRP labelled goat anti-human IgG and chemiluminescence aminobutylethyl-isoluminol(ABEI) labelled rabbit anti-human IgG were used for ELISA and CIA, respectively. These two labelled conjugate bound well with human IgG. When serum dilution curves were made to titrate positive serums, two kinds of curves with steep and sluggish slopes were obtained Serum samples were categorized into 3 groups: positive, weak positive and negative based on slope of curve and O.D. values at 1:160 dilution of serum. When ELISA and CIA were compared to conventional method Kibrick test by the determinations of 62 male serums with different diagnosis, the results of ELISA and CIA agreed well, but both disagreed with that of Kibrick test. This study showed that purified sperm surface antigen can be used to develope solid-phase immunoassay systems such as ELISA and CIA which may eliminate the problems encounted the immobilization of living sperm in other tests.

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Studies on the detection of sulfonamide residues in swine edible tissues (돈육내 sulfonamides의 잔류물질 검출에 관한 연구)

  • Shin, Youn-kyung;Kim, Tae-jong;Yoon, Hwa-joong
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.843-850
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    • 1994
  • The study was carried out to determine the residues of sulfonamides in swine edible tissues with high performance thin layer chromatography. For this purpose, the Rf values of sulfonamides in various solvent systems and the recovery rate of sulfameathazine from sampike saples were obtained. Thirty-four samples collected from meat market in Seoul were analyzed. The results obtained from the present study were followings: 1. The average recovery rate of sulfamathazine residues from spiked tissues 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1mg/kg sample weight was 85%. 2. Two of 34 samples of pork for domestic consumption were reported to have been exceeded 0.05 ppm in sulfamethazine residues degree. 3. On the basis of the results, the degree of residues of sulfamethazine in swine meat for domestic consumption is seemed not to be dangerous for public health.

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The Perspectives for the World Sheep Meat Market and its Influence on Future Production Systems and Trends - Review -

  • Boutonnet, J.P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.12 no.7
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    • pp.1123-1128
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    • 1999
  • Sheep meat is the most expensive meat in developed countries. Consumption is dependent on cultural factors and will increase as population and incomes grow. In the main exporting countries (New Zealand and Australia), sheep numbers are decreasing as the market for wool is declining. Sheep meat production will develop in small and medium scale commercial systems, close to their markets.

Effects of red ginseng total saponin on Menadione-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat (Menadione에 의해 유발된 간독성에 미치는 홍삼사포닌의 영향)

  • Jang, Bong-jun;Bae, Chun-sik;Cho, Yong-seong;Cha, Yong-ho;Park, Chang-won;Cho, Tae-hyun;Chang, Kyung-jin
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.619-627
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    • 1997
  • It is known that 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone(menadione, MD) induces hepatotoxicities both in vivo and in vitro. These toxic effects are believed to result from oxidative damages to hepatocytes by "active oxygen" species via one-electron reduction of the naphtoquinone. The ginsenoside(GS) is a complex mixture of individual ginsenosides which is known to produce a range of effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. In particular, GS has an antioxidant effect. In this experiment we studied the effect of GS from red panax ginseng(red ginseng total saponin, RGTS) on free radical-induced liver injuries by MD. Administration of MD($150{\mu}M$) caused an increase in aspartate aminotransferase(AST) activities and lipid peroxidation, decrease in alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities and total bilirubin levels in blood, caused depletion of GSH and changes of antioxidant enzyme(superoxide dismutase, catalase) activities are shown in liver tissue. Administration of RGTS restored the AST levels that increased by MD, but catalase showed no significant changes. RGTS also had an effect of restoring the GSH level and had some synergistic effects with SOD. These data suggest that RGTS may have some protective effects on liver injury which is related with the oxygen free radical.

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Effect of misting and wallowing cooling systems on milk yield, blood and physiological variables during heat stress in lactating Murrah buffalo

  • Yadav, Brijesh;Pandey, Vijay;Yadav, Sarvajeet;Singh, Yajuvendra;Kumar, Vinod;Sirohi, Rajneesh
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.58 no.1
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    • pp.2.1-2.10
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    • 2016
  • Background: Heat stress adversely affects the physiological and metabolic status, and the productive performance of buffalo. Methods: The present study was conducted to explicate the effect of misting and wallowing cooling strategies during heat stress in lactating Murrah buffalo. The study was conducted for three months (May-July) of which first two months were hot dry and last month was hot humid. Eighteen lactating buffaloes, offered the same basal diet, were blocked by days in milk, milk yield and parity, and then randomly allocated to three treatments: negative control (no cooling), cooling by misting, and cooling by wallowing. Results: The results showed higher (P < 0.05) milk yield in buffaloes of misting and wallowing group compared to control during the experimental period however wallowing was found more (P < 0.05) effective during July (hot humid period). Both the treatments resulted into significant (P < 0.05) reduction in rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) compared to control animals during study period whereas wallowing was found to be effective on pulse rate (PR) only during July. Both treatments were resulted in mitigating the heat stress mediated decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), lymphocytopnoea and neutrophilia whereas decrease in total erythrocyte count (TEC) and monocytes was only mitigated by wallowing. Heat load induced alteration in serum creatinine and sodium concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated by misting and wallowing whereas aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase activity, and reactive oxygen species concentration could be normalized neither by misting nor by wallowing. The significant (P < 0.05) increment in serum cortisol and prolactin levels observed in June and July period in control animals was significantly (P < 0.05) prevented by misting and wallowing. Conclusions: It can be concluded that misting and wallowing were equally effective in May and June (hot dry period) whereas wallowing was more effective during hot humid period in preventing a decline in milk production and maintaining physiological, metabolic, endocrine and redox homeostasis.

ALTERATION MODELS TO PREDICT LACTATION CURVES FOR DAIRY COWS

  • Sudarwati, H.;Djoharjani, T.;Ibrahim, M.N.M.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.365-368
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    • 1995
  • Lactation curves of dairy cows were generated using three models, namely; incomplete gamma function (model 1), polynomial inverse function (model 2) and non-linear regression (model 3). Secondary milk yield data of 27 cows which had completed 6 lactations were used in this study. Milk yield records (once a week) throughout the lactation and from the first three months of lactation were fitted to the models. Estimation of total milk yield by model 3 using the data once a week throughout the lactation resulted in smaller % bias and standard error than those generated from model 1 and 2. But, model 2 was more accurate in predicting the 305-day milk yield equivalent closer to actual yields with smaller bias % and error using partial records up to 3 months. Also, model 2 was able to estimate the time to reach peak yield close to the actual data using partial records and model 2 could be used as a tool to advise farmers on appropriate feeding and management practices to be adopted.

Effect of Pregnancy on Lactation Milk Value in Dairy Buffaloes

  • Khan, Sarzamin;Qureshi, Muhammad Subhan;Ahmad, Nazir;Amjed, Muhammad;Durrani, Fazali Raziq;Younas, Muhammad
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.523-531
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    • 2008
  • Buffalo are a major source of milk production, contributing 12.1% in the World and 38.0% in Asia. The buffaloes are kept under peri-urban farming systems to produce milk for urban populations. Breeding is delayed in these herds to get more economic benefit because farmers believe that the pregnancy decreases milk production. The lactation milk value has been studied in this paper as an economic indicator. Complete milk yield records of 3,304 buffaloes was collected from a group of state farms. Economic traits including lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval (CI), dry period and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYPDCI) were derived from the data. The animals were grouped according to parity number (1-3), service period (G1 to G4, conceiving during <150, 150-200, 200-300 and >300 days post calving) and yield levels (HMY>2,500; MMY 2,001-2,500; and LMY 1,500-2,000 liters/ lactation). To study the effect of pregnancy on milk composition a research trial was conducted at a medium size private dairy farm, using forty lactating buffaloes of three yield levels and four service period groups, as described already. Milk was sampled on alternate weeks and analyzed for fat and protein contents (%). For quantifying the value of milk produced during a lactation period, the value corrected milk (VCM) was determined and converted to lactation milk value (LMV). Group means were compared for varicous parameters. Highest milk yield ($2,836.50{\pm}15.68$ liters/lactation) was recorded in the HMY animals of G4 group while lowest milk yield of $1,657.04{\pm}8.34$ liters/lactation was found in LMY of G1. Lactation was significantly increased with the extending of service period. The shortest dry period was recorded in HMY, parity 1, G1 animals and the longest in parity 2, MMY, G4.The CI was shortest in HMY, parity 1, and G1 animals and longest in LMY, parity 3, G4 buffaloes. The HMY, parity 2, G1 buffaloes showed the highest MYPDCI and the lowest value was recorded ($6.53{\pm}0.17$ vs. $2.76{\pm}0.04$ liter/day) for LMY, parity 1, G4 buffaloes. The VCM decreased with the delayed conception. This decreasing trend was higher in respect of the total yield but decrease in the VCM was smaller due to the increasing levels of fat and protein in the milk. The gap between the various production classes was reduced based on the VCM as compared with the yield per day of CI. LMV showed a consistent decline with extending service period in all three production groups. The study suggests that CI increased with delayed conception, showing a consistent trend in the low, moderate and high yielding buffaloes. There was a coherent declining pattern of milk yield with delaying conception, associated with prolonged CI. An animal conceiving at a later stage of lactation showed a decline in financial returns of 24 to 27% compared with those conceiving earlier.