• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.81-107
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• 2009

This study is to understand, in the view of resilience, the experience of military widows, whose husbands died while on active military duty and have lived as single mothers for a long time. This study using a qualitative research method based on Phenomenology, especially using Colaizzi's process of data analysis. 99 meaningful sentences, 26 themes, and 10 theme clusters has been categorized from the interview of 9 military widows, who has been participated a self-help group for them. The 10 theme clusters are 'denial and grief over the death of spouse', 'ambivalence over the duty of their husbands', 'acceptance of the helpless fate and arduous fight to live', 'sorrow in the social and historical context', 'responsibility and endeavoring of parenting', 'self-existential challenge', 'immanent belief system as a military widow'. 'effort to find self-identity in the outer systems', 'wish to reassure their existence', and 'to find the meaning of life after husband's dead'. These their self respect and feeling of honor have become their belief system in their life, which they have raised their children and take their responsibilities with their best effort. The self-help group has helped them to find their self-identity and has sustained emotionally healthy. This group has been also empowering them through their voices being heard to the outside society. They have made an effort which their existence is recognized by the country and the military system. The findings of this study can be used as a system to gather opinions and to provide information and program which may be accepted politically and then applicable and integrated social work service through the social support system and networking.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to develop a postpartum nursing intervention program for immigrant women and evaluate the effects on postpartum depression, child rearing confidence, home environment, and infant temperament. Methods: This research was a non-equivalent control group pre-test and post-test design. Participants were pregnant immigrant women from China, Vietnam, and the Philippines residing in Kyunggi province and Seoul. Twenty women were assigned to the intervention group, and 19 women to the control group. For the intervention group, the women were visited at home and provided emotional support and parenting education for three months. To analyze the intervention effects, repeated measure ANOVA and t-test were used. Results: Child rearing confidence was higher in the experimental group than the control group at interaction effect of time and group, six weeks and three months postpartum. However, there were no significant effects for maternal depression, infant temperament, and husband support. Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) score in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group at three month postpartum. Conclusion: Results indicate that the nursing intervention program had positive effects and can be used to further the health status of immigrant mothers and children.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.23-34
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• 1977

A study was carried out for the evaluation on family situation of 900 homemakers those who had received tubal sterilization operation (laparoscopic and minilaparotomy) at family planning clinic, Seoul Red Cross Hospital from October 1974 to September 1977. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In age distribution, predominant age group consisted of those $31{\sim}35$ years frequency of 43.2% and average age was 33.3 years. 2) Educational level showed that homemakers who finished primary school accounted for 37.3% of the total and those having middle school education comprised 28.7%, and 24.3% of them were high school graduates, 8.3% of them were college graduates. On the other hand, husband's education level showed that, 37.6% of them were high school graduates, 29.7% were college graduates and 19.9% were middle school graduates, therefor, educational level of husbands was one step higher than wives. 3) In the gravidity at the tubal sterilization, the highest incidence(18.4%) among 853cases was the group of gravida 5, and 16.2% gravida 4, and the gravidity ranged $1{\sim}23$. Average gravidity of clients was 6.0. 4) Among the total number of 900 clients, 778cases (91.3%) had no experience of spontanous abortion, history of 1 abortion in 5.9%, 2 abortions in 1.8%, and it showed the decresed incidence of spontanous abortion recently. Average was 0.15. As regarding induced abortion, in spite of only 142 homemakers (16.7%) had no history of induced abortion, 20.5% had experienced 1 induced abortion before sterilization, 17.7% had 2 induced abortions, 14.6% had 3 abortions, 10.3% had 4 abortions, and 0.2% (2cases) had over 20 abortions. Average was 2.7. 5) In regarding to the number of living children, the greatest number (45.0%) of clients had 3 children, and 26.5% 2 children, 19.7% 4 children. Average number of their living children was 3.03. 6) Sex ratio of living children, among 18 clients those had 1 child, 17 homemakers had 1 boy and no girl, 1 homemaker had no boy and 1 girl only. Sex ratio showed that woman who had 2 boys and no girl accounted for 46.3%, however, those having no boy and 2 girls ocmprised only 1. 8% among 229 clients who had 2 children. Among 389 clients who had 3 children, in spite of woman who had 3 boys and no girl comprised 16.5%, but no boy and 3 girls only 1.5%. Among 170 clients who had 4 children, homemakers with 4 boys and no girl accounted for 4.1%, however, no boy and 4 girls 1.8% of the total. Among 52 clients, who had 5 children, woman with 5 boys and no girl comprised 3.9%, no boy and 5 girls 0%. Among 7 cases who had 6 children, there were 3 cases who had 3 boys and 3 girls, but only 1 cases had 1 boy and 5 girls and so on. These results showed a strong trend of male preference in Korea and this could be one of the inhibit factors for family planning.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.207-234
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• 2003

The purpose of this research paper is to study the characteristics of Huang Yunseok's sijo and it's implications for his poetic intentions. Huang Yunseok's sijo is didactic in its presentation of facts and ethical lessons. The two main facts it presents are royal favors and his clan's pride. Royal favors concern. for example, encouragement of the king, the king's birthday and deathday, and securing a government position by the king's order. His clan's pride concerns, for example, the geographically wonderful place of Huang Yunseok's ancestor's tomb, his ancestor's great conduct, his clan's beautiful tradition, his birth place, and his birth dream. The main content of the ethical lessons concerns cultivation of the human mind and practicing Confucian ethics. Examples of the former describe the purpose of Confucian study, the ethical doctrine that human being's inborn nature is good, the character of the human mind, and the method of cultivating the human mind. Examples of the latter describe the moral rules to govern the Five Human Relations, separation between husband and wife, and discrimination between males and females. The poetic intention of Huang Yunseok's sip consists of political and economic self-promotion and theoretical devotion to Confucian ideology. Proud of his educated, high Confucian clan, he tries to get self-promotion politically and economically by vowing loyalty to the king. He implies devotion to the Confucian ideology through his description of the practice of the Confucian moral rules, the clinging to traditional Neo-Confucianism, and his insistence on the Neo-Confucian theory that all human beings and animals are the same in their original nature. In conclusion, the didactic character of Huang Yunseok's sip stems from his intention to promote himself politically and economically and his theoretical devotion to Confucian ideology. The way of indicative expression originates from the didactic character of Huang Yunseok's sijo.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1976

To compare the maternal health status between women in island and land, the study was conducted to adjacent land (kukdong) and island (kyonghodong) areas in Yosoo city during April 1976. The results obtained from 174 interviewee in island and 192 in land areas were the same as follow, 1. General characteristics of both area. Age: Land, group 20-29 year of age was the largest. Island, 30-39 year of age was the largest. Education; Low educated group, less than primary grade (land 88.6%, island 93.1%), was predominant in both area. Occupation of herself; agriculture and labor was the main occupation (land 50%, island 82.2%) in both area. Occupation of husband: labor and fishery was general (81.2%) in land, and agriculture and fishery was general (81.6%) in island. Duration of residence; Land, 25.0% being resided here more than 10 years. Island, 64.3% being resided here more than 10 years. 2. Marriage, Pregnancy, and Present children. Average age at marriage; Land, 20.7 years. Island, 20.9 years. Average frequency of pregnancy; Land, 4.4 times. Island, 4.3 times. Wastage of pregnancies: Land, 236 per 1000 pregnancies. Island, 151 per 1000 pregnancies. Wastage occupied by induced abortion; land, 73.5%. island, 60.5%. Number and sex of present children; Land, 3.3 per family, sex ratio 52.4 to 47.6. Island, 3.6 per family, sex ratio 53.3 to 46.7. 3. Prenatal and postnatal care. Prenatal consutation: Land, 16.1% received by doctor or midwife. Island 9.2% received by doctor or midwife. Complications during last pregnancy; Land, 46.6% complained. Island, 51.1% complained. Return to work within 1 week after delivery; Land, 40.6%. Island, 50.6%. 4. Delivery environment Home delivery; Land, 97.4% Island, 97.3%. Delivery attdended by non medical professions at home; Land, 80.2% Island, 93.7%. Solo home delivery; Land, 13.0%, Island, 12.9%. Delivery attended by layman without taking any disinfective preparations; Land, 48.1%, Island, 49.1%. Material mainly used to cut umbilical cord at home; Land, scissors (97.4%). Island, scissora (98.8%). Cord cutting material used without giving any disinfective preparations; Land, 79.9%, Island, 84.0%. Delivery sheets used at home; Cement bag paper (land 50.0%, island, 31.3%). Vinyl sheets (land,17.5%, island, 27.6%). News paper (land, 3.2%. island, 11.7%). No sheets (land 19.5%. island, 12.9%). etc. Maternal Meal; Seaweed soup with rice was the most general in both area. (land 95.3%, island, 91.4%).

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.268-282
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• 2012

International marriage migrants from developing to developed countries are to seek a better economic condition. There are only a few empirical research on comparing and analyzing economic condition of marriage migrants before and after marriage. This study attempted to analyze the relationship between the cognition on the change of economic condition before and after marriage and the socio-economic characteristics of Vietnamese international marriage female migrants. About 80% of interviewees of this study were motivated to marry Korean men for economic reasons; however, their household economic level was relatively low. Reflecting the household economic level, about half the Vietnamese women considered that there was very little difference in the economic condition before and after marriage; while, the percent of women considering the current economic condition as getting better were more than 4 times of that of women considering as becoming worse. The cognition on the economic condition change before and after marriage was positively correlated with the level of education attainment of husbands and themselves, the Korean language ability, state of occupation in Korea, the level of husband's income, involvement of management of living expenses and length of residence in Korea. The occupation in Vietnam and the state of remittance were not significantly related to the cognition on the economic condition change before and after marriage. Vietnamese marriage female migrants were highly motivated to have a job out of home to improve the economic condition of their own family and natal family. Concreted alternative programs should be made to help those women to work out of home.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 1999

Because of the oocIear family due to the rapid industrialization and the growth of husband and wife bah working, the base of the tradition that the parents, all of the famly or the hamet oonmunity bring up the infants together in the important time to the infarts has been collapsed in Korea. Because working mothers camot bring up their children by themselves they got stressed and housewives do not have the oonfidence in rearing their infants and the fathers are isolated from home and the chikten instead of being exempted from the responsibility of rearing children. Therefore the common and comprehensive rearing system should be made for solving the child-rearing problem. For solving these problems and for the desirable infant-rearing and education, the joint irlart rearing, whidl compensates for the life, education and furthermore the sdlool edJcation through the volur1ary participation, has been prepared altematively. Compared to the traditional rearing system, joint infant-rearing is not only operated by the residents with the dues paid by the union members but also makes children experience the life force of natu"e in themselves. So the preparation of the standard of the suitable environment design for the joint infant-rearing is required which is diffrent from the traditional standard of the environmertal facilities for the traditional rearing system. The concept of joint infant-rearing was defind in this study through the reference and the ooncept of infant edJcation which is in operation suocessfully in Italy and Sweden in order to understand how the ooncept of infant education has changed as the ages have dlanged. And the basic principals for the formation of physical envirorvnert and the spare design and the envirorYnertal oondition for the practical environmental design was also studied through the reference. And after study about the concept. figure and physical environmental suggestion, the concept, standard and element of joint infant-rearing environment design was suggested. And as the final conclusion, the design requirement of the envirorvnertal design for the joint infant-rearing was suggested.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.318-323
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• 2003

This study was aimed at investigating the physicochemical characteristics of a freeze-dried soybean paste block with sea mustard. In the proximate composition, the crude protein, lipid and ash contents were higher in the product prepared with commercial doenjang than in a green tea product, whereas the carbohydrate content was high in the green tea doenjang than in the commercial product. There was a rich composition of free amino acids, alanine, phenylalanine, hydroxyproline, valine, leucine, isoleucine and lysine in both products. The majoity of the free amino acids were more abundant in the green tea doenjang product than in the commercial doenjang product. There were no differences between the two products in the total saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The order of the abundance of the fatty acid contents in both products were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The major of the organic acid in both the commercial soybean paste product and the green tea product was oxalic acid, followed by tartaric acid and citric acid. In the sensory evaluation test, the taste, color and overall acceptability were not significantly different between both products, but the odor was significantly higher in the commercial product than in the green tea product. The freeze-dried doenjang product could be convenient for cooking nutritious sea mustard soup, without tedious preparations for a husband and wife that are both working.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.5
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• pp.197-215
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• 2007

Yangbanxi("model plays") symbolize the Cultural Revolution(1966~1976) in China. The Eight Model Revolutionary Works include five Chinese Modern Peking Operas, namely, Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy(智取威虎山), Harbor(海港), Shaijabang(沙家浜), The Red Lantern(紅燈記), and Raid on the White Tiger Regiment ; (奇襲白虎團), ballets such as The Red Detachment of Women(紅色娘子軍) and The White-Haired Girl(白毛女) ; and a symphony: Shajiabang(沙家浜). On April 24, 1967, Chinese leaders, including Mao Zedong, saw a performance of The White-Haired Girl. Yanbanxi was performed in Beijing between May 24 and June 15 the same year. The Red Lantern was designated as a work for the proletarian classes by Jiang Qing(Mao Zedong's third wife and the most influential woman in China) and spread nationwide. It was also made into a film to be enjoyed by many people. The modern Chinese operas went a long way in their creation of visual images of revolutionary heroes. The Red Lantern, in particular, came to be regarded as the most representative revolutionary opera. In the course of such a process, Jiang Qing used Yangbanxi as a political tool for compelling the people to worship and pledge their allegiance to Mao in an effort to turn the Cultural Revolution into a class struggle on behalf of her husband. During the Cultural Revolution period, artists were made to associate with workers, farmers and soldiers based on the idea of advocating revolutionary arts for the proletarian classes. The characters in The Rend Lantern were portrayed as heroes from the proletarian classes according to the demands of the era. Chinese leaders set forth the principles of artistic expression, stressing three important factors: politics, heroes, and heroic acts, which were to be applied to all the visual arts, including Yangbanxi. This paper attempts to present a new view of fine arts during the Cultural Revolution in China by focusing on the productive significance of a leading style of a specific era in the past. To that end, this paper sheds light on products made in conformance with political instructions, stressing the importance of revolutionary heroes in The Red Lantern.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.309-321
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents related to health in the three major monthly women's magazine that was printed from March, 1997 to February, 1998. The unit of analysis was the section of health, living life, and reaing child. The total number of related story of health was 317. The analysis was done according to the target, health management, topics and the informer by using frequency and number. The findings are as follows : 1. The contents were categorized by target people. The number of items for women was 113(35.6%), child(17.4%), family(15.5), husband(4.7%) and others(26.8%). Others were the contents that are impossible to classify. 2. The number of items of contents by health management was the related to health maintenance and promotion 120(47.8%), health care when they were deviated from health 26(10.3%), and those of both attributes 105(41.8%). 3. The number of items of contents by topics was the related to the occurrence, prevention and treatment of various kinds of disease 41(12..9%), diet 37(11.7%), academic information 11.3%, women's disease 10.4%, the effect of foods 6.0%, child's growth & development and child care 5.75, various kinds of therapy for health care 5.7%, sexual life 5.4% and exercise 4.7%. 4. The number of items of contents by informer was medical doctor 215(49%), lay person's case report or report of a struggle against a disease 12.3%, relevant organization of a related story(eg. family therapy research institute, physical therapist's or teacher's) 11.2%, and the contents of existing books or lecture 8.9%. Among those contents, only the one case from nurse or Korean nurses association as informer was founded, which is related to "skinship child care." In conclusion, this finding showed that women's magazine took a role as a important resource providing informations of health to women. it provides a challenge to the health professionals to have concerns on women's needs, and the content, source, and accuracy of the health related information and take part in the process producing information through such as screening and examining so as to give accurate information to women. Then women's magazine can take a role as a major resource for maintaining and promoting women's health. Finally, nurses's, who are professional health care providers, important and active role as informers toward the lay persons, especially for the women who are non-professional care givers at the family unit should be stressed. More active and continual monitoring and analyzing the contents related health in the mass media including magazine and Internet network in detail, and participating in establishing the system of adequate and precise information for women and lay persons from the nursing profession are required absolutely.