• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.806-814
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• 2019

One of the future weapon systems is the individual smart weapon which has a structure mounted on the forearm of soldiers. The structure may cause injuries or affect the accuracy of fire due to its impact on joints when shooting. This paper proposes human-impact interaction modeling and a verification methodology in order to estimate the impact of fire applied to the forearm. For this purpose, a human musculoskeletal model was constructed and the joints' behavior in various shooting positions was simulated. In order to verify the simulation results, an impact testing device substituting the smart weapon was made and the experiment was performed on a real human body. This paper compares the simulation results performed under various impact conditions and the experimental values in terms of accuracy and introduces methods to complement them. The results of the study are expected to be a basis for a reliable human-impact interaction modeling, and smart individual weapon development.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.162-167
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• 2005

According to the principle of ascending water and descending fire, water has the property of wetting downward, which is the opposite of fire, which has the property of blazing upward. Thus, they work differently according to their innate properties. Nature and the human body maintain harmony through the interaction of ascending water and descending fire. When applied to the human body, the heart and kidney are the center of this principle. In other words, the heart above is the fire and the kidney downward is water. When the heart-fire harmonizes downward, the kidney becomes warm, enabling genuine vital functions to be active. When the kidney yin moves upward, the heart receives the nourishing yin to harmonize nutrients and blood. Thereby, physiological functions become normal throughout the blood meridians. However, in the ascending kidneywater and descending heart-yang of the heart and the kidney, the liver and lung are the major functional organs. In other words, the liver through the dispersing and raising yang functions moves water, which is the vital essence of the kidney, upward. And the lung, through the astriction?clearing of the lung and descending Qi?dispersing functions, moves the heart-fire downward. These functions are deeply related with changing seasons; thus, these functions can be explained with the ascending kidney-water and descending heart-yang of the five viscera.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2014

Recently, the safety assessments with using the various evacuation programs are performed for improving the performance of fire and evacuation safety in the building. Generally, the evacuation programs can simulate the human behavior in fire situation by applying the variation of the movement speed and Fractional Effective Dose (FED) index in the smoke. However, if the simulation is performed without optional setting around the fire, the agents do not avoid the fire and they move through the fire. Therefore in this study, we define the radiative repulsion force which exists between the fire and the agents. Moreover, we modify the Helbing's movement model by adding the radiative repulsion force. As a result of the modified movement model, all agents move around the fire and they do not enter the upper bound area of radiative heat flux, $2.4kW/m^2$. From these results, we verified the reliability of the modified movement model.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2021

Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive systems for human use. In this paper we suggest designing a smart deaf emergency application based on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) principles whereas nowadays everything around us is becoming smart, People already have smartphones, smartwatches, smart cars, smart houses, and many other technologies that offer a wide range of useful options. So, a smart mobile application using Text Telephone or TeleTYpe technology (TTY) has been proposed to help people with deafness or impaired hearing to communicate and seek help in emergencies. Deaf people find it difficult to communicate with people, especially in emergency status. It is stipulated that deaf people In all societies must have equal rights to use emergency services as other people. With the proposed application the deafness or impaired hearing can request help with one touch, and the location will be determined, also the user status will be sent to the emergency services through the application, making it easier to reach them and provide them with assistance. The application contains several classifications and emergency status (traffic, police, road safety, ambulance, fire fighting). The expected results from this design are interactive, experiential, efficient, and comprehensive features of human-computer interactive technology which may achieve user satisfaction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.175-178
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• 2015

This paper presents a VR-simulated sailor training platform for emergency in order to prevent a human error that causes 60~80% of domestic/ abroad marine accidents. Through virtual reality technology, the proposed platform provides an interaction method for proficiency of procedures in emergency, and a crowd control method for controlling crowd agents in a virtual ship environment. The interaction method uses speech recognition and gesture recognition to enhance the immersiveness and efficiency of the training. The crowd control method provides natural simulations of crowd agents by applying a behavior model that reflects the social behavior model of human. To examine the efficiency of the proposed platform, a prototype whose virtual training scenario describes the outbreak of fire in a ship was implemented as a standalone system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.176-181
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• 2016

In this paper, the autonomous mobile robot control system for detecting fire was proposed using the wearable device based on EMG(Electromyogram) signal. Myo armband is used for detecting the user's EMG signal. The gesture was classified after sending the data of EMG signal to a computer using Bluetooth communication. Then the robot named 'uBrain' was implemented to move by received data from Bluetooth communication in our experiment. 'Move front', 'Turn right', 'Turn left', and 'Stop' are controllable commands for the robot. And if the robot cannot receive the Bluetooth signal from a user or if a user wants to change manual mode to autonomous mode, the robot was implemented to be in the autonomous mode. The robot flashes the LED when IR sensor detects the fire during moving.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2010

Objective : The objective of this study was to survey the job satisfaction and turnover intention of 119 emergency medical technicians who are fire fighters and, at the same time, provide emergency patients with first aid, to examine the correlation between their job satisfaction and turnover intention, and to provide basic materials for the human resource management of 119 emergency medical technicians. Method : The survey was conducted with 152 119 emergency medical technicians working at fire stations in an area of Gyeonggi-do during the period from July 15 to September 14, 2009. Job satisfaction was measured with a tool developed by Kim Sun-sim and Kwon Hye-ran (2002) based on the Index of Work Satisfaction, and turnover intention with the tool developed by Becker (2002) and translated and used by Cho Yeong-sook (2002). The questionnaire was composed of 11 questions on general characteristics, 35 on job satisfaction, and 4 on turnover intention, so a total of 50 questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.922$ for job satisfaction and Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.854$ for turnover intention. Using SPSS 14.0, we obtained frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, and performed independent two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Results : 1) The mean score of the 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction was 2.71, and that of their turnover intention was 2.64. By area of job satisfaction, the mean score was 3.44 for the area of job itself, 2.92 for the interaction area, 2.67 for the organizational demand area, 2.64 for the autonomy area, 2.14 for the wage area, and 1.91 for the working condition area, showing that emergency medical technicians were generally satisfied with their job itself but not with their working condition. 2) As to difference according to the 119 emergency medical technicians' general characteristics, statistically significant difference was observed in job satisfaction according to license type (F = 4.729, p < .010), and in turnover intention according to position (F = 3.768, p < .025). 3) The 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction and turnover intention was in a negative correlation with each other (r = -.44, p < .000) in general, and by the sub-areas of job satisfaction, the correlation with turnover intention was high in order of the autonomy area (r = -.42, p = .000), interaction area (r = -.42, p = .000), job itself (r = -.35, p < .000), organizational demand area (r = -.30, p = .000), wage area (r = -.23, p = .000), and working condition area (r = -.21, p = .008). Conclusion : The 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction showed a negative correlation with their turnover intention. This suggests that turnover intention can be reduced by improving job satisfaction. Furthermore, 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction was high with the job itself, showing their high pride in their job, but was low with working condition and wage. Thus, it is necessary to enhance their job satisfaction by improving the 24-hour work system through supplementing manpower, compensating for overtime works, adjusting work hours per week, etc. These results are expected to be useful in making human resource management plans to lower turnover intention by enhancing 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.39-45
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• 1995

The plywoods commonly used as decorative interior materials for the construction are inflammable and so it is a causative factor for making fire accidents, resulting in the destruction of human life and personal properties. Indeed, it is, therefore, required to produce fire-retardant plywoods. In this study, a special grade of defect-free, Kapur plywood was used. Specimens were cut into 3- by 20cm dimensions from 120- by 240- by 0.33-cm panels(thin panel) or 120- by 240- by 0.5-cm panels(thick panel). Some specimens were treated with diammonium phosphate(DAP), but some were not treated with diammonium phosphate to use as control panels. Chemical absorption, drying curves, drying rates and dynamic Young's modulus were investigated. The results were summaries as follows; 1. The specimens were soaked into 19% diammonium phosphate solution by a full cell pressure process and the diammonium phosphate retained in the thin and thick plywoods was 1.409kg/$(30cm)^3$, 1.487kg/$(30cm)^3$, respectively. 2. Diammonium phosphate-treated plywoods were redried with press-drying process at one of either condition dried on the platen($115^{\circ}C$) for a period of time or dried on the platen($50^{\circ}C$) for 3 hrs plus in a dry-oven($30^{\circ}C$) for 24 hrs. or dried on the platen($60^{\circ}C$) for 2 hrs plus in a dry-oven($30^{\circ}C$) for 24 hrs. The drying rate of treated thin specimens dried at $60^{\circ}C$ plus $30^{\circ}C$ and $115^{\circ}C$ only was found to be 0.04 %/min. and 8.53 %/min. Similarly, the drying rate of treated thick specimens were 0.03 %/min. and 6.77 %/min. respectively. 3. It was evident that highly-significantly different drying rate of treated plywoods was observed between plywood thicknesses and platen temperatures and the rate was increased by elevating the platen temperature up to $115^{\circ}C$. Based on the two-way variance analysis, highly significant drying rate was observed from the interaction between plywood thicknesses and platen temperatures. 4. After redrying, the specimens were weighed and reconditioned to a constant weight in a facility maintained temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) and relative humidity(65%) prior to test dynamic Young's modulus. The test revealed that the thin specimens dried at the platen temperature of $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $115^{\circ}C$ and untreated specimens showed 1.070E+09 dyne/$cm^2$, 1.156E+09 dyne/$cm^2$, 1.243E+09 dyne/$cm^2$, and 1.052E+09 dyne/$cm^2$, respectively. Likewise, the thick specimens revealed 5.647E+09 dyne/$cm^2$ 5.670E+09 dyne/$cm^2$, 6.395E+09 dyne/$cm^2$ and 5.415E+09 dyne/$cm^2$, respectively. 5. It was evident that significantly different dynamic Young's modulus was observed between the plywood thickness and the platen temperature, but not in the two-way interaction between the plywood thickness${\times}$the platen temperature.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.1 s.19
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• pp.1-17
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• 2007

Dang jonghae had written five books on chinese medicine, ${\ulcorner}$Hyeoljeungron${\lrcorner}$ is his most important work. He wanted to correct the fallacies of the theory of Jang and Bu by comparing with Oriental and Western medicine. He distinguished Bi from Cheomyuk by comparing the spleen with the pancreas. He recognized Stomach as the warehouse of foods, and explained that Bi took charge of digestion actually. Bi charged the function of Transportation and Blood-govering in addition to plain digestion, he wrote. Dang jonghae regarded the metabolism of the human body as the interaction of Gi, Blood, Water and Fire. And he explained that Bi adjusted them. He classified Syndrome of Blood into five sorts of syndrome and presented four kinds of treatment. Especially he took a serious view of the treatment connected with Bi and Stomach. He set up the theory of Bi and Stomach practically on basis of anatomy, but he didn ' t assorted the physiology and pathology of each organ clearly. However he proved the importance of Bi and Stomach by treating Syndrome of Blood and provided with the foundation of merging chinese and western medicine.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.118-129
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• 1993

In order to approach the nursing care of clients who are using oriental medicine and to understand the perception of the client who uses oriental medicine practices and the need to develop a model of nursing related to oriental medicine it is important to examine the major nursing concepts as they are found in oriental medicine and as they are differently defined according to the basic thought, theory and philosophical perspectives between East and West. Oriental medicine developed based on Sung Confucianism the teachings of Chut-zu, especially Tai-Chi-Tu Shuo and energy thought which are similar to traditional Korean Sasang Constitutional medicine. The basic theory on which oriental medicine is build is the theory of the five elements of Yin / Eum-Yang Theory(cosmic dual forces) and Meridian Theory. The most important attribute of Yin Yang is the concept of duality, confrontation and dependence, within Yin Yang but which do not exist separately. That is, the universe is a vast, indivisible entity within which all things exist in harmonious interdependence and balance. Harmony is achieved only when the two primorial forces, Yin and Yang, are brought into perfect balance. Each is contained within the other and there is a continuing interchange between the two. This also applies to the human body including human health which is defined as balanced harmony. The most universal connection of Yin and Yang is found in the universe where the five elements of life, fire, water, earth, wood and metal can be explained as having either Yin or Yang and therefore being in a state of connectedness but systematically circulating between the two, that is essentalilly one (the control of the unified ) or as coexistant poles of individual wholes (the pluralism of Yin Yang Theory) so that it is all unified(balanced) in the Great Absoulte. Human beings also maintain a balance of Yin and Yang in the five elements and this relationship is very important in approaching ·oriental medicine, The meridians are the channels in the body through which the life force flow throughout the body. In oriental medicine the meridians are seen as the railroad, the acupuncture points on the meridians as the stations and energy as the train. In the normal healthy organism, all are maintained in balance and in a contiuous circulation of energy. illness is the result of the energy flow becoming disarranged. Although practitioners of oriental medicine approach the client differently than do practitioners of Western medicine and their method of examining the patient is different, the basic objectives of the examination are the same for practitioners of both types of medicine. Therefore if each could be used to supplement the defiencies in the other and achieve a harmonious cooperation between the two, a higher level of care which is culturally appropriate to korean culture could be achieved. The traditional korean concept of health is a naturalistic view which emphasizes being in harmony with nature. Any manifestation of disease is considered a sign that the body is in a state of disequilibrium and is thus no longer in harmony with the universe. The wholistic view of the world held by practitioners of oriental medicine can be used by nursing in the development of a world view of nursing in which the human being is seen within the macrocosm as part of the natural phenomenon of the universe and but also as a microcosm of the universe, a universe which is a vast and indivisible entity within which all things exist in harmonious interdependence and balance. Interaction between human beings and their environment and the relationship of this interaction to health are concepts that are also found in nursing. Nursing views human brings, not as an accumulation of separate cells and organs but, as unified wholes interacted in very close relationship nth their environment. Nursing also maintains a view of human beings in which emphasis is placed on the role of the mind in explaining the concepts of harmony and balance in health. Although there are differences between oriental medicine and nursing in approaches to clients, the basic point of view and philosophy have many fundamental similarites. An understanding of the basic thought and philosophy of oriental medicine if applied to nursing, would allow for the development, not only of nursing related to oriental medicine, but of a nursing theory appropriate to the korean context.