• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.290-303
• /
• 1996

There is a need to define the concept of suffering more appropriate in the context of Korean culture. This research is an attempt to analyze and develop the concept of suffering by applying the Hybrid Model suggested by Schwartz-Barcott and Kim. The data were collected from March 20, 1995 to September 17,1995. The subjects of the study were eight persons including in-patients and out-patients of a general hospital who were diagnosed as having cancer and those resting in sanatoria for natural treatment of cancer. Qualitative research methods of in-depth interview and participant observation were used for data collection. The contents of the interviews were recorded on tape. Data-analysis progressed according to the 3 phases suggested by the Hybrid Model. For each case, in-depth interview data and participant observation data were included and the attributes of suffering revealed in these data were analyzed. Finally, by summarizing the results from each case, the attributes of suffering, its dimensions, definition, and processes observed in the field were suggested. According to the results of the study, the followlng new definition of suffering is suggested : Suffering is a fundamental and inevitable experience of all human beings. When each individual experiences loss, damage, and pain which threaten one's personal integrity, suffering is perceived differently among each individual depending on their personal inner factors, one's significant others, exterior circumstances and stimuli, and the ultimate meaning of life. Suffering brings severe and unendurable distress which accompany despair, powerlessness, anxiety, bitterness, fear, anguish, guilt, depression, withdrawal and anger. The results of this study suggest that the more responsibility and burden a cancer patient felt, the more suffering she/he experienced and it tended to be more relevant to one's significant others and exterior circumstances and stimuli : the less responsibility and burden a cancer patient had, the less suffering she/he experienced and it tended to be related to one's inner factors. These findings have implications for nursing profession. When caring for patients who experience suffering, nurses need to consider the influence of responsibility, burden, and each dimension of suffering. Moreover, appropriate nursing interventions aimed at relieving pain and satisfying the spiritual need of patients experiencing loss need to be developed and implemented more widely.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제38권5호
• /
• pp.640-649
• /
• 2000

In the restoration of endodontically treated teeth, carbon fiber post was recently introduced. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the fracture strength of teeth restored with a pre-fabricated carbon fiber post in comparison with teeth restored with a prefabricated titanium post & custom cast gold post after cyclic loading in the different environment. A total of 30 recently extracted human central incisors of similar dimension with crowns removed were used. All teeth were placed into acrylic blocks and every steps for post and core fabrication were made accord-ing to manufacture's instruction. The post length and core dimensions were standardizd. All teeth were divided into 6 groups: 1) carbon fiber post / atmosphere, 2) titanium post / atmosphere, 3) gold post / atmosphere, 4) carbon fiber post / wet, 5) titanium post / wet, 6) gold post / wet. Carbon fiber post and titanium post were cemented in place using resin cement and cores were fabricated with Ti-Core. Custom cast gold post was made from Duralay pattern resin and cemented using resin cement, too. All specimens were thermocycled 10,000 times. After 50,000 cyclic loading, failure strength was measured using Instron testing machine. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the mean fracture strength. Results were as follows : 1. All specimens showed lower fracture strength in wet environment after cyclic loading than in atmosphere condition, but did not reveal a significant difference. 2. There was no significant difference between carbon fiber post specimen and titanium post specimen in the same environment. 3. Gold cast post specimen showed significant different greater fracture strength than those of others in the same environment. 4. Carbon fiber post specimen showed no root fracture.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
• /
• 제44권4호통권316호
• /
• pp.86-92
• /
• 2007

2D 영상의 특징점을 추적하는 이산동적 모델을 고안한다. 종래의 스네이크 접근은 내외 추진력으로 구성된 에너지함수를 최소화하도록 구획을 변형시켜가면서 영상 내의 원하는 특징에 밀착시켜간다. 이 때 스네이크화소를 중심한 인접화소군은 사각형 같은 평면 2차 행렬이다. 본 논문에서는 유사 특성점들을 상호 연결하는 모델 구조를 제시한다. 에너지모델은 그 국부최소점이 활성처리에 유용한 교차 해법에 적합하도록 설계한다. 추적시 선 형태의 1차 행렬 블록을 사용한다. 진행 방향의 반대 끝 라인으로부터 굴곡상태를 만족하는 시발점들을 선정하고 에너지 최소처리를 통해 이웃 라인으로 순차 자동 이동한다. 추적 경로는 상승 하강점 또는 극대 극소점과 같은 굴곡 한계에 의존한다. 이와 같은 층위적 접근은 인접데이터 라인 사이에 수직 또는 수평 방향으로 높은 상관성을 갖는 일방향 특성이 있는 디지털 영상의 특징점 추적에 유용하다. 그리고 인체 경동맥초음파영상에서 그 내 외막 시점을 추적하는 실험으로 알고리즘의 효과를 확인하였다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2007

본 고에서는 보다 수준 높은 호스피스 케어를 위해서는 고통에 대한 포괄적인 이해와 영적 접근에 대한 의식확장이 전제되어야 한다는 가정 하에 관련된 문헌을 살펴보았다. 최근 건강관련분야 특히 만성적 건강문제에 접근하는 기본 패러다임으로 총체적 모델에 대한 관심이 증대하고 있는데 이는 인간에 대한 존엄과 인간을 몸과 마음 그리고 영적인 요소가 하나로 통합된 존재로 보는 이론체계를 수용한다. 따라서 전인적, 총체적으로 인간을 이해하는 것은 죽음을 앞둔 대상자의 건강과 관련된 의사결정과 치유과정에 필수적인 요소라 할 수 있으며 이 때 제기될 수 있는 윤리적 관점은 또다른 차원의 문제인 것이다. 인간은 죽음을 체험하면서 궁극적인 고통과 대면하게 되는데 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 의료적 조치인 이성의 힘만이 아니라 절대자인 신(God : 하느님 : 우주)과의 관계 안에서의 모색이 연결되어져야 할 것이라고 본다. 죽음의 고통을 겪고 있는 대상자들은 의료인의 따뜻한 마음과 전인적인 포용력을 요구하는 인간적인 특성을 소지하고 있다. 호스피스에 관심을 갖는 의료인들은 인간의 마음 속 깊은 곳에 자리하고 있는 종교심 또는 영적 영역의 장을 인정하고 애정어린 몸짓으로 대상자의 고통에 함께 함으로써 보다 수준 높은 호스피스 케어가 이루어질 수 있으므로 그들의 곁에 있다는 것을 느끼게 해주는 한편 고통에 대한 의식을 확장하고 발전시키고자 하는 신념을 소지할 필요가 있다.

• 패션비즈니스
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.17-29
• /
• 2016

To develop baseball catcher leg guards, 3-dimensional (3D) methodologies, which are 3D human body data, reverse engineering, modeling, and printing, optimized guard design for representative positions. Optimization was based on analysis of 3D body surface data and subjective evaluation using 3D printing products. Reverse engineering was used for analysis and modeling based on data in three postures: standing, $90^{\circ}$ knee flexion, and $120^{\circ}$ knee flexion. During knee flexion, vertical skin length increased, with the thigh and knee larger in anterior area compared to the horizontal dimension. Moreover, $120^{\circ}$ knee flexion posture had a high radius of curvature in knee movement. Therefore, guard designs were based on increasing rates of skin deformation and numerical values of radius of curvature. Guards were designed with 3-part zoning at the thigh, knee, and shin. Guards 1 and 2 had thigh and knee boundaries allowing vertical skin length deformation because the shape of thigh and knee significantly affects to its performance. Guard 2 was designed with a narrower thigh and wider knee area than guard 1. The guards were manufactured as full-scale products on a 3D printer. Both guards fit better in sitting than standing position, and guard 2 received better evaluations than guard 1. Additional modifications were made and an optimized version (guard 3) was tested. Guard 3 showed the best fit. A design approach based on 3D data effectively determines best fitting leg guards, and 3D printing technology can customize guard design through immediate feedback from a customer.

• Bioinformatics and Biosystems
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2006

The aim of this paper is to discuss the effect of missing values in detecting differentially expressed genes in a cDNA microarray experiment in the context of a one sample problem. We conducted a cDNA micro array experiment to detect differentially expressed genes for the metastasis of colorectal cancer based on twenty patients who underwent liver resection due to liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. Total RNAs from metastatic liver tumor and adjacent normal liver tissue from a single patient were labeled with cy5 and cy3, respectively, and competitively hybridized to a cDNA microarray with 7775 human genes. We used $M=log_2(R/G)$ for the signal evaluation, where Rand G denoted the fluorescent intensities of Cy5 and Cy3 dyes, respectively. The statistical problem comprises a one sample test of testing E(M)=0 for each gene and involves multiple tests. The twenty cDNA microarray data would comprise a matrix of dimension 7775 by 20, if there were no missing values. However, missing values occur for various reasons. For each gene, the no missing proportion (NMP) was defined to be the proportion of non-missing values out of twenty. In detecting differentially expressed (DE) genes, we used the genes whose NMP is greater than or equal to 0.4 and then sequentially increased NMP by 0.1 for investigating its effect on the detection of DE genes. For each fixed NMP, we imputed the missing values with K-nearest neighbor method (K=10) and applied the nonparametric t-test of Dudoit et al. (2002), SAM by Tusher et al. (2001) and empirical Bayes procedure by $L\ddot{o}nnstedt$ and Speed (2002) to find out the effect of missing values in the final outcome. These three procedures yielded substantially agreeable result in detecting DE genes. Of these three procedures we used SAM for exploring the acceptable NMP level. The result showed that the optimum no missing proportion (NMP) found in this data set turned out to be 80%. It is more desirable to find the optimum level of NMP for each data set by applying the method described in this note, when the plot of (NMP, Number of overlapping genes) shows a turning point.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제9권7호
• /
• pp.894-903
• /
• 2006

하드웨어의 급속한 기술발전은 3차원 영상정보를 포함한 다양한 디지털 영상정보의 급속한 발전과 확대를 가져왔다. 애니메이션, 가상현실, 영화, 광고, 게임 분야에서도 3차원 디지털 영상처리는 매우 다양하고 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 이러한 3차원 디지털 영상 속에 등장하는 3D캐릭터는 의인화된 동작이나 음성, 표정등을 통해 관객에게 감동과 정보를 전달하는 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 3D캐릭터의 활용도와 사용범위가 확대되어감에 따라 효과적인 3D캐릭터의 동작연구나 표정연출에 대한 관심도 또한 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 내적감정상태의 효과적 수단으로 사용되는 표정에 대해 연구해본다. 해부학적 구조에 기반한 얼굴근육의 운동방향과 변화에 따른 3D 캐릭터의 표정구현에 대해 살펴보고 효과적인 표현방법을 모색해보고자 한다. 또한 선행연구로 진행된 2D캐릭터 표정연구와의 비교를 통하여 그 차이점과 특징에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

• 복식문화연구
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.565-578
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the emotional experience dimension on the brand of the low price cosmetics and to empirically investigate the effect of emotional experience on the relationship between customers and brand. Data were collected for 10 days starting on March $2^{nd}$ 2009. Questionnaires were distributed to 517 female college students who experienced to purchase the products of the low price cosmetic brand and answers were collected. The results of analysis on collected data showed that the emotional experience was classified into sense, spatial environmental emotion, sales promotion emotion, salesperson emotion and visual/verbal identity, and emotional experience on low price cosmetic brand had a positive effect on the relationship between customer and brand. Specifically, it was showed that emotional experience on low price cosmetic brand significantly affected the customer satisfaction, brand trust and brand attachment. In terms of effect of emotional experience on customer satisfaction, the orders in the degree of influence were following: the sense, spatial environmental emotion, sale promotion emotion and salesperson emotions. In terms of effect of emotional experience on brand trust, the orders in the degree of influence were following: the sense, salesperson emotions, sale promotion emotion and spatial environmental emotion. In terms of effect of emotional experience on brand attachment, the orders in the degree of influence were following: the sense, spatial environmental emotion, salesperson emotions, visual/verbal identity and sale promotion emotion.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국HCI학회 2009년도 학술대회
• /
• pp.976-983
• /
• 2009

앰비언트 인포메이션 시스템(Ambient Information System)은 앰비언트 디스플레이(우리 주변에서의 빛과 소리 움직임의 미묘한 변화를 통하여 공간 안에서 정보를 보여주는 미디어)의 확장된 개념으로써 비관입적인 방법으로 정보를 전달한다[4]. 최근 사용자 개인의 감각과 경험에 영향을 주는 미디어의 중요성이 증대되고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 공공 장소에서의 앰비언트 인포메이션 시스템의 역할도 증대되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 공공 장소에서의 정보 인식에 대하여 여러 가지 디자인 요소를 비추어 봤을 때 가장 적합한 시스템 형태를 찾고 그것을 활용하는 데에 주안점을 두었다. 우리는 기존 연구를 토대로, 앰비언트 인포메이션 시스템의 실제적 활용에서 숙고해야 할 디자인 요소를 13가지로 추출하였다. 또한 이를 검증하기 위하여 'Followingflow'라고 명명한 인터랙티브 조명을 설치하고 실험하였다. 그 결과, 정보에 따른 추상적 패턴 정의 시 누구라도 이해할 수 있도록 '통상적인 멘탈 모델'을 고려할 필요가 있다고 사료되었다. 또한 공공 장소에 적합한 정보는 날씨와 같은 알려져도 좋을 사실과 소수 그룹의 정보라도 행인이 알 수 없다면 좋다고 여겼다.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.539-555
• /
• 2020

This study explored the conceptual constructs of shopping values and experiential marketing components of home furnishing brands as well as their impacts on the behavioral intention toward home furnishing goods. The mediating roles of experiential marketing were investigated in this research. A survey was performed on female shoppers between the ages of 20 and 50 who have visited and shopped at home furnishing brand stores. The results of this research were as follows. 1) The results to analyze the sub-dimension of shopping values (Social, Differential, Utilitarian, Aesthetic, Entertaining, and Sustainable) and experiential marketing components (Sense, Emotion, Coordination information, and Customer services) showed factorial structures. 2) Aesthetic, Differential, and Utilitarian shopping values showed significantly positive influences on behavioral intentions of home furnishing brand products; in addition, Sense, Emotion, and Coordination information components of experiential marketing had a positive effect on behavioral intentions of home furnishing brand products. 3) The Emotion and Sense components of experiential marketing had important medicating roles in the relationship between shopping values and behavioral intentions of home furnishing brand products. This study highlighted that shopping values and experiential marketing components should be promoted among consumers to increase behavioral intentions of home furnishing brand products.