• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
• /
• v.23 no.10
• /
• pp.115-120
• /
• 2009

In this parer, we design the artificial intelligent direction escape light control system to improve/complete the defects of the existing fire fighting system, and sketch an optimum escape guide algorithm for its implementation. It intends to minimize human casualties and injuries by calculating/predicting moving line of the optimum emergency escape, by means of interlocking the sensor and the reception group and analyzing the data of the combustion point and the smoke movement. The optimum escape algorithm is designed by FLOYD algorithm which calculates the shortest distance. It consists of the measuring method which calculates the shortest distance by using hazardous factors for each condition in danger which is judged by the sensor installed in each area.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.20 no.3 s.50
• /
• pp.215-221
• /
• 2005

Environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbones (PAHs), which are formed during incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, are widely distributed in our environment. Human exposure to PAHs may occur through smoking, polluted air, food consumption and occupational contact. Urinary naphthols, 1-and 2-naphthol, have been suggested as route -specific biomarkers for exposure to airborne PAHs. Cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is known to be a great importance for the metabolism of organic solvents, which is a precacinogens with small molecular weight. This study describes the metabolic differences between PstI and RsaI polymorphisms (c1 allele: PstI-. RsaI+ ; c2 allele: PstI+, RsaI-) of CYP2E1 5-flanking region by genetically modified HepG2 cells, which overexpress the polymorphic regions. The results of CAT assay and western blot in the c2 allele overexpressed cells have higher activities than the cl allele over-expressing cells. However, the metabolism of naphthalene to 2-naphthol has no difference due to the two genotypes. In this study, we established the CYP2E1 polymorphic allele transduced HepG2 cells to screen susceptibility -differences in PAH exposure. In conclusion, the CYP2E1 polymorphism may hardly induce susceptibility differences in PAH exposure monitoring with urinary naphthols.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.76-83
• /
• 2015

EPS sandwich panel contains flame retardants that slow down ignition during fires,reduce the amount of heat generated, and block the spread of combustion. However, if a sandwich panel does not satisfy standards for fire-retardant performance, it may increase damage to property and human life. It is difficult to test the fire-retardant performance of a finishing material with the naked eye, so it is necessary to develop convenient and fast evaluation methods that are convenient and fast. In this study, a fire safety evaluation method for EPS sandwich panel was analyzed using X-ray to detect specific components related to the fire-retardant performance X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) indicated that suitable panel products contained more aluminum in comparison to unsuitable products. Gibbsite was identified as the main crystalline material of flame retardant EPS through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and was included in both suitable products and unsuitable products, but there was a difference in crystalline structure. This study was verifies the possibility of evaluating fire-retardant performance using ultimate analysis and crystal analysis through these X-ray methods.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2020

Due to the complexity and large size of buildings, plastic resin is widely used as a building material. Accordingly, the occurrence of fires caused by plastics is increasing. Due to the nature of plastic resin fires, the amount of damage to properties and human life caused by combustion products such as smoke are large, and these damages are related to smoke production and smoke generation. Therefore, this study reviews smoke measurement methods and laws on domestic buildings and fire services. Experiments were conducted based on three smoke-related test standards (ISO 5660-1, ISO 12136, ASTM E 662). The experiment results indicate a total smoke production and generation by PP, PVC, and PMMA of 43.27, 32.83, and 12.33 ㎡, and 27.855, 9.599, and 6.975 g, respectively.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.30-39
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to identify problems in domestic flame-retardant performance specifications. Currently, the domestic wallcovering anti-inflammatory regulations are not prepared for damage caused by smoke, with the carbonized area as the main function. In particular, given that smoke is the main cause of human casualties and injuries in a fire, it is reasonable that the flame density and toxicity of the wallcovering should also be the main performance indicators. The scope and method of research in this study were as follows. First, a prior study related to fire on various wallcoverings was considered. Second, it raised questions about the effects of smoke in the event of a fire and domestic anti-inflammatory performance tests. Third, textile wallcovering samples were manufactured with viscose rayon for experimental verification of the problems and tested by Korean and EU standards without flame retardant processing to analyze the differences between each regulation. Fourth, the performance of flame retardant wallcovering according to Korean standards was evaluated using smoke density and harmful gas testing methods. The results of each test were as follows. Non-fire retardant wallcovering was rejected by Korea standards. However, B-s1.d0 in Europe. Smoke density testing and harmful gas by domestic combustion processing on the same sample showed that the smoke density increased about 4.3 times more than before, and the harmful gas test showed that the suspension of the post-processing sample slowed earlier than the non-processed sample.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.3-14
• /
• 2005

Among modern people's life-style, the lack of exercise and sleep is related to infertility. Underexercise accumulates damp-sputum, resulting in the insufficiency of essence. It also obstructs the creation of essence, leading to insufficient essence. Activities at night without sleep cannot create the condition to help the process of yin, causing the insufficiency of essence. Fast food is made from the cattle which are fed the feed containing growth hormone and antibiotics in large quantities. Growth hormone causes the process of yang excessively in human body, while antibiotic suppresses the process of yin, leading to excessive damp-heat and hyperactive ministerial fire. Antiseptic included in instant food hampers the process of fermentation, or yin, and inhibits the digestion mechanism, obstructing damp-heat and bringing about hyperactive ministerial fire. Intake of excessive flesh and meat gives rise to incomplete combustion and hinders the creation of essence, causing hyperactive ministerial fire due to the lack of yin. Milk suits the calf that has a rapid growth cycle. Milk intake by humans leads to the rapid process of yang and eventually hyperactivity of ministerial fire. The imbalance between yin and yang, with essence insufficent and ministerial fire hyperactive, causes infertility in three aspects. First, the lack of essence itself makes conception difficult. Secondly, damp-sputum resulting from ministerial fire obstructs the circulation of qi and blood. It also hampers the normal supply of qi and blood to the uterus. Thirdly, the excessive process of yang may result in infertility. Generally speaking, pregnancy starts with implantation. If the excessive process of yang is in progress in body, static condition needed for implantation cannot be maintained, leading to infertility.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Investigation
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.59-75
• /
• 2007

The causes of the fire casualties were the heat burns, contacted by flame, before the period of industrialization. According to the economic has been developed drastically since 1990, residing space has been become bigger and sophistication and interior finishing materials have been diversified. Therefore, the suffocation casualties, caused by inspiration of toxic combustion gases, have been more increased than the flame casualties in recently. Also, the arson casualties have been increasing with the increasing of insurance crime to take the Insurance money. According to National Emergency Management Agency announcement, 31,778 fires was occurred nationwide in 2006 and the total casualties were 2,180 occurred. 446 persons were died among them. Because the exact investigation of fire, occurred the death, is very especially important that civil and criminal cases will be happened. Therefore, we studied about the cause of fire, the place of origin, and the group of casualties age on the axies of fires, which were occurred recently. And the identification method of fire casualties, the human behavior characteristic, the flame casualties and the suffocation casualties at fire scene.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2023

The potential sources and spatial distribution of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the leaf plants of Al-Zubair city. A total of 14 samples of conocarpus lancifolius plant leaf were collected and analyzed for their heavy metals and PAHs content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a 7890 Agilent capillary gas chromatograph (GC) respectively. Bioaccumulation factor calculation revealed the highest pollution of heavy metals , due to the activity of a petrochemical in the area. The diagnostic ratio of Ant/(Phe+Ant), BaA/BaA+Chr), In/(In+BghiP), Flu/Pyr, FlA/FlA+Pyr), FlA/FlA+Pyr), ∑LMW/∑HMW are commonly used for determining the origin and source of PAHs in various environmental media. The diagnostic ratio indicated the anthropogenic origin. PAHs with five-to-six membered rings were dominant in the plant leaf, which likely results from anthropogenic activities. The leaves of C. lancifolius have a preponderance of high molecular weight PAHs compared to low molecular weight PAHs, indicating a combustion origin (car exhaust, petroleum emissions, and fossil fuel). C. lancifolius leaves are a reliable indication of atmospheric PAHs absorption. The background level of heavy metals in the city (or the near environment) is in the order of Fe > Cu > Ni > Cr. On the other hand, the bioaccumulation in plant leaves showed greater tendencies as follows: Co>Cd>Zn=As>Cu>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Fe. Cobalt showed high bioaccumulation, indicating strong uptake of Co by plant leaves. These findings point to human activity and car emissions as the primary sources of roadside vegetation pollution in Al-Zubair city.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
• /
• 2019.10a
• /
• pp.134-134
• /
• 2019

Utilization of organic waste as a renewable energy source is promising for sustainability and mitigation of climate change. Pyrolysis converts organic waste to gas, oil, and biochar by incomplete biomass combustion. Biochar is widely used as a soil conditioner and adsorbent. Biochar adsorbs/desorbs metals and ions depending on the soil environment and condition to act as a nutrient buffer in soils. Biochar is also regarded as a carbon storage by fixation of organic carbon. Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are strictly controlled in many wastewater treatment plants because it causes eutrophication in water bodies. P and N is removed by biological and chemical methods in wastewater treatment plants and transferred to sludge for disposal. On the other hand, P is an irreplaceable essential element for all living organisms and its resource (phosphate rock) is estimated about 100 years of economical mining. Therefore, P and N recovery from waste and wastewater is a critical issue for sustainable human society. For the purpose, intensive researches have been carried out to remove and recover P and N from waste and wastewater. Previous studies have shown that biochars can adsorb and desorbed phosphates implying that biochars could be a complementary fertilizer. However, most of the conventional biochar have limited capacity to adsorb phosphates and nitrate. Recent studies have focused on biochar impregnated with metal salts to improve phosphates and nitrate adsorption by synthesizing biochars with novel structures and surface properties. Metal salts and metal oxides have been used for the surface modification of biochars. If P removal is the only concern, P adsorption kinetics and capacity are the only important factors. If both of P and N removal and the application of recovery are concerned, however, P and N desorption characteristics and bioavailability are also critical factors to be considered. Most of the researches on impregnated biochars have focused on P removal efficiency and kinetics. In this study, coffee waste is thermally treated to produce biochar and it was impregnated with Mg/Al to enhance phosphates and nitrate adsorption/desorption and P bioavailability to increase its value as a fertilizer. Kinetics of phosphates and nitrate adsorption/desorption and bioavailability analysis were carried out to estimate its potential as a P and N removal adsorbent in wasewater and a fertilizer in soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.220-228
• /
• 2017

Since the fine particulate matters occurred from mainly combustion in industry and road transport effect to human respiratory health, the interest and importance are getting increased. In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans, with the particulate matter component ($PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$) of air pollution most closely associated with increased cancer incidence, especially cancer of the lung. Therefore, many researches have been studied in the quantification and data development of fine particulate matters. Currently, the Ministry of Environment and cities/regions are developing the fine particulate matter data and air emission information. Particularly just $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ data is used in the fine particulate matters warning and alert. The data of NOx, SOx, $NH_3$, which have the particulate matter formation potential are not well considered. Also, the researches related with particulate matter formation potential and respiratory effects by industrial sectors and cities/regions are not conducted well. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and calculate particulate matter formation potential and respiratory effects in 11 industrial sectors and cities using NOx, SOx, $PM_{10}$, $NH_3$ data (developed by Ministry of Environment and National Institute of Environmental Research) in 2001 and 2013. The results of this study will be provided the particulate matter formation potential and respiratory effects and will be used for future the fine particulate matter researches.