• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.391-400
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• 2009

Genetic identification of 17 fish-derived Aeromonas strains was attempted using 5 housekeeping genes. 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoD, dnaJ and recA genes from the 17 strains were amplified, and total of 85 amplicons were sequenced. DNA sequences of the strains and type strains of the 17 Aeromonas homology groups were used for genetic identification and phylogenetic analyses. None of the strains was identified as a single species using the 16S rRNA gene, showing the same identities (average = 99.7%) with several Aeromonas species. According to gyrB, rpoD, dnaJ, and recA, 9 strains and RFAS-1 used in this study were identified as A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, respectively. However, the other strains were closely related to 2 or more Aeromonas species (i.e., A. salmonicida, A. veronii, A. jandaei, A. media and A. troda) depending on the genetic marker used. In this study, gyrB, rpoD, dnaJ and recA gene sequences proved to be advantageous over 16S rRNA for the identification of field Aeromonas isolates obtained from fish. However, there are discrepancies between analyses of different phylogenetic markers, indicating there are still difficulties in genetic identification of the genus Aeromonas using the housekeeping genes used in this study. Advantages and disadvantages of each housekeeping gene should be taken into account when the gene is used for identification of Aeromonas species.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.28.1-28.8
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• 2019

Background: In the present study, we evaluated four commonly used housekeeping genes, viz., actin-β, elongation factor-1α (EF1α), acidic ribosomal protein (ARP), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as internal references for quantitative analysis of immune genes in nervous necrosis virus (NNV)-infected seven-band grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. Methods: Expression profiles of the four genes were estimated in 12 tissues of healthy and infected seven-band grouper. Expression stability of the genes was calculated using the delta Ct method, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm algorithms. Consensus ranking was performed using RefFinder, and statistical analysis was done using GraphpadPrism 5.0. Results: Tissue-specific variations were observed in the four tested housekeeping genes of healthy and NNV-infected seven-band grouper. Fold change calculation for interferon-1 and Mx expression using the four housekeeping genes as internal references presented varied profiles for each tissue. EF1α and actin-β was the most stable expressed gene in tissues of healthy and NNV-infected seven-band grouper, respectively. Consensus ranking using RefFinder suggested EF1α as the least variable and highly stable gene in the healthy and infected animals. Conclusions: These results suggest that EF1α can be a fairly better internal reference in comparison to other tested genes in this study during the NNV infection process. This forms the pilot study on the validation of reference genes in Hyporthodus septemfasciatus, in the context of NNV infection.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2018

Purpose: To determine impacts of psychological distress, gender role attitude, and housekeeping sharing on quality of life of gynecologic cancer survivors. Methods: Subjects completed questionnaires consisting of four measurements: FACT-G (ver. 4) for quality of life, anxiety and depression from SCL-90-R for psychological distress, gender role attitude, and housekeeping sharing. A total of 158 completed data sets were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 21.0 program. Results: Quality of life was significantly and negatively correlated with psychological distress (r=-0.64, p<.001), but not with gender role attitude (r=-0.14, p=.820) or housekeeping sharing (r=0.08, p=.350). Psychological distress was significantly and positively correlated with gender role attitude (r=0.25, p<.010). Factors that significantly impacted quality of life were type of cancer (t=2.27, p=.025), number of treatment methods (t=2.58, p=.011), education level (t=3.33, p<.001), and psychological distress (t=-9.96, p<.001). Conclusion: Nursing interventions that can relieve psychological distress need to be developed for gynecologic cancer survivors. Nurses need to put priority on ovarian cancer survivors who have low education level with multiple treatment methods when performing nursing interventions to improve the quality of life of gynecologic cancer survivors.

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2016

Biological response of cells to variable conditions should affect the expression level of certain genes. Quantification of these changes in target genes needs stable internal controls. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has traditionally used reference or ‘housekeeping’ genes, that are considered to maintain equal expression in different conditions, to evaluate changes in target genes between samples and experimental conditions. Recent studies showed that some housekeeping genes may vary considerably in certain biological samples. This has not been evaluated in red algae. In order to identify the optimal internal controls for real-time PCR, we studied the expression of eleven commonly used housekeeping genes; elongation factor 1-alpha, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-actin, polyubiquitin, 30S ribosomal gene, 60S ribosomal gene, beta-tubulin, alpha-tubulin, translation initiation factor, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and isocitrate dehydrogenase in different life-history stages of Bostrychia moritziana. Our results suggest that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and 30S ribosomal gene, have the most stable gene expression levels between the different life history stages (male, female, carposporophyte, and tetrasporophyte), while the other genes are not satisfactory as internal controls. These results suggest that the combinations of GAPDH and 30S would be useful as internal controls to assess expression level changes in genes that may control different physiological processes in this organism or that may change in different life history stages. These results may also be useful in other red algal systems.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.89-105
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze working mothers' demand for child care and housekeeping home services, and to investigate the present supply condition of home services in Korea. Data collection was implemented to examine the service demand of working mothers(n=700) in four areas. The data were analyzed with SPSS. The results were as follows: 1) For home-based child-care dispatch services social enterprises are superior to other private service suppliers in terms of the treatment of service workers, wages, and quality control. As for child care service contents, the provision of meals, and casual safeguards were mostly expected. The most important qualification for care providers was found to be in faithfulness, and the certification related with child care was required. An affordable wage range was perceived as ￦3,000~5,000 per hour, and part time services. For the time range, services which commenced before 9 am and terminated after between 5~6 pm were preferred. 2) For housekeeping dispatch services, standard services, including basic cleaning, preparation of meals and side dishes, special cleaning, and washing, were in demand. The required qualifications of housekeeping service providers were similar to those of child care service providers. Possessing certification was not considered as an important quality; however, personality and career type were important factors. An acceptable wage range was ￦3,000~5,000 per hour and part-time services were preferred. In terms of the service time range, services which commenced between 8~9 am and terminated between 5~7 pm were preferred.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.73-105
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to contend the importance of resurrection of fluid identity and ecological imagination for making the habitable biosphere in Marilynne Robinson's Housekeeping. Ruth as a narrator suggests the future-oriented vision that the environment and nature(mother) can be resurrected, crossing Fingerbone bridge of the boundary line of society/nature as a faithful follower of her aunt Sylvie and becoming the existence with a transparent voice despite of her absence. This novel is to rewrite the American pastoral. Based on the patriarchical way despite of the absence of Edmund Foster, Sylvia's conventional housekeeping is to divide between inside and outside of the house. Nevertheless, Sylvia's relentless efforts to keep her house intact turns out to be fragile. Contrasting with Sylvia, Sylvie's housekeeping is to recognize the continuity of inside and outside. She willingly accepts the reconciliation of the self, the nature and the society. After Ruth and Lucille's staying at night in the lake, they are diverged into going their own way. Ruth accepts Sylvie as a substitute mother. Lucille leaves the house voluntarily and go to her Home Economics teacher, Miss Royce, pursuing the ideal mother of symbolic society. Sylvie and Ruth has the more intimate bond, with their trip to the deserted house in the valley. Ruth meditates on the non-solidity of house and the resurrection of her family. Leaving their house to escape from the town people's legal enforcement, Sylvie and Ruth become transients. Although their history is completed by the drown-death publicly, they always want to visit Lucille's well kept house in Fingerbone. Therefore the method for making Ruth and Sylvie as the existences of ecological imagination return to the real world is to accept the reconciliation of nature and society. This novel is not limited as the binary opposition of vagrance/stability and transience/durability. The significant element of fluid identity can be composed of the interactions with transience and stability.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.19-27
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• 2004

The characteristic evaluation of A/D converter is to measure the linearity of the converter. The evaluation of the linearity is to measure the DNL, INL, gain error and offset error in the various test parameters of A/D converter. Generally, DNL and INL are to be measured by the Histogram Test Algorithm in the DSP-based ATE environment. And gain error and offset error are to be measured by the calculation equation of the measuring algorithm. It is to propose the new Concurrent Histogram Test Algorithm for the test of the housekeeping A/D converter used in the CDMA cellular phone. Using the proposed method, it is to measure the DNL, INL, gain error and offset error concurrently and to show the measured results.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.12 no.4 s.66
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• pp.18-21
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• 1973

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.18 no.3 s.47
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

This study was to find out the status of labor division between rural husband and wife by measuring the labor time for tasks, the ratio of relative contribution toward work, and work segregation. Data used in this study were collected fro 424 persons of 212 farm households mainly cultivating rice and barley. The results of this study were as follows : 1) In the case of work directly related to farming, working hours of husband were significantly longer than those of wife during the farming and off-farming season. In contrast working hours of wife for housekeeping were significantly longer than those of husband during both seasons. 2) The ratio of relative contribution toward farming work of husband was a little higher than that of wife during farming and off-farming season. But this toward housekeeping work was less than that of wife. 3) The degree of gender segregation in farming was 0.33 during the farming season and 0.01 during the off-farming season. The kinds of work and time distribution were relatively same. The degree of gender segregation in housekeeping was 0.79 during the farming season and 0.72 during the off-farming season. These values showed inequality of work segregation in the kind of work and time distribution.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.454-468
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• 2016

In this study, the gender-role stereotyping of the texts and the illustrations in the elementary science textbooks developed under the 2009 Revised National Curriculum was analyzed, and the results were compared with those of the 2007 Revised National Curriculum. In the texts, there were significant differences between boys and girls in the frequencies of texts, two types of learning activities such as scientific inquiry and emotional expression, and housekeeping activity. Women outnumbered men in housekeeping activity, but they were much less than men to perform outdoor and professional activities. In the illustrations, there were not significant differences by gender in pupils, and these results are desirable in terms of achieving balance between boys and girls. However, the textbooks were found to favor the illustrations of men especially in outdoor and professional activities. Women also performed more in housekeeping activity. Compared with the adult results of previous curriculum, these results were not improved at all.