• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1431-1436
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• 2007

In order to optimize the extract condition and improve physiological activity of the extract form Tricholoma matsutake, experiments related to extraction methods, totale yield, content of total soluble polysaccharide, SOD-like activity, total polyphenol amount, and volatile flavor compound and the others were carried out, results were obtained as following: Compare with traditional hydrothermal extraction method (Hot water extraction : HWEW), it illustrates that the low temperature extraction method which combines a supersonic waves and microwave (Supersonic microwave extraction : SMEW) causes of increasing the total yield, total soluble polysaccharide. As to the anti-oxident effect, SMEW method leds to increasing of the SOD-like activity, total polyphenol amount as well. Also, cytotoxic effect and growth inhibitory effect against cancer cell line are much higher in SMEW method than HWEW method, especially SMEW5 extracts treated by supersonic 15 min. and microwave 120W, 3 min. and 2 times. The main volatile flavor compound and infinitesimal volatile flavor compound both increase significantly by SMEW method. It is concluded the main components of the volatile flavor compounds extracted from Tricholoma matsutake are 1-octen-3-0l, Methyl cinnamate, 2-octeno1 et al. alcohol typies. Consequently, SMEW5 method is considered as the most effective one for anti-oxidant and is prior to any other methods. And the optimun conditions of this method are : supersonic waves (supersonic, 25KHz, 50W) 15 minutes, microwave spectroscopy (microwave, 2,450MHz, 120W) 3 minutes, and every treatment is performed once followed twice repeats.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2022

Objectives: Insulin resistance (IR) is major cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and adipokines (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) play an important role in insulin sensitivity. Medicinal plants are frequently used for T2D treatment. This study investigates the effect of Artemisia annua L. (AA) extracts on adipokines in mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D. Methods: We divided 60 mice into 12 groups (n = 5 per group): control, untreated T2D, treated T2D, and 9 other groups. T2D was induced in all groups, except controls, by 8 weeks of HFD and STZ injection. The treated T2D group was administered 250 mg/kg of metformin (MTF), while the nine other groups were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of hot-water extract (HWE), cold-water extract (CWE), and alcoholic extract (ALE) of AA (daily oral gavage) along with 250 mg/kg of MTF for 4 weeks. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed, and the homeostasis model assessment of adiponectin (HOMA-AD) index and blood glucose and serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin levels were measured. Results: Similar to MTF, all three types of AA extracts (HWEs, CWEs, and ALEs) significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose during the IPGTT, the HOMA-AD index, blood glucose levels, and serum insulin, leptin, and resistin levels and increased serum adiponectin levels in the MTF group compared to the T2D group (p < 0.0001). The HWEs affected adipokine release, while the CWEs and ALEs decreased leptin and resistin production. Conclusion: Water and alcoholic AA extracts have an antihyperglycemic and antihyperinsulinemic effect on HFD/STZ diabetic mice. In addition, they decrease IR by reducing leptin and resistin production and increasing adiponectin secretion from adipocytes.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2020

A variety of shellfish species sold for human consumption are available for purchase in the domestic fish market. The microalgae families inhabit the ocean, where planktons supply the main nutritional resource for the growth of shellfish. Some phytoplanktons produce toxic compounds that are accumulated in shellfish and ultimately cause toxicity in humans. This article reports the cytotoxicity of commercially available shellfish species. Accordingly, hot water extract (HWE) and an aqueous fraction of 50% methanol extract (MEE-AF) showed no significant cytotoxicity on the two cell lines (i.e., HL-60 and Vero cell lines), but 50% methanol extract (MEE) in 3, 6 samples showed 50% cytotoxic effects on HL-60 cells, and 1, 4 samples showed 40%, 20% cytotoxic effects on Vero cells, respectively. In addition, their consequential dichloromethane fractions (MEE-DF) exhibited significant toxicities at the highest concentration (1,000 ㎍/ml) on HL-60 and Vero cells. Since the shellfish samples showed cytotoxicity in the dichloromethane fraction, it is possible that the dichloromethane fraction contains marine toxins. Further research will be needed to identify the toxic components from each sample.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.692-701
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• 2020

Centella asiatica (CA) has been widely used as herbal plants. It is a valuable resources. The aim of the present study was to evaluate physiological activities of solvent extracts from CA cultivated in Chungju, Korea (Good tiger care). After preparing water (cold-water, CA-WE; hot-water, CA-HWE) and EtOH extracts (50% EtOH, CA-50E; 70% EtOH, CA-70E), their total polyphenol, flavonoid, and triterpenoid contents, and anti-oxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory activities were examined and compared. CA-70E showed the most potent anti-oxidant activity based on ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing ability assays, while CA-50E and CA-70E showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Among major triterpenoid glycosides present in CA, madecassoside and asiaticoside contents were found to be the highest in CA-70E, and madecassic acid and asiatic acid were the highest in CA-50E. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, CA-70E showed the highest TNF-α inhibitory activity, although CA-50E and CA-70E similarly inhibited nitric oxide production. Ethanol extracts significantly inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 production more than water extracts using TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells, indicating its better inhibitory against skin inflammation. Therefore, Chungju-CA EtOH extract, especially 70% EtOH extract, has high physiologically active ingredients and potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting its industrial application as a functional material.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.355-364
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• 2016

This study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanol extract (ME) and hot water extract (HWE) obtained from the fruiting bodies of medicinal mushroom, Phellinus gilvus. The free radical scavenging activity of ME from P. gilvus on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 93.65% at 2 mg/mL, which was comparable with the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 96.97%) at the same concentration. The ferrous ion-chelating ability of ME and HWE was significantly higher than that of BHT at all concentration levels. The antimicrobial assay of ME was performed against six bacteria and one species of fungus. ME exhibited antibacterial activity against 5 out of 6 bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; whereas, ME did not show antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus and fungal species Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ME against 5 strains of bacteria, such as S. aureus, S. mutans, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, was 100, 100, 50, 100, 200 mg/mL, respectively. The results suggest that good antioxidant and microbial activities of P. gilvus fruiting bodies might be used for natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.452-460
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• 2016

This study was designed to develop a functional pharma-food using Salicornia europaea (SE). Tiny seeds from the mature SE were collected, and their biological activities were evaluated. The extraction yield of the seed in hot water was found to be 29.6% and the hot water extract (HWE) contained 25.7 mg/g total polyphenol (TP) and 11.5 mg/g total flavonoid (TF), which are similar to those contained in leaf and stem of SE. Among the subsequent organic solvent fractions, the ethylacetate (EA) fraction exhibited the highest content of TP (158.3 mg/g), TF (136.2 mg/g), and total sugar (228.3 mg/g). The EA fraction exhibited broad-range antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria, and the butanol fraction exhibited growth inhibitory effect against only Staphylococcus epidermidis. An antioxidation activity assay of the HWE and its fractions showed the EA fraction to have the highest radical scavenging activity with $RC_{50}$ values of 57.0, 29.0, and $28.9{\mu}g/ml$ against DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite, respectively. The $RC_{50}$ values of vitamin C against DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite were 10.7, 4.0, and $18.0{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, indicating that the EA fraction of SE has potent antioxidant compounds. In an anticoagulation assay, the EA fraction exhibited a 15-fold extended thrombin time at 5 mg/ml and activated partial thromboplastin time at 7 mg/ml, which are comparable to the activities of aspirin. The HWE and its fractions had no hemolysis activities against human RBCs at up to 1 mg/ml. These results suggest that the EA fraction from SE has a great potential as a new antibacterial and anticoagulation agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1402-1408
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• 2010

The effects of rice hull (RH) powder on the anticarcinogenic activity of submerged-liquid cultures of Agaricus blazei Murill (AB) were assessed for mouse ascites cancers induced by mouse Sarcoma S-180 (S-180) cancer cells. Optimal growth of AB mycelia in the basal liquid culture medium, containing soybean meal, was achieved by culturing at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days, when evaluated by $\beta$-glucan content, Brix, and mycelial weight, relative to other culture conditions. Hot-water extract (HWE) of the submergedliquid culture of AB mycelia grown at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days exhibited a stronger anticarcinogenic activity, relative to HWE from other culture conditions. No such effects were obtained from AB mycelial cultures by alternative temperature-controlling cultures. Both cytotoxicity for S-180 cells and anticarcinogenic potentials for mouse ascites cancer of the HWE from AB mycelia grown in the basal medium containing 1% RH powder for 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$ were significantly (p<0.05) enhanced, relative to HWE from the AB mycelia culture of the basal medium without RH powder. These results indicate that HWE of submerged-liquid culture of AB mycelia, incubated in media containing 1% RH powder at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days, enhanced anticarcinogenic activity against S-180 cell-induced mouse ascites cancer, and suggest that RH powder is an excellent ingredient for the improvement of the anticarcinogenic potentials of the submerged-liquid culture of mushroom mycelia.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2021

The study was investigated to compare growth characteristics, the antioxidant activity, and the triterpenoid content of two Centella asiatica cultivars ('Giant Tiger Care' and 'Good Tiger Care'). At 41 days after transplanting, lengths of leaf and petiole were significantly longer in 'Good Tiger Care' than in 'Giant Tiger Care'. However, the growth characteristics (leaf area, petiole thickness, petiole length, and weight) were greater in 'Giant Tiger Care' than in 'Good Tiger Care' at 104 days after transplanting (harvest time). Antioxidant activity and total phenol content in four extracts (WE, water extract; HWE, hot water extract; 50E, 50% EtOH extract; 70E, 70% EtOH extract) of the two cultivars were high in 70E of 'Giant Tiger Care'. As a result of the triterpenoids analysis, the major triterpenoids of the two cultivars were identified as madecassoside and asiaticoside. The total triterpenoid content was high in 50E and 70E of 'Giant Tiger Care' and 'Good Tiger Care', respectively but the total triterpenoid content was highest in Good Tiger Care'. However, at the 104 days after planting, the yield of 'Giant Tiger Care' was three times higher than that of 'Good Tiger Care'. In addition, the total triterpenoid content that can be produced in the same cultivation area (3.3m²) was 2.459mg in 50E of 'Giant Tiger Care', which was ~2.2times higher than that of 70E of 'Good Tiger Care' (1.103 mg). Thus, it is considered economical to cultivate 'Giant Tiger Care' which has the highest antioxidant activity and high total triterpenoid production per cultivation area.