• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.100-117
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• 2010

This study analyzed vegetation structure of natural monuments Koelreuteria paniculata community in search of a conservation and management plan. Plant sociological analysis of Koelreuteria paniculata community indicates that it can be classified into Achyranthes japonica subcommunity and Rhodotypos scandens subcommunity and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium subcommunity. While Koelreuteria paniculata community of Ahnmyeondo is composed of sub tree layer and herb layer, those of Pohang and Wando are composed of tree layer, Sub tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer. The results of tree vitality analysis showed that those in Ahnmyeondo appeared to be relatively low when compared to those in Pohang and Wando-gun. This can be understood in two different aspects: disease and insects vulnerability due to a relatively simple structure and lack of competitive species, and decreased vitality / natural branch losses due to crown competition arising from high density. The result of soil characteristics analysis showed that soil texture, soil pH, organic matter, $p_2O_5$, exchange positive ion were sufficient for tree growth while total nitrogen was not, so that discretion would be needed for fertilizer application. As there were damages of disease and inscet, but only for 10~15% of the entire area; it still requires consistent preconsideration. The study suggests the management methods for preservation of Koelreuteria paniculata community. First, securing designated areas is necessary in order to minimize environment deterioration due to surrounding development. Especially, for sections with decreased areas, expansion of designated areas through land purchase should also be considered. Second, artificial interference may affect the livestock. Therefore, monitoring of artificial interference is necessary, based on which protection projects must be conducted. Third, from analysis of young plants which influence the maintenance mechanisms of Koelreuteria paniculata community, a decrease compared to the prior year was observed; investigation is needed. Therefore, an active management policy through status examination of livestock such as germination and young plants is necessary.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitable parts for callus induction and optimal concentrations of growth regulators contained in the medium affecting shooting and rooting Echeveria laui and Echeveria elegans for in vitro mass production. To determine the suitable plant parts for callus induction, the leaves were divided into upper, medium and bottom parts and cultured on MS medium at different concentrations with $0{\sim}2mgL^{-1}\;NAA$ and $0{\sim}4 mgL^{-1}BA$. The upper and middle parts of leaves both showed 100% callus formation rate with $NAA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ and $BA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ treatment in E. laui. The middle parts of leaves showed 83.3% callus formation rate at $NAA\;2\;mgL^{-1}$ and BA 4 mgL-1 treatment in E. elegans. The shoot induction rate from callus was highest at $NAA\;0.1\;mgL^{-1}$ and $BA\;3\;mgL^{-1}$ treatment in E. laui and $NAA\;0.3\;mgL^{-1}$ in E. elegans. In addition, the number of shoots formation was 10.4 shoots high in $NAA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ and $BA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ treatment in E. laui and 12.0 shoots in most effective $NAA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ and $BA\;0.1\;mgL^{-1}$ treatment in E. elegans. In the case of acclimatization of regenerated plant, growth characteristics did not show any significant difference (35 ~ 55%) shading with respect to the different ratio of substrate mixture, and it was determined that would be appropriate considered plant height and appearance preference of E. laui and E. elegans. It was established that the optimization of culture condition was responsible for the mass propagation in vitro cultures of E. laui and E. elegans.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2019

Amyloid ${\beta}$-protein ($A{\beta}$) is the principal component of senile plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elicits a toxic effect on neurons in vitro and in vivo. Many environmental factors, including antioxidants and proteoglycans, modify $A{\beta}$ toxicity. It is worthwhile to isolate novel natural compounds that could prove therapeutic for patients with AD without causing detrimental side effects. In this study, we investigated the in vitro neuroprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract of Ophiophogon japonicas (OJEA fraction). We used an MTT reduction assay to detect protective effects of the OJEA fraction on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity to PC12 cells. We also used a cell-based ${\beta}$-secretase assay system to investigate the inhibitory effect of the OJEA fraction on ${\beta}$-secretase activity. In addition, we performed an in vitro lipid peroxidation assay to evaluate the protective effect of the OJEA fraction against oxidative stress induced by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ in PC12 cells. The OJEA fraction had strong protective effects against $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity to PC12 cells and was strongly inhibitory to ${\beta}$-secretase activity, which resulted in the attenuation of $A{\beta}$ generation. In addition, the OJEA fraction significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which is induced by the exposure of PC12 cells to $A{\beta}_{25-35}$. Our results suggested that the OJEA fraction contained active compounds exhibiting a neuroprotective effect on $A{\beta}$ toxicity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of gaseous chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) concentration and treatment method for maintaining marketability in strawberries 'Maehyang' for export. After harvesting strawberry colored with $60{\pm}5%$ of the skin, and the gaseous $ClO_2$ was applied as four treatments in the cold store set with $10^{\circ}C$ which were as follows: i) non-treatment (Control), ii) $0.2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for 30 minutes, iii) $0.4mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for 30 minutes, and iv) continuously exposed at $0.4mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ during the storage period. Weight loss, firmness, soluble solids content, color, incidence of gray mold, and quality grade of strawberries were investigated every 3 days during 16 days storage in cold store. The weight loss was consistently high at $0.2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;ClO_2$ treatment, and the weight loss was lower than other treatments when gaseous $ClO_2$ was continuously treated. Firmness was significantly higher at 0.2 and $0.4mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $ClO_2$ treatment on the 13th day of storage. Soluble solids content tended to below in continuous gaseous $ClO_2$ treatment. The colors showed no tendency as affected by concentrations and treatment methods of gaseous $ClO_2$. No gray mold was observed in the continuous gaseous $ClO_2$ treatment until the 13th day of storage. The quality grade was lower in gaseous $ClO_2$ treatment group than in the control. As a result, it was possible to decrease the weight loss and the incidence of gray mold by continuously treating the gaseous $ClO_2$ to strawberry 'Maehyang' for export during the storage period after harvest. However, further research is needed on method to maintain quality grades of fruits.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.134-142
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as affected by artificial light sources and different growing media in a closed-type plant production system (CPPS). The lettuce seeds were sown in the 128-cell plug tray filled with 5 different growing media such as urethane sponge (US), rock-wool (RW), Q-plug (QP), TP-S2 (TP) and PU-7B (PU). The germination rate of lettuce seeds was examined during 12 days after sowing. On the 13 days after sowing, the lettuce seedlings were transplanted in a CPPS with temperature $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and nutrient solution (EC $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, pH 6.5) using recirculating deep floating technique system. The light sources were set with FL (fluorescent lamps) and combined RB LEDs (red : blue = 7 : 3) with $150{\pm}10{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD and a photoperiod of 14/10 hours (light/dark). The initial germination rate of lettuce was the highest in TP. The final germination and mean daily germination were the significantly highest in RW, QP and TP. The plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of shoot were the greatest in QP irradiated with RB LED. The number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of root and SPAD were the greatest in QP and TP irradiated with RB LED. The root length was the longest in TP irradiated with RB LED. Therefore, these results indicate that RB LED was effective for the growth of lettuce and it was also found that the QP and TP were effective for the germination and growth of lettuce in a CPPS. In addition, we confirmed the applicability of the newly developed growing medium TP for the lettuce production in a CPPS.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.490-496
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• 2018

"Samkwang1," a japonica rice variety, was developed as a cross between "Samkwang" and F1 of Suwon152 (IT008283), which has a medium maturing and lodging resistance and Samkwang (IT284608), a high quality variety with bacterial blight resistance and mid-late maturing property by the rice breeding team at NICS in 2015. The heading date of "Samkwang1" was August 8 in the middle plain area, which was 2 days early than that of "Hwaseong." "Samkwang1" had a culm length of 77 cm, which was 7 cm shorter than that of "Hwaseong," and it had 128 spikelets per panicle. The viviparous germination rate of "Samkwang1" was 2.1%. "Samkwang1" showed resistance to blast, bacterial blight (K1, K2, and K3 race) and stripe virus, but was susceptible to the K3a race of bacterial blight, dwarf and black streak dwarf viruses, and plant hoppers. The milled rice of this variety exhibits translucent and medium short grains. The cooked rice grains of "Samkwang1" have an excellent palatability index (0.35) and lower protein content (6.2%) than that of "Hwaseong." The characteristics related to grain milling were better than those of "Hwaseong," especially the head rice milling recovery ratio and head rice ratio (94.2%). "Samkwang1" showed 5.62 MT/ha of milled rice productivity at 11 sites under ordinary cultivation conditions (Registration No. 6798).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.151-162
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• 2021

The recent trend of using ornamental grasses as essential landscaping plants has become more prominent, while the demands for today's gardens are to solve the challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, and urban ecosystem services. Nowadays, the interest in ornamental grasses in South Korea is dramatically increasing, as is the number of available species and varieties. To find the better use of ornamental grasses in urban green spaces, more research should be conducted to understand the current state of ornamental grasses and their characteristics in South Korea. and a practical way of applying ornamental grasses to urban gardens should be devised. For that purpose, this research carried out a survey on the current state of ornamental grasses distributed in the landscaping plants market in South Korea. The grasses were analyzed according to the growing conditions, including habitats, ecological, and horticultural growth characteristics. As a result, 40 genera, 104 species, and 264 taxa of ornamental grasses were verified to be distributed in the market for garden plants in South Korea in August 2021. Poaceae and Cyperaceae are 69.7% and 28.4% among them, respectively. Juncaceae and Typhaceae are of little importance. No Restionaceae is supplied yet. Most of the Poaceae ornamental grasses prefer sunny open land, but others from various habitats are used too. The majority of the Cyperaceae ornamental grasses originate from woodlands, woodland edges, water's edges, and marshes. The market supplies fourteen genera of cool-season and sixteen genera of warm-season grasses. According to life-types of grasses, thirty-eight species are evergreens or semi-evergreens. Thirty-four species are deciduous. Seven species are summer-dormant. According to the growth habits of the grasses, thirty-three species are runners and fifty-one species are clumpers. There are fifteen taxa of ornamental grasses recently selected that have become native grasses.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.404-410
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• 2019

This study was performed to investigate the seed morphological characteristics and dormancy type of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara that high valued medicinal crop and to select the disinfectants and light quality for germination rate improvement. The seed disinfection was carried out using distilled water (control), NaClO 4%, $H_2O_2$ 4%, and benomyl $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The light quality treatments were set to dark condition (control I), fluorescent lamp (control II), LEDs [red, blue, green, and combined RB LEDs (red:blue = 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8)] with a photoperiod of 12/12 (light/dark) and light intensity $150{\pm}10{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ photosynthetic photon flux density. Although the Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara seed was an underdeveloped embryo (E) and seed (S) with an embryo (E):seed (S) ratio of 0.4, it is germinated within 30 days, and seed moisture saturation was reached within 6 hours after immersion. After seed disinfection, the mold incidence rate was significantly inhibited, and the final germination rate was the highest at 87% in the benomyl seed disinfection. The final germination rate was the highest at 92% in the red light, and the mean daily germination was the lowest in the R2B8. Therefore, there is almost no dormancy in the Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara seed, and benomyl seed disinfectant and red light were effective in the improvement of germination rate. So it is considered to the high value of use for medicinal crop Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara cultivation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.420-428
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• 2019

This study is the heating energy saving test of the high-bed strawberry crown heating system. The system consists of electric hot water boiler, thermal storage tank, circulation pump, crown heating pipe(white low density polyethylene, diameter 16mm) and a temperature control panel. For crown heating, the hot water pipe was installed as close as possible to the crown part after planting the seedlings and the pipe position was fixed with a horticultural fixing pin. In the local heating type, hot water at $20{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ is stored in the themal tank by using an electric hot water boiler, and crown spot is partially heated at the setting temperature of $13{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ by turning on/off the circulation pump using a temperature sensor for controlling the hot water circulation pump which was installed at the very close to crown of strawberry. The treatment of test zone consisted of space heating $4^{\circ}C$ + crown heating(treatment 1), space heating $8^{\circ}C$(control), space heating $6^{\circ}C$ + crown heating(treatment 2). And strawberries were planted in the number of 980 for each treatment. The heating energy consumption was compared between November 8, 2017 and March 30, 2018. Accumulated power consumption is converted to integrated kerosene consumption. The converted kerosene consumption is 1,320L(100%) for space $8^{\circ}C$ heating, 928L(70.3%) for space $4^{\circ}C$ + crown heating, 1,161L($88^{\circ}C$) for space $6^{\circ}C$ + crown heating). It was analyzed that space $4^{\circ}C$ + pipe heating and space $6^{\circ}C$ + crown heating save heating energy of 29.7% and 12% respectively compared to $8^{\circ}C$ space heating(control).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2020

We analyzed the growth characteristics of each cell line and acclimating substrate of Larix kaempferi plantlets regenerated from somatic embryos, with the goal of increasing the survival rate during the acclimation phase. Somatic embryos from three embryogenic cell lines (L14-66, L16-18, and L17-B4) were used, and the acclimating substrates were commercial soils for Larix species (Larix-Soil) and horticultural corps (Hort-Soil), Elle-pot, and Peat-plug. The average initial shoot and root length was shortest in L14-66 and longest in L17-B4. The average survival rate by cell line was highest (87.0%) in L17-B4 and lowest (64.3%) for L14-66. Survival rates by substrate were highest in Elle-pot (88.5%) and Peat-plug (88.9%). The initial shoot length of the L14-66 plantlets was highly correlated with survival rates in the Larix-Soil (r = 0.852), Hort-Soil (r = 0.692), and Elle-pot (r = 0.867) substrates, but not in Peat-plug with high total nitrogen content. The initial shoot length of the L17-B4 plantlets was not correlated with the survival rate in any of the substrates. The initial root length of the L14-66 plantlets was highly related to survival rates in the Larix-Soil (r = 0.986), Elle-pot (r = 0.846), and Peat-plug (r = 0.802) substrates, and the survival rate of the plantlets was higher as the initial root length was longer. The initial root length of the L17-B4 plantlets was related to survival rate only in the Larix-Soil (r = 0.896) and Elle-pot (r = 0.696) substrates. In conclusion, to increase the survival rate of plantlets, root length should be considered over shoot length, and it is recommended to use substrates with high nitrogen content, such as Peat-plug, or to add fertilizer, during the acclimating process. In addition, in order to increase the survival rate, lines with high initial growth should be developed.